Exam I Student-Generated Questions

Employ systematic processes to examine different types of data and derive interpretive scheme" describes which of the 10 essentials of research? A) Analyze information and draw conclusions B) Select a design strategy C) Identify a theory base D) Obtain information

A) Analyze information and draw conclusions

What is test-retest reliability? A) The consistency of the results if the study were repeated. B) When a test must be repeated because it wasn't reliable. C) A test that measures qualitative data. D) When a test is so reliable, they repeat it again and again.

A) The consistency of the results if the study were repeated

The aim of experimental-type boundary setting is: A) To select a group of study participants, subjects, or objects who adequately represent the target population of the study. B) To ensure that the results don't show biases. C) To make sure that all members of a population are represented in the study. D) To protect the study participants from risk or harm.

A) To select a group of study participants, subjects, or objects who adequately represent the target population of the study.

Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be difficult since there is no medical test to diagnose the disorders. According to the reading psychiatrist or psychologist use: a) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder b). Complete blood count c). Esophagogastroduodenoscapy d). Child's behavior and development screening.

a) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder

According to Kerlinger's definition, there are four interrelated structural components, which are subsumed under theory and range in degree of abstraction. Numerous taxonomies for the parts of a theory have been proposed, but DePoy & Gitlin (2016) suggest that the four basic structures of theory are: a) concepts, constructs, relationships, and propositions/principles b) concepts, functionality, division and principles c) cohesion, functionality, relationships and propositions/principles d) coercion, constructs, relationships, and propositions/principles

a) concepts, constructs, relationships, and propositions/principles

What are the three types of qualitative research? a. Phenomenology Research, Ethnography Research, and Case Study. b. Participatory Action Research, Explanatory Research, and Predictive Research. c. Descriptive Research, Meta-analysis Research, and Endogenous Research d. Correlational Research, Causal-Comparative Research, and Experimental Research.

a. Phenomenology Research, Ethnography Research, and Case Study.

What type of validity is used when scores earned by examinees on a measure are correlated with scores earned on another measure? A. predictive criterion-related validity B. concurrent criterion-related validity c. criterion-related validity d. content validity

c. criterion-related validity

Adopting logical positivism as your philosophical base would result in which type of research? a. naturalistic inquiry b. symbolic interaction c. experimental-type d. ethnographic research

c. experimental-type

Through ________ approaches, theories are incrementally developed to explain and give order to observations of human experience. a. deductive b. observational c. inductive d. abductive

c. inductive

All of these are ways for a researcher to set boundaries and limit the scope of a study EXCEPT: A. Determining who can participate in what part of the study B. Determining the conceptual dimensions to be examined C. Determining the length or duration of the study D. Continuously increasing the type and range of questions that will be asked in the study

Answer: D. Continuously increasing the type and range of questions that will be asked in the study

Which is true of a cohort study? A. Relatively cheap/cost effective B. Takes a relatively short period of time to complete C. Allows calculation of true incidence rates, relative risks, and attributable risks D. Sometimes referred to as a prevalence study

C. Allows calculation of true incidence rates, relative risks, and attributable risks

When an expert reviews the entire process of conducting research as well as reviewing the results of the data analysis the expert is usually referred to as: A. A data analyst B. A reviewer C. An auditor D. An editor

C. An auditor

Theory of knowledge is also known as: A. Phenomenology B. Ethnography C. Epistemology D. Philosophy

C. Epistemology

The Cronbach's alpha is a statistic that is computed when examining the: A. Criterion-related validity B. Test-retest reliability C. Internal consistency reliability D. Content validity

C. Internal consistency reliability

Which of the following is not an example of a naturalistic research design? A. Ethnography B. Heuristic C. One-shot case study D. Life history

C. One-shot case study

In the research article, "The Meaning of Family Routines in a Homeless Shelter," by Winifred Schultz-Krohn, researchers found that families that are homeless, residing in a shelter, maintain family routines because it was important for the interviewed families to... A) promote intimacy B) maintain a legacy C) maintain routines for their children who may have autism D) A and B

D) A and B

Which type of theorists "deconstruct" the notion that there is a unitary truth that can be known by using one way or method? A) Phenomenologists B) Marxists C) Ethnographers D) Critical Theorists

D) Critical Theorists

Which of the following statements about theory are FALSE: 1. Theory frames how we ask, look at, and answer a research question, and also helps to organize ideas. 2. Theory is a truth. 3. OTs make decisions about which intervention to use with a client on the basis of theory. 4. Theory helps the researcher see the big picture (the forrest instead of just a tree).

2. Theory is a truth.

Which of the following statements is true about snowball sampling? A. A method of sampling in which sample elements are selected as they are identified by successive informants or interviewees (p.199) B. Non-probability sampling methods in which elements are selected for a purpose, usually because of their unique position. Sometimes referred to as judgment sampling C. A non-probability sampling method in which elements are selected to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population. D. Sampling in which elements are selected in two or more stages, with the first stage being the random selection of multilevel elements within clusters

A. A method of sampling in which sample elements are selected as they are identified by successive informants or interviewees (p.199)

All of the following are non-probability sampling methods EXCEPT: A. Cluster sampling B. Quota sampling C. Purposive sampling D. Convenience sampling

A. Cluster sampling

This type of observational study tracks people forward in time from exposure to outcome. It can take years to complete and become very expensive. A. Cohort Study B. Cross-Sectional Study C. Descriptive Study D. Case-Control Study

A. Cohort Study

Which of the following is NOT part of the criteria for elements of a target population? A. Each element of the target population must not possess any other characteristics other than those specified by the investigator B. Each element of the target population must not possess any of the characteristics that the investigator has defined as "exclusion criteria" C. Each element of the target population must possess all the characteristics that the investigator has identified as "inclusion criteria" D. Each element of the target population must be available, at least in theory, for selection into the sample

A. Each element of the target population must not possess any other characteristics other than those specified by the investigator

The Center for Evidence-Based Medicine lists several advantages and disadvantages for Randomized Control Trials (RCT). All of the following are true EXCEPT: A. RCTs are always ethically sound B. RCTs are unbiased and more likely to be blind C. In an RCT, randomization facilitates statistical analysis D. RCTs are often expensive in terms of time and money

A. RCTs are always ethically sound

The size of your sample can influence all of the following except: A. The inclusion criteria of the target population. B. The type of data collection techniques. C. The procedures for recruitment. D. The costs involved in conducting the study.

A. The inclusion criteria of the target population.

Which of the following describes purposive sampling? A. The researcher selects individual subjects based upon predetermined criteria. B. The researcher sets exclusion and inclusion criteria and any individuals that meet the requirements and choose to volunteer in the research are chosen as subjects. C. A method of sampling used when researchers do not have direct access to a population. D. A method of sampling in which the distribution of a population is known and the researcher chooses participants to accurately mirror that distribution.

A. The researcher selects individual subjects based upon predetermined criteria.

According to Parham (1998), we should study occupation because? A. The study of occupation and its applications on health care help strengthen the identity of the profession and its practitioners. B. Job satisfaction is high on the list and you are doing something rewarding. C. The research study of occupation can lead to clinical insights to families function. D. The study helps us understand the sociocultural patterns that shape occupation.

A. The study of occupation and its applications on health care help strengthen the identity of the profession and its practitioners.

Question: Which of the following shows the correct order of steps for using theory in experimental-type research? A. theory, hypotheses, operational definitions of concepts, data collection, observations, findings B. theory, hypotheses, operational definitions of concepts, observations, data collection, findings C. hypotheses, theory, operational definitions of concepts, observations, data collection, findings D. hypotheses, theory, operational definitions of concepts, data collection, observations, findings

A. theory, hypotheses, operational definitions of concepts, data collection, observations, findings

The purpose of a heuristic design strategy is: A. to reveal personal and lived experience B. to understand culture C. to generate theory D. to understand the meaning of artifacts

A. to reveal personal and lived experience

_________________ is the complex process by which neural messages about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli are adjusted by the central nervous system to enable adaptive behavior. A) Sensory Processing B) Sensory Modulation C) Sensory Perception D) Sensory Adaptation

B) Sensory Modulation

Which definition of theory is most comprehensive and useful for students of research? Theory is defined as: A. Systems to organize, describe, and predict a single reality B. A set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions, that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining or predicting phenomena C. Idealogical foundations for social action D. Abstract systems of language symbols that provide multiple interpretations and ideas of phenomena

B. A set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions, that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining or predicting phenomena

Which of the following is not a suggested means to identify landmark studies and key theorists on your topic? A. Find relevant publications in which the authors explicitly note the topic's landmark studies. B. Add descriptors such as "landmark", "classic", or "seminal" to the search keywords. C. When reviewing your selected articles, identify if the same author is mentioned repeatedly. D. Consult relevant college textbooks which typically trace a topic's history of thought and classic studies.

B. Add descriptors such as "landmark", "classic", or "seminal" to the search keywords.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the 10 essentials of research? A. The order in which the 10 essentials of research are carried out depends on the research design that is chosen. B. All of the 10 essentials of research may not be addressed, depending on the type of research conducted. C. The 10 essentials of research can be interpreted differently depending on the type of research conducted. D. Each one of the 10 essentials is interrelated with the others.

B. All of the 10 essentials of research may not be addressed, depending on the type of research conducted.

Which of the following is true regarding a construct? A. Constructs are directly sensed. B. Constructs cannot be directly observed but must be inferred from other indicators. C. Constructs look at the relationship between two or more concepts. D. Both B & C are true.

B. Constructs cannot be directly observed but must be inferred from other indicators.

Which naturalistic research design has the hallmark "purpose of social change and empowerment of marginalized and marginalized and oppressed groups"? A. Phenomenology B. Critical Theory C. Heuristic Research D. Ethnography

B. Critical Theory

Which naturalistic research design is unique in that the researchers believe that meaning can only be explained and interpreted by those who experience it? A. Critical Theory B. Phenomenology C. Ethnography D. Heuristic Research

B. Phenomenology

Which of the following is NOT a primary purpose of writing a literature review? A. To establish the conceptual foundation for your research B. To summarize the findings of previous studies in an existing body of knowledge C. To establish the specific content of your study D. To provide a rationale for your research design

B. To summarize the findings of previous studies in an existing body of knowledge

Parham argues that occupational therapy needs more research focused on occupation. The following statements support Parham's views about why we need more research based on occupation EXCEPT... A. We should study occupations because occupational therapists have a responsibility to society to contribute knowledge about occupation, and that occupation influences health. B. We should study occupations because we need to analyze the components in a pragmatic, methodological way outside the context of its environment to better understand nuances of occupation. C. We should study occupations because a strong knowledge base of occupations will nurture the practice of occupational therapy. D. We should study occupations and its applications to health care to strengthen the identity of the profession and its practitioners.

B. We should study occupations because we need to analyze the components in a pragmatic, methodological way outside the context of its environment to better understand nuances of occupation.

Which of the following is NOT one of the six primary identified sources for topic identification when framing a research problem? A. Professional Experience B. Working Theory C. Published Research D. Societal Trends

B. Working Theory

Action research is based on the following four principles or values: A. democracy, disparity, freedom, and life enhancement B. democracy, equity, liberation, and life enhancement C. commitment, patience, freedom, and life enhancement D. autocracy, disparity, servitude and life fulfillment

B. democracy, equity, liberation, and life enhancement

In the online research process, a Boolean operator is used to... A. generate alternative search terms B. find a connection between search terms or keywords C. narrow a generalized search term D. limit a search term to scholarly text results

B. find a connection between search terms or keywords

An examinee taking a multiple-choice test with only two algebra test item questions marks one question correctly and the second question incorrectly. This is an example of what? A. test-retest reliability B. internal consistency reliability C. concurrent criterion-related validity D. content validity

B. internal consistency reliability

Quality of life is an example of a: A. concept B. construct C. A and B D. level of abstraction

B: construct

The idea that fear and happiness are not directly "observed" but are surmised by observations of human behavior is an example of which principle? A) Conflicts B) Concepts C) Constructs D) Contexts

C) Constructs

A query using a _______________ approach begins with broad descriptive interests and then through data collection and analysis, moves to discover and verify relationships and principles. A) Naturalistic B) Phenomenology C) Grounded Theory D) Heuristic

C) Grounded Theory

Research in which a student observes a current condition or outcome and then searches the past for possible contributing variables is called: A. A true experiment B. An ipso-facto study C. A causal-comparative study D. A test-retest experiment

C. A causal-comparative study

A group of OT students are interviewed for an understanding of their perceptions of fieldwork during their first year of graduate school. Which of the following best describes the above: A. A true experiment B. An experimental study C. A non experimental study D. Both A&B since all experimental studies are true experiments

C. A non experimental study

To conduct adequate research you must have: A. At least 5 reputable information sources B. A sample size greater than 100 C. A theoretical framework D. A PhD

C. A theoretical framework

A qualitative research method called Photovoice was employed by Lynne Andonian (2018) as she explored the meaning of computer use for older immigrant adults of lower socioeconomic status. The Photovoice tool engaged the individual with lived experience to reflect on his or her own life through the use of photographs. This created data for analysis with the intent to generate knowledge to inform a responsive action. The specific research method that best describes the Photovoice tool is: A. Endogenous Research B. Phenomenology C. Participatory Action Research D. Heuristic Research

C. Participatory Action Research

Four factors have to be considered in a power analysis. These are power, sample size, _____________ and ______________ A. Statistical value and critical value B. Market research and quota sampling C. Significance level and effect size D. External validity and random sampling without replacement

C. Significance level and effect size

What does a rate measure? A. The factor's correlation to the study B. The confidence interval of the study C. The frequency of an event in a population D. The mean of the differences

C. The frequency of an event in a population

Which of the following is true about phenomenological research? A. It is a "worldview" not a research method B. The purpose is to generate theory C. The researcher does not impose an interpretive framework on the data because they believe that meaning can be explained and interpreted only by those who experience it D. Relies on the researcher becoming immersed in a distant culture for extended periods of time

C. The researcher does not impose an interpretive framework on the data because they believe that meaning can be explained and interpreted only by those who experience it

Which of the following is not a purpose of the "constant comparative method" in Grounded Theory? A. To categorize the data set into groups. B. To explore the diversity of experience within each group of data. C. To perform reflexive analysis on the groups of data. D. To identify links among the groups of data.

C. To perform reflexive analysis on the groups of data.

What is the first step in the '10 essentials of research?' A. Identify Theory base B. Develop specific question or query C. Identify philosophical foundation D. Set study boundaries

C: Identify philosophical foundation

According to Parham, what is the proper domain of occupational therapy research? A) Valuable research that is politically advantageous to the profession B) Occupational therapy practice C) Interdisciplinary research that furthers occupational therapy in the health care community D) The study of the nature of occupation, including how it influences health and how it is applied to the practice of occupational therapy

D) The study of the nature of occupation, including how it influences health and how it is applied to the practice of occupational therapy

Which naturalistic research design uses a structured approach to analyze data where similarities and differences between each individual datum are achieved through comparison? A) heuristic research B) critical theory C) phenomenology D) grounded theory

D) grounded theory

A researcher wants to investigate The Life Span Theory of Control, which is based on the premise that control over one's personal environment and daily activities is an important human invariant that transcends cultural groups. To conduct research: A. They must operationalize the concepts self-efficacy and behavioral outcomes. B. They may develop their own way of operationalizing key concepts. C. They must use definitions from existing theory to operationalize key theories. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Identify the most accurate statement regarding theory and research: A. The purpose of research is to construct theory. B. The purpose of research is to test theory. C. Atheoretical data collection does not contribute to the systemic building of knowledge in research. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

All of the following answers are correct regarding drawing conclusions about quantitative studies EXCEPT: A. Never use the word prove while discussing empirical research. B. Empirical studies offer degrees of evidence. C. Some empirical studies offer stronger evidence than others. D. Empirical studies do offer proof.

D. Empirical studies do offer proof.

Which of the following naturalistic inquiry designs is NOT investigator directed? A. Grounded Theory B. Life History C. Narrative D. Endogenous

D. Endogenous

The following are study designs follow naturalistic inquiry. All of the following are correct descriptions EXCEPT: A. Endogenous inquiry is the most open-ended approach in the naturalistic tradition and is marked by the study participants design the inquiry themselves in a way that they think best generate knowledge. For example, one might collaborate with and guide inmates as they shape and carry out a study on prison violence. B. Phenomenological research is the narrative presentation and understanding of the meaning of the lived experience. Phenomenologists believe that meaning can only be explained by those who experience it and may ask questions such as "what was it like when you learned your house was destroyed by fire." C. Narrative inquiries all have the common element of "storytelling." D. Heuristic design studies rely on the subject's perspectives and experiences as data. The investigator is distant from the process and never uses their own personal experiences as primary data.

D. Heuristic design studies rely on the subject's perspectives and experiences as data. The investigator is distant from the process and never uses their own personal experiences as primary data.

When organizing oneself to select relevant titles, Galvan & Galvan suggest starting by prereading the articles to get an overview of each. Which of the following is NOT part of effective prereading? A. Read the first few paragraphs of the article to get an introduction to the problem area addressed in the article B. Skip to the paragraph preceding the "Methods" heading for an explanation of the hypothesis or research questions C. Scan the article for all headings and subheadings D. Take note of the details presented in each section of the article

D. Take note of the details presented in each section of the article

During a literature review it is important to critically review everything EXCEPT: A. Level of the knowledge B. How knowledge is generated C. Boundaries of a study D. Which university generated the knowledge

D. Which university generated the knowledge

In the article "Autonomic and Behavioral Responses of Children With Autism to Auditory Stimuli", the terms skin conductance and skin conductance response are differentiated and defined. Which of the following is true? A. skin conductance response refers to a measure of tonic SNS activity in response to a specific stimulus B. skin conductance response refers to a measure of phasic SNS activity at rest C. skin conductance refers to a measure of phasic SNS activity in response to a specific stimulus D. skin conductance refers to a measure of tonic SNS activity at rest

D. skin conductance refers to a measure of tonic SNS activity at rest

Case-control studies, such as those looking at cancer, work: a. Backwards, looking at exposures that may have caused the outcome b. Backwards, attempting to find the outcome based on symptoms c. Forward, looking at exposures that may have caused the outcome d. Forward, attempting to find the outcome based on symptoms

a. Backwards, looking at exposures that may have caused the outcome

Which type of study focuses on prevalence? a. cross-sectional study b. cohort study c. case-control study d. experimental study

a. cross-sectional study

What would an observational study without a comparison group be called? a) Analytical study b) Descriptive study c) Comparative study d) Cross-sectional study

b) Descriptive study

Articulating a philosophical tradition is especially important in which type of inquiry? a) Experimental-type b) Naturalistic c) Mixed method d) Philosophical

b) Naturalistic

According to Grimes & Schulz (2002), which kind of clinical research is the "gold standard" because it minimizes bias? a) Cross-sectional studies b) Randomized controlled trials c) Case-control studies d) Cohort studies

b) Randomized controlled trials

In order for a test to achieve adequate reliability, the correlation coefficient should be at least: a. 0.80 b. 0.75 c. 0.70 d. 0.65

b. 0.75

Which is the accepted method of research to study and understand culture? a. Heuristic b. Ethnography c. Participatory Action d. Endogenous

b. Ethnography

Which type of research approaches the 10 essentials of research in a strict, hierarchical fashion? a. Naturalistic inquiry b. Experimental-type c. Ladder process d. Mixed methods approach

b. Experimental-type

Spotting a study design can be done by identifying three issues: a. Who are involved in the study, if participants signed a content form, and if the researcher had IRB approval. b. The aim of study, if intervention was randomly allocated, and when the outcomes were determined. c. When the study is taking place, how many participants, and if effect size is calculated. d. If study has funding, the aim of the study, and if there is a conflict of interest.

b. The aim of study, if intervention was randomly allocated, and when the outcomes were determined.

Which of the following is not included as one of the three levels of purpose that each research project should address? a) Professional b) Personal c) Abstract d)Theoretical and Methodological

c) Abstract

Systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and simple random sampling are all types of: a) Non-probability sampling b) Purposive sampling c) Probability sampling d) Network sampling

c) Probability sampling

Which of the following is not included in the five categories of theories used in health and human service research? a) Longitudinal developmental b) Categorical theories c) String theories d) Systems theories

c) String theories

The most effective way to begin a search in a field new to you is to start with: a) The earliest journal articles you can find on the topic, as this will give you an idea of what originally initiated research in the particular area. b) A study that has the largest body of research participants, as they tend to have greater reliability and validity, which is important for your review of the literature. c) The most current journal articles, because the article's reference list or bibliography may provide useful clues of how to pursue your review of the literature. d) Looking around for a cafe with a good latte, as you know this will take a long time regardless of what approach you are taking.

c) The most current journal articles, because the article's reference list or bibliography may provide useful clues of how to pursue your review of the literature.

For theoretical and methodological research, all of the following are examples of purpose statements except for: a. Predictive b. Descriptive c. Phenomenology d. Meta-analysis

c. Phenomenology

Which level of abstraction gives a set of relationships a structure? a. Theory b. Concepts c. Proposition (Principles) d. Constructs

c. Proposition (Principles)

What area of interest does ethnography study? a. The field of ethics b. How humans developed writing c. The cultural patterns of a specified group d. The development of regional maps

c. The cultural patterns of a specified group

If the researcher wants to show that the values attained from an intervention changed significantly from the population values, the researcher would desire to: a. Fail to accept the null hypothesis b. Accept the null hypothesis c. Have a sample value larger than the critical value d. Both a & c

d. Both a & c

According to one of the ethical considerations humans have the right to: a. Knowledge of the purpose of the study unless deception is used b. Information of other participants in the study c. Obtain information of other participant's results with identifying information d. Full knowledge of the purpose of the study and the nature and scope of their involvement

d. Full knowledge of the purpose of the study and the nature and scope of their involvement

Which of these is NOT a way to narrow an online search? a. Use a Boolean operator like AND, OR, and NOT b. Set up the search to give results that have keywords in both the title and abstract. c. Specify the time frame for dates of publication d. Identify landmark studies

d. Identify landmark studies

Which research design involves the researcher completely immersing themselves into the phenomenon being studied, enabling them to use their own self-reflection and personal experience as primary data? a. phenomenology b. ethnography c. narrative d. heuristic

d. heuristic