Exam One and Two Older Adult
According to demographic data, the number of individuals age 65 and older in the U.S. went from an estimated 3.1 million in the year 1900 to an estimated _______ million in the year 2000.
35
According to data provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the year 1900 females had an average life expectancy of _______, and then by the year 2016 life expectancy has risen to _______ for females.
48 : 81
In the United States, which chronological age traditionally signifies entry into the older adult age group?
65
In the video about population aging and the demographic transition we learned that our aging population will impact us at macro-economic, micro-economic, and social / cultural levels. These changes will likely include _______.
??
The techniques often taught in memory training classes such as forming verbal associations, using visual imagery, and techniques like using the method of loci are examples of _______.
???
The biological process known as cross-linking causes / contributes to _______.
????
Which research design is best for discovering age-related changes / development?
????
An important factor to consider when making assertions about the appropriate level of confidence to have in research findings is the extent to which you can attribute your findings to your variables of interest (and not other, confounding, variables). Concerns about your ability to confidently make conclusions about your research findings are known as concerns about the _______ of your study.
?????
Deil is an 87-year-old man who is living on his own in a house in a suburban community. He has started changing his routine because he has found he can't work at the same pace as he used to. Instead of doing all of his yardwork in one day, he now takes a week and focuses on one part of the yardwork each day of the week. He calls this pacing himself. Deil is making due with his current situation of reduced physical capabilities by making good decisions with his cognitive skills. Which aspect of the selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model is he applying here?
?????
Many traditional psychometric tests of intelligence measure abilities that children or young adults use in school. Some psychologists have argued psychometric tests are not appropriate for measuring the kinds of cognitive intellectual abilities older adults use in their everyday lives. These psychologists are worried about the _________ when these are used for older adults.
?????
The primary differences between normative, successful, and positive aging is their respective focus on _______, _______, and _______.
?????
The video of the public service announcement commercial shown in European Union countries was intended to help inform their citizens about the need to plan ahead for a future with shifting population demographics; namely, more older adults and fewer children. The recommendations included encouraging people to _______.
?????
Bobbie is 78 years old and she is currently leaving her home to take a test to renew her driver's license. Just before leaving she was watching television and a commercial came on that advertised a local at-home care program for older adults with dementia. Karl is 75 years old and he is also taking the test to renew his license today. Before leaving to take the test he was working in his garden. Assuming that both Bobbie and Karl have equal cognitive capabilities, a reason why Karl might earn a higher score on the test would be _______.
??????
If you were a researcher who was interested in variables that could be impacted by generational differences and you plan to collect data several times over the next two decades; which type of sequential research design would you need to conduct?
??????
Rowan is 80-years-old and she is experiencing some declines in her ability to apply new concepts she is trying to learn, while also realizing that what she knows pertaining to general facts and knowledge is actually greater than when she was younger and she can rely on this information in many circumstances. This is an example of the _______ nature of development, one of the characteristics of the lifespan developmental perspective.
??????
When comparing findings from cross-sectional studies to findings from longitudinal studies, researchers have sometimes found that the rate of change in a skill looks very different. If a particular skill is shown to decline rapidly over the course of the lifespan in a cross-sectional study, but found to only decline gradually over the course of the lifespan in a longitudinal study, then what could account for the findings from the cross-sectional study?
??????
Which statement is closest to the lifespan developmental perspective?
??????
What was the example of a cohort effect from the video about cross-sectional vs. longitudinal research designs?
???????
Most older adults acknowledge that they are at risk of falling and they are more than willing to participate in programs that involve balance training to prevent such falls.
False
Older adults who complain about their memory always have poor scores on objective (everyday life) memory tests.
False
Tess has difficulty remembering names when she is introduced to new people. The best advice for helping her improve her memory in this situation would be to tell her she should repeat the new person's name over and over in her head.
False
________ is available to the majority of older adults in the United States over age 65, and _______ is available to individuals in the United States based on income.
Medicare : Medicaid
Which is the most accurate statement about older (ages 65+) women and men in the United States at the present time?
More older women than older men live alone
One theory is that when it comes to memory, older adults have a production deficiency. Which statement most accurately describes what is meant by this term?
OAs do not encode elaborately on their own, but they are able to when given instructions on how to do so.
In a research study examining performance on memory tasks researchers discovered that _______ was significantly associated with better memory.
acquiring needed hearing aids
A developmental psychologist would be interested in understanding and/or studying _______.
all of the above
A drastic increase in the number of older adults in a given population is likely to have effects on _______.
all of the above
According to a study by Hummert, which of the following stereotypes do young adult college students have about older adults?
all of the above
Ageism is demonstrated when people _______.
all of the above
Being consistently physically active is associated with _______.
all of the above
Exaggerated gestures, terms of endearment, and simplified speech _______________.
all of the above
Gerontology is important as a discipline because we need _______.
all of the above
In the video about preventing Alzheimer's Disease the narrator mentioned that we can decrease the likelihood of displaying the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease if we _______.
all of the above
In the video about preventing Alzheimer's Disease the narrator mentioned that we can delay / prevent the disease by building cognitive reserve and we can achieve this by _______.
all of the above
In the video about the residents of Okinawa we learned that they live longer and healthier than anywhere else on the planet. Their longevity and health were linked to _______.
all of the above
Senile cataracts ___________.
all of the above
Though age-related slowing is an aspect of normative aging; researchers have found that we have the potential to moderate this slowing by _______.
all of the above
When it comes to memory training for older adults, research supports also incorporating _______ into the overall experience (in addition to the actual memory training).
all of the above
Compounds that chemically inhibit the formation of damage causing free radicals are known as _______ and can be found at higher levels in _______.
antioxidants / vegetables
Which of the following is the best example of an activity of daily living (ADL)?
bathing
John is 58-years-old. When he went for his last medical check-up, his Dr. told him that his blood pressure and cardiovascular functioning were similar to that of the average 75-year-old. On this basis, John would be considered older in terms of his _______ age.
biological
The signal detection model of determining threshold takes into account _____.
both a person's sensitivity and decisional criteria
Andrea and her circle of friends were all born within three years of one another. Because of their shared history, this group of individuals may be considered to be a _______.
cohort
Which two factors are confounded (unable to be separated) when measures of computer attitudes made today on a sample of 70-year-olds today are compared with measures of computer attitudes made 10 years ago on a sample of 70-year-olds?
cohort and time of measurement
Which of the following is the best example of an instrumental activity of daily living (IADL)?
cooking
The most commonly used developmental research design that attempts to study age-related differences is ________.
cross-sectional
Unless a task is very challenging, generally a person's age is less of a predictor of their memory performance as compared to their _______.
current level of functioning within various domains such as mental and social activity
Real-life use of the terms Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) could be applied in what context?
determining whether or not any person is able to safely live independently
Until recently, a two-stages-of-life viewpoint was prevalent in developmental psychology. According to this perspective, physical and psychological functions were thought to _______.
develop to a peak point in young adulthood but decline after that
Which of the following is not an important aspect of the lifespan developmental perspective?
development proceeds in one direction
Sequential designs are used in order to _______.
disentangle the effects of age, cohort, and time of measurement
The video about the obesity crisis the narrator mentioned that current research has revealed a link between insulin resistance and both weight gain and the resulting diseases associated with weight gain. What common habit may contribute to developing insulin resistance?
eating refined foods, sugars, grains, and starches
Rian is having trouble keeping up with the all of the work associated with owning and maintaining his house. He has also seen the majority of his family and friends move out of the area he still lives in. Rian decides to sell his house and move into an apartment where he won't have to worry about mowing a lawn, trimming hedges, cleaning a big house, etc. He has also decided to move to an area closer to family so he can visit them more often. The changes Rian made are an example of applying the _______.
ecological model
Rita recently completed renovations at her house. She added safety railings in her hallways, brighter lights in all her rooms, a waterproof chair in her shower, and fire alarms that also flash bright lights when they go off. All of these changes to her house will allow her to continue living there safely and independently. Which theory/model exemplifies Rita's behavior?
ecological model
When checking out at the grocery store older adult Erin has a conversation with the young adult person bagging her groceries. During the course of this conversation the bagger often refers to Erin as "honey" and speaks very loudly and slowly while using simple words. This is an example of the bagger engaging in _______.
elsderspeak
A theory of aging that focuses on our inability to keep up repairs for damage that accumulates over time is known as the _______ theory.
error
Which type of study allows for cause and effect conclusions?
experimental study
Being able to generalize the findings obtained from a sample of research participants to the population from which this sample was drawn refers to the ___________ of a research study.
external validity
Typically around the 40s people will experience trouble seeing things that are close up. This is why we might see a middle-aged or older person hold a book they are reading far out in front of their face. This aspect of normative aging is known as being _______.
farsighted
In the National Institutes of Health (NIH) report addressing the inconsistency between the United States spending more money per person on healthcare compared to other wealthy nations while having poorer health outcomes, shorter life expectancies, and poorer quality of healthcare compared to those same nations; they posited that reasons for this inconsistency include:
fewer and poor quality safety net programs
In the video about preventing Alzheimer's Disease the narrator mentioned that after the "tipping point" when showing symptoms of dementia, a person would make errors such as _______.
finding their keys in the refrigerator and then wondering what they are for
Jamal's favorite activity is fishing. He loves to go fishing with his family and friends, but if no none is available he still enjoys going by himself. Jamal is 84 and he has worked to maintain his ability to safely get in and out of boats, cast his lines, and haul in large fish, and he does it so often he has never fallen out of practice. This has helped him in other areas of his life as well as he is able to move around, lift objects, and generally do many of the physical things he needs to be able to do. Based on his current state, Jamal would be considered younger in what way?
functionally
Nature/nurture is an important theme in developmental psychology. Nature refers to ____ and nurture refers to ____.
genetic factors; environmental factors
The study of the biological, behavioral, and social phenomena that occur from the point of maturity to old age is _____.
gerontology
As reaction time tasks become more complex (that is, involve more and more choices and decisions), age-related differences in speed of response _________.
get larger
According to one theory, older adults have ________ than young adults do when it comes to ignoring distracting information and focusing their attention to relevant information.
greater difficulty
As of 2007 the United States was ranked 16th and 17th in life expectancy for females and males respectively in a comparison of countries. Researchers attempted to explain why a country that spends significantly more on healthcare has citizens that do not live as long or as healthy as so many other wealthy nations. One area of focus they commented on related to our social and economic conditions; specifically, that compared to the other wealthy counties the U.S. _______.
has higher levels of income inequality (a greater distance between the most and least wealthy citizens)
The reminiscence bump refers to a phenomenon whereby older adults _______.
have the best and most vivid memory for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood
Which of the following is the leading cause of death for people age 65+ in the United States?
heart disease
When a population pyramid graph is actually shaped like a pyramid (as it was in the year 1900), which of following best describes the birth rate and death rate of the population?
high birth rate and high death rate
Morbidity refers to ________, whereas mortality refers to ________.
illness : death
As old cells die and are replaced by new cells the DNA duplication process eventually leads to _______.
imperfections being copied, leading to defects
Useful field of view (UFOV) __________.
is often more restricted in older adults than in young adults
According to the common cause hypothesis, the link between sensory processes and cognitive functioning _______.
is stronger in older adulthood than it is in young adulthood
Researchers who conducted the "Nun Study" asked the participants to write autobiographies when they were entering the convent as young adults. They found that _______ and concluded that _______.
it is possible to predict longevity on the basis of the level of positive emotional expression: this exemplifies a lifelong pattern of positive emotional reactions to events
In the United States, which is most likely to be considered a normative age-graded influence on development?
job retirement around the age of 65
When a young woman forgets where she put her keys, her forgetting is more likely to be attributed to _______; when an older woman forgets where she put her keys, her forgetting is more likely to be attributed to _______.
lack of effort; poor memory ability
Professor Jones and colleagues want to conduct a study on a sample of 60-year-old adults who expect to retire from their jobs in five years. They will administer a questionnaire that asks the participants what they plan to do once they retire. Then they will locate these same people every five years (until they reach age 75) to find out whether they followed their original plans for retirement. Which research design is Professor Jones using for this study?
longitudinal a
According to stimulus persistence theory, stimulus traces (for example, flashes of light) take _______ to clear through the central nervous systems of older adults compared with young adults.
more time
Researchers have found that individuals who have faster reaction times in their 50s live _______ compared to individuals who have slower reaction times.
more years
Liam was recently diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder and as a result he now has to carefully monitor his diet and be sure to only eat from a list of foods his doctors have told him are safe for him to eat. Liam experience exemplifies which type of influence on development?
non normative life event
What kind of developmental influence is represented by the widespread use of personal computers?
normative history-graded influence
As far as the ethics of conducting research, which guideline(s) is (are) important?
obtaining informed consent from study participants or their caretakers if they are unable to give it
At age 55, Maria has decided to fulfill a long-time dream of becoming a lawyer and she is studying for the law school entrance exam (LSAT). Her best friend Vivien, also age 55, has decided to sell her house and move into a retirement community, where she will spend her leisure time playing cards in the community club house. In terms of social age, Vivien would be considered _______.
older than Maria
In the video about multi-tasking and the brain the narrator mentioned that FMRI brain imaging results have revealed that _______.
overall brain activity decreases when we must-task
According to the ecological model of aging, ____________.
people adapt best when environmental press is tailored to their own level of competence
After experiencing a relatively minor stroke, Jay attends physical therapy sessions to treat the effects of the stroke. After 6 months of physical therapy Jay displays improved movement of the left side of his body. This exemplifies the characteristic of development known as _______.
plasticity
According to the selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model, people who adapt best to the aging process are those who _______.
put their energies into as many skills and activities as possible
Secondary aging refers to age-related changes that ___________.
result from disease, disuse, and abuse
Recognition memory tests minimize the importance of _______. Performance on recognition tests shows _______ age-related decline compared to performance on recall tests.
retrieval; less
The type of memory in the long-term store that includes general world knowledge is _______ and it _______.
semantic memory; remains intact with increasing age
Researchers have found that a characteristic of hearing in older adulthood is that we struggle to hear higher pitch tones, so in other words older adults have a lower _______ for higher pitch tones, and so they need a higher _______.
sensitivity : threshold
Which theory of aging is related to the finding that being socially active maximizes longevity?
stress
Liem is discussing his upcoming vacation plans with his grandson. He is telling him about all of the locations he will visit and all of the activities he has planned at each location. After going over all of his plans, his grandson comments how surprised he is that Liem is planning on doing so much while on vacation. Liem's grandson suggests he take it easy and try to not overdo it since he is not as young as he used to be. Liem replies that he feels the same as he did when he was much younger and enjoyed the same types of activities. Liem has stated his _______ age.
subjective
When people are exposed to conditions of stress, their physiological responses are associated with an increase in levels of stress-related hormones. When conditions return to normal, the elevated hormone levels do too. A return to normal, or baseline, levels of stress hormones _______.
takes less time for young adults than it does for older adults
In the United States, which would be considered a normative history-graded influence on development?
the introduction of the cell phone at the age of 50
The rare genetic disorder known as progeria results in a reduced life expectancy. In studying the nature of this disorder researchers have discovered that people with progeria have cells that do not divide as much as they would normally, and this contributes to their premature aging. Which theory of aging do these findings support?
time clock
In general, older adults' greater cautiousness when making a decision about the presence of a stimulus means that we are likely to underestimate their actual sensitivity.
true
Older adults often claim that their memory is not as good as it used to be.
true
Research on the relationship between chronological age and how old a person feels indicates that middle-aged and older adults usually feel _______.
younger than they are