Exam Questions #4
A fluid-filled cavity that develops completely within mesodermal tissue is a characteristic of a a. Coelomate b. Pseudocoelomate c. Acoelomate d. All of the choices are correct
a
A gametophyte is ________. a. haploid and makes gametes b. diploid and makes gametes c. haploid and makes spores d. diploid and makes spores
a
DNA is not found in this organelle. a. Endoplasmic reticulum b. Nucleus c. Chloroplast d. mitochondrion
a
Hair color is coded for by several genes. This is an example of ______. a. polygenes b. pleiotrophy c. incomplete dominance d. codominance
a
Homologous structures a. Are structures in two or more species that originate as the same structure in a common ancestor b. Are structures that look the same in different species c. Cannot serve different functions in different species d. Must serve different functions in different species
a
If a fungus were found that lives in the skin of a mammal and protects the animal from harmful UV rays while absorbing small amounts of fatty acids from the animal's skin that it uses as a nutrient, how would you characterize this interaction? a. Mutualism b. Parasitism c. The fungus is a pathogen d. Commensalism
a
If you cross a black rodent and a white rodent from question 4 what type of youngsters could be produced? a. all will be gray b. ½ will be white and ½ will be black c. 1/4 will be black, ½ will be gray, and 1/4 will be white d. all will be black
a
If you see the genotype Dd you know that this individual _______________. a. is heterozygous for this trait b. displays both the recessive and dominant traits c. is homozygous recessive for this trait d. is homozygous dominant for this trait
a
In animal sexual reproduction the gametes are formed by the process of a. Meiosis b. Mitosis c. Fusion d. Binary fission
a
In the Hardy-Weinberg Frequency p^2 represents ________. a. homozygous dominant b. heterozygous c. homozygous recessive d. the entire population
a
Pesticide resistance in insects is due to _______. a. natural selection b. disruptive selection c. the bottleneck effect d. gene flow
a
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms include all of the following except a. Hybrid sterility b. Courtship rituals c. Habitat separation d. Seasonal reproduction
a
Stabilizing selection differs from directional selection because a. In the former, phenotypic variation is reduced but the average phenotype stays the same, whereas in the latter both the variation and the mean phenotype change b. The former requires genetic variation, but the latter does not c. Intermediate phenotypes are favored in directional selection d. None of the choices are correct
a
Taxonomy is based on putting organisms into monophyletic groups. Which kingdom contains organisms that should be split into several kingdoms? a. Protista b. Plantae c. Fungi d. Animalia
a
The gene for red-green color vision is on the X chromosome. Color-blindness is caused by a recessive allele. A normal woman (XNXN) marries a color-blind man (XnY). What fraction of their children will be color-blind? a. 0/4 b. 1/4 c. 2/4 d. 3/4
a
The modern dog is descended from wolves. Humans selected animals with particular traits and bred them. This is an example of __________. a. artificial selection b. natural selection c. convergent evolution d. adaptive radiation
a
Which of the following PREVENTS two populations from becoming different? a. gene flow b. genetic drift c. natural selection d. nonrandom mating
a
Which of these is NOT a type of prezygotic isolating mechanism? a. poor embryonic development b. temporal isolation c. mechanical isolation d. genetic isolation
a
Which of these is an example of natural selection? a. There is a species of moth that occurs in shades of gray that vary from very light gray to dark gray. This species often sits on the trunks of trees. The medium and dark gray moths blend in very well, but the very light gray moths are easy to see. As a result most of them get eaten by predators before they can reproduce. Over time, the number of light gray moths in the population has decreased and the number of darker moths has increased. b. The ancestor of modern corn had a few, tiny kernels on each ear. Humans selected plants with the most and biggest kernels and used the seeds from these plants to plant their next year's crops. Over a number of years of doing this corn plants were modified into what we know today. c. The ancestor of the domestic dog was the wolf. Humans took wolves and bred those individuals that had certain desirable traits. After thousands of years of selectively breeding for certain traits we now have dog varieties that are as different as poodles and St. Bernards. d. All of these are examples of natural selection.
a
Which of these is the best description of a dominant allele? a. It is the allele that is expressed. b. It is the most common allele. c. It is the best allele. d. both b and c
a
Xylem ______. a. is a vessel that carries water in plants b. is a partial division between fungal cells c. is found in nonvascular plants d. makes spores in fungi
a
A clade is __________. a. a group of interbreeding individuals b. a taxonomic group c. any group that is heterotrophic d. any group that is haploid
b
A coelom is a __________. a. reproductive structure of fungi b. body cavity lined with mesoderm c. structure that protects the brain d. backbone
b
A coelom is a ___________. a. vessel for taking up water b. body cavity c. covering on leaves d. type of plant
b
A couple gets married and decides to have 3 children. What is the probability that all three will be girls? a. 3 x ½ b. ½ x ½ x ½ c. ½ d. 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4
b
Allopatric speciation a. Is less common than sympatric speciation b. Involves geographic isolation of some kind c. Is the only kind of speciation that occurs in plants d. Requires polyploidy
b
An organism's ___________ is/are determined by its ___________ a. Genotype; phenotype b. Phenotype; genotype c. Alleles; phenotype d. Genes; alleles
b
Cephalization means that an animal has _________. a. a tail b. a brain c. sexual reproduction d. a coelom
b
Gaps in the fossil record a. Demonstrate our inability to date geological sediments b. Are expected since the probability that any organism will fossilize is extremely low c. Have not been filled in as new fossils have been discovered d. Weaken the theory of evolution
b
If an individual has the genotype YyZz what gametes could it produce? a. YyZz b. YZ, yZ, Yz, or yz c. Yy or Zz d. Y, y, Z, or z
b
If you have a gene with two alleles and q = 0.3 what percent of the population in the last question is heterozygous? a. 70% b. 42% c. 49% d. 21%
b
If you have two alleles for the gene Z and the allele frequency of Z is 80% then the allele frequency of z must be __________. a. 0% b. 20% c. 80% d. 100%
b
In Alabama there are many species of treefrog that breed at the same time. Sometimes a mistake happens and a male of one species fertilizes the eggs of a female belonging to another species. The hybrid youngster grows up and does well. When it becomes an adult other treefrogs don't want to mate with it. This is an example of _________. a. temporal isolation b. postzygotic isolation c. gametic isolation d. mechanical isolation
b
In a testcross an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with ________ . a. a homozygous dominant individual b. a homozygous recessive individual c. a heterozygous individual d. an individual lacking the gene
b
Vestigial structures ___________. a. are essential for an organism to live b. have no known function c. cause reproductive isolation d. cause sympatric speciation
b
What is the probability of obtaining an individual with the genotype bb from a cross between two individuals with the genotype Bb? a. ½ b. ¼ c. 1/8 d. 0
b
When biologists use the terms fitness or fittest they are talking about ________. a. how long an individual lives b. passing genes on to the next generation c. how healthy an individual is d. how strong an individual is
b
In one species of flowering plants C^RC^R flowers are red, C^RC^W flowers are pink, and C^WC^W flowers are white. This is an example of __________. a. polygenes b. pleiotrophy c. incomplete dominance d. sex-linked genes
c
In the figure, item A is the ____ and item B is the _____. a. Complete digestive system; notochord b. Spinal cord; nerve chord c. Notochord; nerve chord d. Pharyngeal slits; notochord
c
R codes for right-handed and r codes for left-handed. You check the handedness of 20 classmates and find that 15 are right-handed and 5 are left-handed. Which of the following do you know from this information? a. p^2 b. 2pq c. q^2 d. p
c
The F1 generation of the monohybrid cross purple (PP) x white (pp) flower pea plants should a. All have white flowers b. All have a light purple or blended appearance c. All have purple flowers d. Have ¾ purple flowers, and ¼ white flowers
c
The allele F codes for freckles and f codes for few freckles. Select the correct statement about someone who is Ff. a. The phenotype of the person is Ff. b. This person makes gametes that are Ff. c. This person has lots of freckles. d. This person's genotype is lots of freckles
c
The first group to have mitosis was the ________. a. archaea b. bacteria c. protista d. fungi
c
The first group to undergo mitosis was the __________. a. plants b. bacteria c. protists d. fungi
c
What is the significance of Pasteur's experiment to test the germ hypothesis? a. It proved that heat can sterilize a broth b. It demonstrated that cells can arise spontaneously c. It demonstrated that some cells are germs d. It demonstrated that cells can arise only from other cells
c
When you cross true-breeding tall and short tobacco plants you get an F1 that is intermediate in height. When this F1 is self-crossed, it yields an F2 with a continuous distribution of heights. What is the best explanation for these data? a. Height is determined by a single gene with incomplete dominance b. Height is determined by a single gene with many alleles c. Height is determined by the additive effects of many genes d. Height is determined by epistatic genes
c
Which of these groups is often lumped into the Reptiles? a. fish b. amphibians c. birds d. mammals
c
You have _______ symmetry and are a(n) __________. a. radial; vertebrate b. radial; invertebrate c. bilateral; vertebrate d. bilateral; invertebrate
c
Artificial selection is different from natural selection because a. Artificial selection is not capable of producing large changes b. Artificial selection does not require genetic variation c. Natural selection cannot produce new species d. Breeders (people) choose which individuals reproduce based on desirability of traits
d
For natural selection to result in evolutionary change, a. Variation must exist in a population b. Reproductive success of different phenotypes must differ c. Variation must be inherited from one generation to the next d. All of the choices are correct
d
Founder effects and bottlenecks are a. Expected only in large populations b. Mechanisms that increase genetic variation in a population c. Two different modes of natural selection d. Forms of genetic drift
d
Gametophytes _________. a. are haploid b. make gametes c. a type of plant d. all of these
d
Genetic drift and natural selection can both lead to rapid rates of evolution. However, a. Genetic drift works fastest in large populations b. Only drift leads to adaptation c. Natural selection requires genetic drift to produce new variation in populations d. Both processes of evolution can be slowed by gene flow
d
If 70% (= 0.7) of the alleles for height in a plant species are T and 30% are t, what percentage of the population is tt? a. 30% b. 0.7 x 0.3 = 0.21 = 21% c. 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.6 = 60% d. 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09 = 9%
d
If you cross 2 SsCc parents, how many youngsters would have long, straight hair? a. 9/16 b. 8/16 c. 3/16 d. 1/16
d
In Darwin's finches, a. Occurrence of wet and dry years preserves genetic variation for beak size. b. Increasing beak size over time proves that beak size is inherited c. Large beak size is always favored d. All of the choices are correct
d
In a population of red (dominant allele) or white flowers in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of red flowers is 91%. What is the frequency of the red allele? a. 9% b. 30% c. 91% d. 70%
d
In an organism's genome, autosomes are a. The chromosomes that differ between the sexes b. Chromosomes that are involved in sex determination c. Inherited only from the mother (maternal inheritance) d. All of the chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
d
Japanese four o'clocks that are red and tall are crossed to white short ones, producing an F1 that is pink and tall. If these genes assort independently, and the F1 is self-crossed, what would you predict for the ratio of F2 phenotypes? a. 3 red tall: 1 white short b. 1 red tall: 2 pink short: 1 white short c. 3 pink tall: 6 red tall: 3 white tall: 1 pink short: 2 red short: 1 white short d. 3 red tall: 6 pink tall: 3 white tall: 1 red short: 2 pink short: 1 white short
d
Phenotypes like height in humans, which show a continuous distribution, are usually the result of a. An alteration of dominance for multiple alleles of a single gene. b. The presence of multiple alleles for a single gene c. The action of one gene on multiple phenotypes d. The action of multiple genes on a single phenotype
d
Prezygotic isolation a. Always involves mechanisms that prevent interbreeding of members of different species b. Includes the death of a zygote shortly after fertilization c. Occurs only in plants d. Becomes stronger as the result of reinforcement
d
Select the characteristic that is found in all chordates at some time in life. a. notochord b. postanal tail c. pharyngeal gill slits d. all of these
d
Sex linkage involves traits on chromosome number _____. a. 1 b. 7 c. 10 d. 23
d
Suppose that the relationship between birth weight and infant mortality, instead of being at a minimum at intermediate sizes, changed such that babies born at 5 or 10 pounds had the highest survival, with a valley in between such that 7.5-pound babies had low survival rate. How would you expect the distribution of birth weights to change over time? (the answer is c) a. It would not change b. The distribution would shift to the right c. The distribution would become bimodal, with two peaks and the mean value unchanged d. The distribution would become bimodal, with two peaks and the mean value shifted to the right
d
Symbiotic relationships occur between the fungi and ________. a. plants b. bacteria c. animals d. all of these
d
Tall (T) is dominant to short (t) and yellow flower (Y) is dominant to white (y). If you cross a TtYy individual with a TtYy individual what proportion of the offspring will be tall with yellow flowers? a. 0/16 b. 1/16 c. 3/16 d. 9/16
d
The domain ___________ contains species that are prokaryotic. a. Archaea b. bacteria c. eukarya d. a and b
d
The evolution of bilateral symmetry was a necessary precursor for the evolution of a. Tissues b. Segmentation c. A body cavity d. Cephalization
d
Use the Hardy-Weinberg Equation to answer the question. If you have a gene with two alleles and q = 0.3 what percent of the population is homozygous dominant? a. 30% b. 70% c. (0.3)(0.3) = 0.09 = 9% d. (0.7)(0.7) = 0.49 = 49%
d
Which of the following groups is made up of single celled organisms? a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Protista d. all of these
d
Which of the following is an example of artificial selection? a. scientists have bred strains of the house mouse that are missing certain alleles. These strains were produced in the laboratory to allow scientists to study diseases that occur in humans. b. The ancestor of broccoli was a weedy looking plant that looks very different than broccoli. Farmers selected plants with large stems and flowers and used their seeds to produce the next generation. Over time this became what we now call broccoli. c. Long ago people started to keep wild cats and bred the most docile ones. After many generations of doing this and selecting for traits that people liked, we now have domestic house cats. d. all of these
d
Which of the following is homozygous dominant? a. AA b. aa c. Aa d. all of these
a
In guinea pigs there is a gene that codes for hair length. Short hair (S) is dominant to long hair (s). Another gene codes for curly hair. Curly (C) is dominant to straight (c). If a guinea pig has the genotype SsCc, what gametes could it produce? a. Ss and Cc b. SC, Sc, sC, and sc c. S, s, C, and c d. SS, CC, ss, and cc
b
In humans eye color is determined by several genes and eye color can vary from very light blue to very dark brown. This is an example of a trait coded for by ________. a. pleiotropic genes b. polygenes c. codominant genes d. incomplete dominance
b
Leopard frogs from different geographic populations of the Rana pipiens complex a. Are members of a single species because they look very similar to one another b. Are different species shown to have pre- and postzygotic isolating mechanisms c. Frequently interbreed to produce viable hybrids d. Are genetically identical due to effective reproductive isolation
b
Partial divisions between fungal cells are called _______. a. hyphae b. septa c. stomata d. phloem
b
Stomata allow plants to ________. a. reproduce b. diffuse gas and water c. attach to the soil d. move nutrients from the roots to leaves
b
The possession of fine fur in 5-month human embryos indicates a. That the womb is cold at that point in pregnancy b. Humans evolved from a hairy ancestor c. Hair is defining feature of mammals d. Some parts of the embryo grow faster than others
b
Two closely related beetle species can produce hybrid offspring in the laboratory but in their natural environment they don't. This is because the one species lives up in oak trees and the other species lives on the ground. Because they live in different parts of the environment the two species don't come in contact with each other. This is an example of _________. a. temporal isolation b. ecological isolation c. mechanical isolation d. behavioral isolation
b
Two species of beetles could potentially interbreed, but they don't because one mates in May and the other mates in July. This is an example of _________. a. mechanical b. temporal c. ecological d. behavioral
b
Which of these groups is NOT monophyletic? a. animalia b. protista c. plantae d. fungi
b
A gene pool refers to all of the alleles found in ______. a. an individual b. parents and their youngsters c. a species d. all species of living organisms
c
A notochord is a structure found in __________. a. plants b. invertebrates c. chordates d. protists
c
A tetrapod is a type of __________. a. plant b. fungus c. animal d. protist
c
Darwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands on a ship named the ________. a. Tortoise b. Voyager c. Beagle d. Enterprise
c
Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. The X^N allele codes for normal blood clotting and the X^n allele codes for hemophilia. What are the genotypes of a carrier female and a normal male? a. X^NX^n and X^NX^N b. X^NX^N and X^NY c. X^NX^n and X^NY d. X^NX^N and X^NY
c
Hyphae are found in ________________. a. protists b. bacteria c. fungi d. plants
c
If a man with type AB blood marries a woman with type O blood, what proportion of their children will have type A blood? (Make sure you write the alleles correctly) a. none b. 1/4 c. ½ d. all
c
If an allele has multiple effects it is _____________. a. a polygene b. codominant c. pleiotropic d. an autosome
c
If one gene can affect the expression of another gene it is called _________. a. codominance b. incomplete dominance c. epistasis d. polygenic
c
If red flower (R) is dominant to pink flower (r) what kinds of offspring could be produced by two parents who are Rr? a. all red b. 1/2 red and 1/2 pink c. 3/4 red and 1/4 pink d. 3/4 pink and 1/4 red
c
In a small rodent species the genotype CBCB codes for black fur, the genotype CWCW codes for white fur, and the genotype CBCW codes for gray fur. This is an example of ___________. a. pleiotropy b. codominance c. incomplete dominance d. a sex-linked trait
c
The F1 plants (purple (PP) x white (pp) flower pea) are allowed to self-fertilize. The phenotypic ratio for the F2 should be a. All purple b. 1 purple: 1 white c. 3 purple: 1 white d. 3 white: 1 purple
c
A mycelium is found in _____________. a. animals b. bacteria c. protists d. fungi
d
A population's gene frequency should NOT change if ____________. a. the population is large b. there is random mating c. there is no natural selection d. all of these
d
A woman who carries 1 allele for color-blindness (X^NX^n) marries a color-blind man (X^nY). What possible children could they produce. a. all normal vision children b. 1/2 normal vision daughters, 1/4 normal vision sons, and 1/4 color-blind sons c. 1/2 daughters with normal vision and 1/2 sons who are color-blind d. 1/4 normal vision daughters, 1/4 color-blind daughters, 1/4 normal vision sons, and 1/4 color-blind sons
d
Allopatric species ____________. a. occur in the same place b. are closely related species c. are species that look alike d. do not occur in the same place
d
Cephalization means having a ________. a. tall b. digestive tract c. kidney d. brain
d
Which of these is an example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism? a. Two closely related species of insects occur in the same place, but one lives up in the trees and never spends time on the ground, the other species lives in the grass and never spends time in the trees. b. Two species of closely related mice occur in the same area. One of the species is active and reproduces at night while the other species is active and reproduces during the day. c. Several closely related salamander species that look very similar breed together in the same ponds. Each species has a unique set of courtship behaviors which prevent crossbreeding between related species. d. all of these
d
Which of these is an example of allopatric speciation? a. A small group of fruit flies from the U.S. mainland somehow got to Hawaii. The fruit and climate in their new home was different than what they had experienced on the mainland. Over time this population of fruit flies on Hawaii adapted to the local environment. During the process a number of changes occurred in the Hawaiian fruit flies and they eventually became a new species. b. A species of insect was accidently transported from South America to Australia. The transported insects did well in their new home and adapted to the local conditions. After many years they had changed sufficiently to be considered a different species than the insects in South America. c. A small group of iguanid lizards from Ecuador made it out to the Galapagos Islands. Once they made it to the islands they quit eating leaves and started eating seaweed. They became adapted for swimming in the ocean and made a number of other changes in their anatomy, behavior, and ecology. After many years, this group of lizards became a species that was quite different from its ancestors in Ecuador. d. All of these are examples of allopatric speciation.
d
_________ can produce a mycelium. a. bacteria b. protists c. plants d. fungi
d
