Exam 7 Chpt 25, 26
Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. True False
False
The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney. True False
False
Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop. True False
False
Which hormone is important in regulating Mg balance?
PTH
In situations in which there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls. True False
True
Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. ANP aldosterone rennin ADH
aldosterone
What makes up most of the extracellular fluid?
blood plasma, interstitial fluid MAIN ELECTROLYTE: NA+
All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________. increased angiotensin II secretion decreased saliva production hypotonic extracellular fluid a decline in blood volume
hypotonic extracellular fluid
Which condition would cause a drop in pH? hypokalemia hypoventilation hyperventilation hypernatremia
hypoventilation
The only organ(s) of the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is/are the __________. kidney sweat glands spleen liver lungs
kidney
The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? interstitial fluid intracellular fluid extracellular fluid blood plasma
intracellular fluid
Which of the following is the standard substance used to measure the GFR? inulin drug metabolites glucose protein
inulin
Pica, the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food, such as chalk or clay, may be triggered by a deficiency of __________. water calcium iron sodium
iron
Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. ten minutes half an hour one hour three hours
one hour
What is "insensible" water loss?
water lost in expiration
Name the three steps of glomerula filtration
1. glomerula make filtrate 2. most of filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood 3. certain substances are secreted into the filtrate
Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream. 50 liters 100 liters 200 liters 500 liters
200
Arrange the following structures to represent the sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment: (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, and (5) urethra. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis. 6.5 and 7.0 6.5 and 7.35 7.0 and 7.35 7.35 and 7.45
7.0 and 7.35
Urea transport out of the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________. prostaglandin E2 angiotensin II renin ADH
ADH
After drinking lots of water, what happens to the solute content in the ECF? How is the ICF affected?
ADH production decreases, and osmolarity of urine falls, ECF is less Na+, the kidneys produce large volume of dilute urine
Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person? It is slightly aromatic. A given volume of urine has a greater specific gravity than the same volume of distilled water. It is slightly basic in pH. It is clear and pale to deep yellow.
It is slightly basic in pH.
Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT? It produces epinephrine. It produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure. It metabolizes vitamin D to its active form. It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.
It produces epinephrine.
What three solutes are found in the ICF?
MAIN: Potassium K+ also: magnesium, and phosphate
What two solutes are found in the ECF?
MAJOR cation NA+ SODIUM and the major anion is chloride.
The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________. Na+ Mg2+ Fe2+ K+ Ca2+
Na+
Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________. Na+ transport water intake ADH secretion plasma protein levels
Na+ transport
__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine. Nephrons Glomerular capsules Major calyces Renal pyramids
Nephrons
The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water. True False
True
The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. True False
True
The urethra has two functions in men but only one in women. True False
True
Which statement about acids is true? When high in the body, they cause alkalosis. Most acid is a result of ingestion with food. They have little physiological effect on chemical reactions in cells. Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution. Our bodies have few ways to deal with excess amounts of acids.
Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.
A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. an increase in ECF water concentration stimulation of the baroreceptors inhibition of the osmoreceptors an increase in potassium levels in the ICF a rise in plasma osmolality
a rise in plasma osmolality
What tissue type is least hydrated?
adipose (fat) tissue
Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? bone adipose tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue
adipose tissue
The blood supply leading directly into the nephron is the __________. renal artery segmental artery efferent arteriole afferent arteriole interlobular artery
afferent arteriole
When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, __________. more ADH is released aldosterone levels increase osmoreceptors are stimulated a person experiences increased thirst ANP levels increase
aldosterone levels increase
Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? an older obese person a healthy young male an infant a healthy young female
an infant
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration? renal ptosis pyelitis hydronephrosis anuria
anuria
The most important buffer system of extracellular fluid, such as plasma, is the __________ buffer system. bicarbonate hemoglobin protein phosphate
bicarbonate
How is Na+ reabsorbed? by osmosis by diffusion by active transport using ATP by receptor-mediated endocytosis by facilitated diffusion
by active transport using ATP
The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the __________. renal capillary hydrostatic pressure filtration membrane concentration gradient established by Na+ cleavage of ATP
concentration gradient established by Na+
After ingesting a salty snack, what happens to the solute levels in the ECF? How does the ICF respond osmostically?
concentration of Na_ in ECF increases, secretion of ADH increases, which reduces loss of water from the kidneys and stimulates thirst centers to make you seek something to drink. Water would shift from the ICF to the ECF to decrease the sodium concentration.
When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________. increased renin secretion decreased sodium and water reabsorption increased antidiuretic-hormone secretion vasoconstriction
decreased sodium and water reabsorption
As a person ages, % of body mass that is water (increases or decreases)
decreases
How does ADH affect urine output?
decreases it
Parathyroid hormone __________. is released when aldosterone levels climb targets the thyroid gland activates osteoblasts enhances release of calcium from bone results in a lower blood calcium level
enhances release of calcium from bone
Which of the following is/are NOT associated with primary nocturnal enuresis? unusually sound sleep inadequate nocturnal ADH production a small bladder capacity females over the age of 60 years
females over the age of 60 years
All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules EXCEPT __________. filtration secretion formation of urine reabsorption
filtration
Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte? chloride glucose potassium sodium
glucose
What structure(s) is/are part of the juxtaglomerular complex and act(s) as a mechanoreceptor, sensing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole? podocytes granular cells macula densa extraglomerular mesangial cells
granular cells
Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion? calcium phosphorus sodium hydrogen chloride
hydrogen
Renal ptosis may lead to __________. degeneration of the perirenal fat bleeding in the kidney tissue hydronephrosis due to urine backup renal calculus formation
hydronephrosis due to urine backup
the force that pushes water and solutes out of blood across the filtration membrane
hydrostatic pressure the passive process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the membrane
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________. aldosteronism Cushing's syndrome hyponatremia hypernatremia hypokalemia
hyponatremia
In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered? in the proximal convoluted tubule in the collecting duct in the distal convoluted tubule in the renal corpuscle
in the renal corpuscle
Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________. water of oxidation water intake metabolic water insensible water loss
insensible water loss
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate __________. does not change decreases increases cannot be determined
increases
How does aldosterone affect kidney tubules?
increases blood volume/bp by enhancing NA+ re-absorption
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the __________. intracellular space organelles plasma interstitial space
interstitial space
The major calyces are the __________. pyramid-shaped structures in the renal medulla capsules surrounding each kidney expanded ends of nephrons functional units of the kidneys large branches of the renal pelvis
large branches of the renal pelvis
When the concentration of ADH increases, __________. blood volume decreases the specific gravity of the urine decreases less urine is produced less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct more salt is secreted by the nephron
less urine is produced
Define hyponatremia
low blood sodium (drink too much water)
The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney. medial lateral superior inferior
medial
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________. nephron renal corpuscle loop of Henle major calyx glomerulus
nephron
An important factor directly affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________. capsular osmotic pressure net filtration pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure negative pressure blood osmotic pressure
net filtration pressure
acidemia/acidosis
pH < 7.35
Alkalemia/alkalosis
pH > 7.45
Which 2 hormones are important in regulating Ca balance?
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin (inhibits osteclasts, stimulates osteoblasts)
The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter. cortex pelvis glomerulus medulla
pelvis
The __________ cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall. ureter fibrous capsule renal pelvis perirenal fat capsule
perirenal fat capsule
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________. carbohydrates lipids proteins salts
salts
What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid? potassium magnesium calcium bicarbonate sodium
potassium
All of the following would occur if there were an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________. concentrated urine thirst release of ADH production of large amounts of urine
production of large amounts of urine
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________ buffer system. bicarbonate protein chloride sulfate phosphate
protein
Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine? potassium protein uric acid water sodium
protein
Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute. interlobar segmental renal cortical radiate
renal
All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane EXCEPT the __________. basement membrane fenestrated endothelium visceral layer renal capsule
renal capsule
The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and glomerulus make up the __________. papilla loop of Henle nephron renal corpuscle renal pelvis
renal corpuscle
The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. renal cortex renal column renal pelvis renal medulla
renal medulla
Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release? tubuloglomerular response renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism adrenergic response countercurrent mechanism myogenic mechanism
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following? eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes disposing of substances, such as certain drugs ridding the body of excess glucose controlling blood pH
ridding the body of excess glucose
What tissue type is most hydrated?
skeletal muscle
Normal arterial blood pH is __________. neutral strongly alkaline highly acidic slightly alkaline slightly acidic
slightly alkaline
The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________. chloride magnesium calcium phosphate potassium sodium
sodium
Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________. decreased surface area relative to body volume lower amount of fluid intake and output in infants low rate of insensible water loss from skin high residual volume of infant lungs the inefficiency of infant kidneys
the inefficiency of infant kidneys
Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney? the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron the proximal convoluted tubule the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule around the glomerulus the vasa recta
the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
Micturition is __________. the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra a method of tubular reabsorption a mechanism for concentrating urine a form of glomerular filtration the production of urine
the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra
The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that __________. glucose is too large to be filtered by the nephron the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded glucose cannot be reabsorbed by the kidney glucose is secreted in the collecting ducts of diabetics
the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are examples of diuretics. True False
true
The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate __________. untreated diabetes mellitus albuminuria infection of the urinary tract trauma to the kidneys
untreated diabetes mellitus
Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water? creatinine urea inulin uric acid
urea
Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder? urethra renal pelvis papillary duct ureter prostate
ureter
The major source of water loss from the body is __________. feces insensible skin loss urine insensible respiratory loss sweat
urine
What is optimum blood pH?
varies: norm 7.4, venous blood 7.35, ICF 7.0
Which nephron capillary bed specializes in forming concentrated urine? efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries glomerulus vasa recta
vasa recta
