Exam 5 PSY 300

Typically, an individual will spend _____ of the night in non-REM sleep. 40% 10% 80% 20% None of these.

80%

Which type of job poses a higher risk for sleep deprivation? A gardener A server at a restaurant A bank manager A truck driver

A truck driver

What is an effect of mild sleep deprivation? Irritability All of the above Difficulty maintaining attention Yawning

All of the above

Which of the following is characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia? Comprehension problems Adequate grammar Adequate syntax All of the above Fluent speech

All of the above

REM sleep is characterized by dreaming. All of the above. gamma and beta waves. eye movement.

All of the above.

What is a cognitive effect of sleep deprivation? Impaired judgement The inability to concentrate on a task Memory lapses or loss All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is a theory on why we need sleep? Sleep saves energy All of these Sleep allows the simulation of rare situations Sleep provides a survival advantage

All of these

Which of the following occurs during REM? All of these Heart rate and breathing speed up Facial muscles can twitch Dreaming

All of these

Amateur neurologist: Priscilla's aunt can not name the water glass sitting in front of her even though she can pick it up and drink from it. What is your diagnosis? Ataxia Anomia Prosopagnosia There is nothing wrong with her. She just wants attention

Anomia

Which of the following is true regarding language and apes (specifically, chimpanzees and bonobos)? Apes such as Washoe and Kanzi have demonstrated sophisticated use of symbols to communicate with humans including symbolism, but ape language is distinct from human language. Bonobos generate language-like sounds and use these sounds in the same way humans use language. Language in apes is more sophisticated than that observed in other animals, including dogs and birds. Although they lack the vocal cords necessary for spoken language, brain research demonstrated that apes learn and use language in the same way that humans use language. Human language is not distinct from other types of animal communication.

Apes such as Washoe and Kanzi have demonstrated sophisticated use of symbols to communicate with humans including symbolism, but ape language is distinct from human language.

______ reflects a(n) ______ in the production or comprehension of speech. Agraphia; deficit Aphasia; enhancement Alexia; enhancement Alexia; enhancement Aphasia; deficit

Aphasia; deficit

Which of the following can be used to test speech comprehension in Wernicke's aphasia? Ask the person to use content words. Ask the person to use function words. Ask the person about his or her childhood memories. Ask the person to read a book. Ask the person to point to an object on a table.

Ask the person to point to an object on a table.

Which of the following brain wave type has the highest frequencies? Alpha None of these Beta Theta Delta

Beta

A lesion study in the 1860s led to the discovery of this region of the brain, linked to the production of language the amygdala the hippocampus the pons Broca's area

Broca's area

Which brain wave type contains the lowest frequencies? Theta Beta None of these Gamma Delta

Delta

Recorded electrical brain waves are ESP. EEG. EOG. EMG.

EEG.

Eye movements are to ______ as brain activity is to _______. EEG; EOG EOG; EEG EOG; EMG EMG; EKG EMG; EEG

EOG; EEG

About half of the population does not dream. True False

False

Cognitive impairment doesn't begin in humans until the individual has been awake for more than 36 hours. True or false

False

Most people are either "left-brained" or "right-brained", few people process information in both hemispheres True False

False

One of the best ways to study is to listen to tapes while you are sleeping, that way your brain absorbs information into your subconscious. True False

False

An individual who is concentrating hard on a task would likely show which wave type on an EEG? Delta Theta Alpha None of these Gamma

Gamma

If you are concentrating on this quiz, then your EEG pattern would likely show which EEG wave pattern? Alpha Theta Gamma Delta None of these

Gamma

Which sleep disorder is characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness? Hyposomnia Parasomnia Insomnia Hypersomnia

Hypersomnia

Which of the following would not be considered to be an example of aphasia? Speech production difficulty after brain damage. A stroke involving the left hemisphere impairs speech production. Impaired language comprehension after years of excessive alcohol consumption. Impaired language comprehension in a college sophomore after a single night of drinking during spring break. Speech difficulty produced by paralysis of the vocal cords.

Impaired language comprehension in a college sophomore after a single night of drinking during spring break.

What is the most common sleep problem? Insomnia Sleep walking Microsleeps Nightterrors

Insomnia

Which sleep disorder is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep? Insomnia Hypersomnia Hyposomnia None of these Parasomnia

Insomnia

Which of the following is NOT true about the FOXP2 gene? It is expressed only in humans. A mutation in this gene causes incomprehensible speech. The mechanism is not known for how the gene product. A mutated gene causes more motor problems than comprehension problems. Mutations in this gene affect more than language.

It is expressed only in humans.

Which of the following is true of signed language? It is not localized to either hemisphere. Signing aphasias only occur in deaf people who learn language later in life. It is more resilient to brain damage than spoken language. It does not show any deficits when damage occurs in the left hemisphere. It is usually processed in the left hemisphere like spoken language.

It is usually processed in the left hemisphere like spoken language.

What happens to the circadian rhythm in a typical teenager? It reminds the same as in pre-adolescence It shifts earlier, making it easier to go to sleep earlier and rise earlier It shrinks from needing 10 hours of sleep to needing only 6 or 7 hours of sleep. It shifts later, so it is more difficult to go to sleep early and rise early

It shifts later, so it is more difficult to go to sleep early and rise early

Which of the following is best description of the location of Broca's area? Precuneus Amygdala Left inferior frontal gyrus Sylvian fissure

Left inferior frontal gyrus

A 57-year old man comes to you after being treated for a stroke at the hospital. He seems to understand what you are saying, but when he tries to talk, nothing he says seems to make any sense at all. In all other ways he seems fine. What is the most likely site of his brain damage? Left LGN or left visual cortex Left premotor cortex, Broca's area Brain stem Right parietal cortex Left temporal cortex

Left premotor cortex, Broca's area

Which of the following is NOT a brain wave that is observed in an EEG? Delta Omega Alpha Beta Theta

Omega

Which of the following is true of handedness and hemispheric speech dominance? Over 90 percent of the population shows right-hemisphere dominance for speech. Incorrect Response Left-hemisphere speech dominance is noted in 50 percent of right-handed people. Left-hemisphere speech dominance is noted in 50 percent of ambidextrous people. Over 90 percent of the population shows left-hemisphere dominance for speech. Right hemisphere damage does not alter speech in left-handed people.

Over 90 percent of the population shows left-hemisphere dominance for speech.

Atonia occurs when the body enters Stage 2 sleep. the waking state. Stage 3 sleep. REM.

REM.

Most dreaming occurs during non-REM stage 2. non-REM stage 3. REM. non-REM stage 1.

REM.

What is a physical effect of sleep deprivation? Weight loss None of these Risk of type 2 diabetes Loss of sensation Risk of stroke

Risk of type 2 diabetes

Which of the following is NOT a theory on why we need sleep? Sleep allows animals to "keep out of trouble" during the dark hours Sleep allows metabolism to replenish Sleep allows blood to circulate more easily while in a prone position None of these. Sleep plays a role in information processing

Sleep allows blood to circulate more easily while in a prone position

As the night progresses, what happens to the sleep cycle pattern? There are more periods of SWS. People stay in stage 3 sleep for longer periods of time. There are more periods of REM. People enter REM but experience fewer dreams.

There are more periods of REM.

How do antidepressants effect sleep? They quicken sleep onset and lengthen SWS They quicken sleep onset and lengthen REM None of these They result in excessive sleeping during the day and insomnia at night They result in more vivid and frightening dreams

They quicken sleep onset and lengthen REM

Dreaming is possible during non-REM sleep. True False

True

Individuals experiencing a microsleep may be unaware that they had a microsleep. True False

True

It is possible to train yourself to sleep for less time with no ill effects, as long as the training is gradual. True or false

True

Research shows that humans come into the world pre-programmed to learn language. True False

True

Studies have indicated that a period of sleep including REM and SWS can increase our visual discrimination ability. True False

True

Dream development in children is correlated with growth in what? Social skills Visuospatial skills Academic knowledge Reading skills

Visuospatial skills

Anomia refers to a difficulty in pronunciation of words in a sentence. the primary symptom of Broca's, but not Wernicke's, aphasia. an impairment in the spelling of words. poor word comprehension. a difficulty in choosing the right word in a sentence.

a difficulty in choosing the right word in a sentence.

The KE family is remarkable in that their speech disorder has been linked to a single gene (FOXP2) abnormal neural development of the posterior association cortex. abnormal neural development of the right frontal cortex. a single gene on chromosome 21. the use of recreational drugs such as cocaine and alcohol.

a single gene (FOXP2)

If a person suffers a stroke in their left hemisphere we would expect to see eventual recovery of some lost functions. loss or partial loss of language abilities. reorganization in the right hemisphere. all of the above.

all of the above.

Which of the following speech deficits is a common feature of all forms of aphasia? agrammatism articulation difficulties dysgraphia anomia Averbia

anomia

Which of the following is a primary disturbance in comprehension or production of speech that is often caused by brain damage? alexia dysgraphia aphasia agraphia

aphasia

The damage to or loss of language skills is called aphasia. amnesia. agnosia. stroke.

aphasia.

A direct neural connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area is provided by the stria teminalis. anterior commissure. corpus callosum. fornix. arcuate fasciculus.

arcuate fasciculus.

When the body enters REM, the muscles are paralyzed, in a process called hyperarousal. narcolepsy. insomnia. atonia.

atonia.

If an individual is having a lucid dream, they are dreaming about social situations. All of these. None of these. experiencing extremely imaginative and vidvid images. aware that they are dreaming.

aware that they are dreaming.

A typical sleep cycle lasts None of these. between 90 and 100 minutes. between 20 and 30 minutes. between 7 and 8 hours. an hour.

between 90 and 100 minutes.

A sensitive period for language acquisition can last up to seven years for learning more than one language fluently. does not exist. is over after one year of age. explains why adults learn new languages without an accent. allows for learning just one language.

can last up to seven years for learning more than one language fluently.

In the study of handedness and hemispheric speech lateralization, what measure was used to determine hemispheric dominance? changes in cerebral blood flow accumulation of radioactive 2-DG in neurons PET scans of brain activity MRI scans of brain activity EEG studies of brain activity

changes in cerebral blood flow

Your natural, internal 24-hour rhythm is called the parasympathetic system. arousal network. circadian rhythm. sympathetic system.

circadian rhythm.

An EEG shows the presence of gamma waves. We can assume that the individual connected to the EEG is sleeping. concentrating on a task. in a relaxed state. exercising.

concentrating on a task.

Slow-wave sleep is the _______ stage of non-REM sleep. deepest (stage 3) first (stage 0) shallowest (stage 1) middle (stage 2) None of these.

deepest (stage 3)

Aphasia means having difficulty breathing while speaking. difficulty hearing. difficulty understanding and producing language. difficulty producing language. difficulty understanding language.

difficulty understanding and producing language.

If one dreams during non-REM sleep, and is awoken while still in this stage, one usually feels afraid and even angry. does not remember dreaming. None of the above. remembers vivid, imaginative dreams.

does not remember dreaming.

A primary characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia is effortless production of meaningless speech. fumbling for the right word. labored and nonfluent speech. unemotional speech. mutism.

effortless production of meaningless speech.

This method is capable of monitoring brain activity during sleep positron emission tomography (PET). electroencephalography (EEG). functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). electromyography (EMG).

electroencephalography (EEG).

Reactivation of memories during sleep may result in lack of dreaming. encoding. reconsolidation. insomnia.

encoding.

The temporal components of semantic stimuli are best studied using event-related potentials (ERPs). positron-emission tomography (PET). functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). neurosurgery. Wada test.

event-related potentials (ERPs).

Narcolepsy includes sleeping heavily at night. restless leg syndrome (RLS). falling asleep at inappropriate times. lack of REM sleep.

falling asleep at inappropriate times.

Sleep deprivation affects the body more than it does the brain. True or false

false

The most recent source of information about the physiology of language is from studies of autistic children. functional imaging of brain activity during verbal behavior in normal subjects. studies of persons with stroke. studies of verbal behavior in persons with brain lesions. studies using electrical stimulation on verbal behavior in seizure patients.

functional imaging of brain activity during verbal behavior in normal subjects.

An individual with Wernicke's aphasia is aware of her or his deficits in speech. has major difficulty in understanding speech. cannot use function words. cannot use prepositions. cannot convey emotion via prosody.

has major difficulty in understanding speech.

The key brain regions involved in Broca's aphasia is/are portions of the planum temporale. left posterior cerebral cortex. the arcuate fasciculus. inferior right frontal lobe. inferior left frontal lobe.

inferior left frontal lobe.

Human language appears unique from non-human language in that it has a sensitive period during development. the vocally relevant parts of the brain are already prepared in early life. it uses recursive grammar. early sensory exposure and practice are key determinants of subsequent perceptual and behavioral capabilities All of the above

it uses recursive grammar.

Air travel can result in this circadian rhythm problem ________. insomnia atonia jet lag narcolepsy

jet lag

In most humans, the left hemisphere of the brain is more heavily involved in spatial abilities. vision. music abilities. language.

language.

Increased levels of SWS activity in specific regions of the brain indicate that there may be damage in those regions. those areas are not involved in REM sleep. learning is taking place in those regions. not all of the brain is involved in sleep.

learning is taking place in those regions.

The perception and production of speech is easily changed as people grow older. only determined genetically. limited by the number of people who speak to an infant. limited by what speech sounds an infant hears. limited to one language during development.

limited by what speech sounds an infant hears.

Broca's area is an example of ______ function; whereas the semantic maps described by Gallant and colleagues are an example of ______ function. distributed; localized localized; distributed localized; focal none of these are true focal; localized

localized; distributed

Someone who seems to be irritable and is having difficulty concentrating may be experiencing None of these restless leg syndrome (RLS) mild sleep deprivation hyperarousal All of these

mild sleep deprivation

In the context of sleep research, an electroencephalography (EEG) is used to induce a coma. alter the dream state. monitor brain activity. keep the heart rate steady during sleep. None of these

monitor brain activity.

Verbal behavior is said to be a lateralized function of the left hemisphere in that right-handed persons are more likely to have their language center located within the right hemisphere. most language problems are noted after damage to the right rather than the left hemisphere. electrical stimulation of the left hemisphere has a smaller effect on language than does similar stimulation of the right hemisphere. most language problems are noted after damage to the left rather than the right hemisphere. most persons show a greater movement of the lips on the right side of their mouth during speech.

most language problems are noted after damage to the left rather than the right hemisphere.

Electromyography (EMG) is used to monitor the ________ while an individual is sleeping. pulse brain waves movement of skeletal muscles eyes

movement of skeletal muscles

Microsleeps may occur in individuals who have experienced _______. a lack of dreams drug use multiple days without enough sleep a severe headache

multiple days without enough sleep

One theory of sleep as restorative states that ___________ are replenished during REM sleep. ions None of these neurotransmitters oxygen levels calories

neurotransmitters

The hormone that promotes wakefulness is called orexin. serotonin. dopamine. oxytocin.

orexin.

Historically, a key source of our knowledge about the physiology of language is studies of patients with brain tumors. changes in verbal behavior after the consumption of drugs such as alcohol. non-human primates. blood flow to language areas in intact, normal people while they are talking. people who have suffered brain damage.

people who have suffered brain damage.

Human circadian rhythms can differ in _________, with some going to bed and rising early, and others going to bed and rising late. frequency location amplitude phase

phase

People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty writing words on paper. spelling simple words. understanding speech. producing speech. recognizing the emotional content of speech.

producing speech.

The left hemisphere is better than the right hemisphere at production and analysis of speech. controlling speech sounds that comprise prosody. assembling a narrative of what we want to say. perceiving spatial relationships. recognizing the emotional tone in a voice.

production and analysis of speech.

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) is associated with sleep in that when activated, it induces insomnia. ends the REM cycle. commences waking. promotes sleep.

promotes sleep.

The normal rhythm and stress found in speech is called prosody. aural intonation. circumlocution. syntax. grammatical flow.

prosody.

The two overarching types of sleep are deep sleep and non-REM. slow-wave sleep and non-REM. stage 1 sleep and stage 2 sleep. rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM. None of these.

rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM.

A person suffering from Broca's aphasia would be expected to show great difficulty in articulating words. easily articulate words like "cigarette." show fluent, articulate speech. be unable to answer yes or no questions about object functions. be unable to read.

show great difficulty in articulating words.

What is a dangerous disorder in which breathing stops during sleep? REM insomnia sleep apnea narcolepsy

sleep apnea

An individual engaging in monophasic sleep would _______. sleep for an extended period (often 6-8 hours) during one portion of a 24 period. sleep two times a day, usually with one period being significantly longer than the other (ex: 6 hours at night, and 1.5 hour nap in the afternoon) sleep more than once a day (ex: 15-30 minutes every 4 hours) None of the above

sleep for an extended period (often 6-8 hours) during one portion of a 24 period.

An individual engaging in biphasic sleep would None of these sleep for an extended period (often 6-8 hours) during one portion of a 24 period. sleep two times a day, usually with one period being significantly longer than the other (ex: 6 hours at night, and 1.5 hour nap in the afternoon) sleep many times a day (ex: 15-30 minutes every 4 hours)

sleep two times a day, usually with one period being significantly longer than the other (ex: 6 hours at night, and 1.5 hour nap in the afternoon)

An EEG shows the presence of delta waves. We can assume that the individual connected to the EEG is sleeping. exercising. solving a math problem. None of these. concentrating on a task.

sleeping.

Somnambulism is commonly known as narcolepsy. sleepwalking. night terrors. insomnia.

sleepwalking.

In the absence of external cues, the human circadian rhythm will shrink to 20 hours. shrink to 22 hours. stay at approximately 24 hours. lengthen to 26 hours.

stay at approximately 24 hours.

What area of the brain receives signals from the eyes and sends signals to the pineal gland to release melatonin? suprachaismatic nucleus corpus callosum occipital cortex thalamus

suprachaismatic nucleus

What structure connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area? the central sulcus the temporal lobe the arcuate fasciculus none of these

the arcuate fasciculus

The meanings of words are most likely stored in the association cortex throughout the brain. the primary auditory cortex. the lateral temporal cortex. Wernicke's area. Broca's area.

the association cortex throughout the brain.

Dreams can be made more vivid and frightening by drugs that effect the dopaminergic system. acetylcholine release. serotonin levels. norepinephrine levels in the limbic system.

the dopaminergic system.

Split-brain patients demonstrate that words presented in the right visual field are not understood. they can name non-visible objects that they identify by feeling with the left hand. there is no role for the right hemisphere in language. only objects in the left visual field can be described verbally. the left hemisphere is involved in language.

the left hemisphere is involved in language.

Encoding during sleep happens after the reactivation of memories. melatonin levels rise. 10-12 years of age. two sleep cycles have been completed.

the reactivation of memories.

The McGurk effect is when someone can read lips. a person imitates sounds they see made by another. the speech sounds we hear are strongly influenced by what we see. sounds are constructed from hand gestures. speech is understood from reading.

the speech sounds we hear are strongly influenced by what we see.

Wernicke's aphasia is caused by damage to the frontal association cortex of the right hemisphere. Broca's area and the caudate nucleus. the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere. the inferior occipital gyrus of the right hemisphere. the left parietal lobe.

the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere.

When people are experiencing vivid dreams their slow brain-wave patterns indicate that they are deeply asleep. their bodies often move in accordance with what they dream. they are more likely to sleepwalk than during any other stage of sleep. their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids.

their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids.

After suffering a stroke that damages the left hemisphere and affects speech, a person could, in theory, regain speaking ability because language function could be distributed throughout the cortex. there is a transfer of language to the visual cortex. the left hemisphere heals itself. there is a transfer of language function to the right hemisphere.

there is a transfer of language function to the right hemisphere.

Damage to portions of the left temporal lobe produces a problem in hearing. recognizing non-speech sounds. reading lips. speaking. understanding speech.

understanding speech.

Which of the following is NOT an example of prosody? changes in speech rhythm variation in the loudness of speech using a hand gesture to make a point while talking variation in the voice tone variation of voice pitch

using a hand gesture to make a point while talking

Left-handed people do worse in school than right-handed people. cannot use scissors or can openers properly. usually have their major language functions in their left hemisphere. do not succeed in athletics as much as right-handed people do. have reduced right cerebral hemispheres compared to right-handed people.

usually have their major language functions in their left hemisphere.