Exam 5

Name the three phases of the uterine cycle and briefly summarize what happens in each phase.

Phase 1 = Menstruation (menses) triggered by reduce levels of progesterone at the end of the previous uterine cycle. Stratum Functionalis layer of endometrium is shed as menstrual bleeding. Phase 2 = Proliferative Phase triggered by rising levels of estrogen in the uterus, the endometrium of the uterus grows. The increase in estrogen levels is the cause of the thickening of the endometrium. Phase 3 =Secretory Phase triggered by a rise in progesterone. Progesterone is vital in preparing the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg.

Name the two layers of the endometrium.

Stratum Functionalis - thick superficial inner layer that is sloughed off during menstruation and grows anew during each cycle. Supports implantation and growth of fertilized egg. Stratum Basalis - outer layer of endometrium, serve as source for cells during regrowth of the superficial stratum functionalis.

What is the function of the stratum basalis?

The function of the stratum basalis serves as a sources for cells during regrowth of the superficial stratum functionalis

What is the role of estrogen in the uterine cycle?

The increasing levels of estrogen cause the endometrium of the uterus to proliferate and develop the functional layer of the endometrium.

Where are the spiral arterioles located and what is their function?

The spiral arterioles located in the stratum functionalis layer of the endometrium. The function of spiral arterioles is to nourish the stratum functionalis layer with blood.

Define endometriosis

a physical disorder that occurs that occurs when the tissue intended to line the inside of the uterus grows on the outside.

Endometriosis symptoms are similar to fibroids in that endometriosis also

affects the menstrual cycle, causing abnormal or uncomfortable menstrual cycles, irregular menstruation, painful menstruation, or spotting at irregular times. Causes gastrointestinal issues involving nausea or constipation Abdomen will have a uncomfortable full feeling or cramp Pain found in lower back

List the four main conditions where a hysterectomy is indicated.

Fibroids Uterine Prolapse Endometriosis Uterine Cancer

What are the symptoms associated with fibroids?

Fibroids are usually asymptomatic, but can cause: severe bleeding, cramping, constipation, frequent urination, backache or leg pains.

What is the incidence of fibroids in females in the U.S.?

Fibroids in females in the U.S. are very common.

List the three main anatomical parts of the uterus.

Fundus- top of the uterus Body- middle and largest part Cervix- lower part of uterus linking it with the vagina

How does PMDD differ from PMS?

PMDD is more severe than PMS. PMDD has been categorized in DSM-5 as a mental disorder that can impair daily function.

What is the role of progesterone in the uterine cycle?

Prepares the uterus for implantation.

What is the primary causative agent for cervical cancer

Primary causative agent for cervical cancer is Human Papilloma Virus HPV.

Describe the two theories (Profet/Strasssman) addressing the reason for menstruation in humans.

Profet's Menstruation Theory - cleansing menstruation is a defense mechanism to clear the uterus of potentially dangerous pathogens that may have made their way in on sperm. Strassman's Menstruation Theory : Energy Conservation - menstruation (lining is shed and then rebuilt for the 2nd half of the cycle) is actually more cost effective than maintaining the uterus in fertile form throughout the entire cycle.

What causes the spiral arterioles to constrict?

The decrease in progesterone triggers the release of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are what constrict the spiral arterioles in the stratum functionalis layer of the uterus.

Why do fibroids tend to shrink after menopause?

estrogen production dropping off.

Define oophorectomy

excision/removal of one or both of the ovaries

What is the most common reason for a hysterectomy in the U.S.?

is to treat fibroids.

Define hysterectomy

removal of the uterus

What layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?

stratum functionalis.

Name the tubes that extend from the uterus.

the fallopian tubes

What is the main function of the uterus?

to nurture the fertilized ovum that develops into the fetus and holds it till the baby is mature enough for birth.

What is a fibroid

benign (Non-cancerous) tumors

What is the only life threatening condition where a hysterectomy is indicated?

uterine cancer

What is the critical criteria for symptoms in the diagnosis of PMS

Bloating, weight gain Cramps Lower Back Pain Breast Tenderness Fatigue Changes in sleep and eating habits Cravings Depressed mood, anxiety, mood swings

What are the two most common surgeries in females in the U.S.?

Cesarean Section Hysterectomies

Name the three layers of the uterus and their functions.

Inner Layer = Endometrium, most active layer and responds to cyclic ovarian hormone changes, highly specialized and essential to menstrual and reproductive function. Middle Layer = Myometrium, composed primarily of smooth muscle cells. Contracts During childbirth to expel the fetus. Outer Layer = Perimetrium, thin protective layer made of epithelial cells that envelop the uterus

What percentage of hysterectomies are done because of a life threatening condition?

10.8% of hysterectomies are done because of a life threatening condition.