EXAM QUESTIONS

True or False. Heterotrophic prokaryotes are responsible for releasing oxygen into the atmosphere and releasing atmospheric nitrogen into a useable form.

False

True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of a light touch. This means that the strength of the action potential is weaker than usual. Explain your reasoning.

False There is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or-nothing response). There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing.

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Cell-mediated responses are characteristic of the innate immune system.

False, Cell-mediated response are characteristic of the adaptive immune system. (See section 6.3 in the module)

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Penicillin can be used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It works by targeting and destroying the bacterial cell wall.

False, Penicillin can be used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. It works by targeting and destroying the bacterial cell wall. (See section 6.2 in the module)

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. In protostome development, a radial cleavage occurs in the cell mass.

False, in protosome development, a spiral cleavage occurs in the cell mass. OR In deuterostome development, a radical cleavage occurs in the cell mass

True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron.

False, only one direction in the same neuron

A relationship between two organisms in which the symbiont benefits while harming its host is best described as: +Mutualism +Commensalism +Parasitism

Parasitism

Bacteria that cause illness through the production of exotoxins and endotoxins are considered _______.

Pathogenic

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. If a ligand binds to a receptor eliciting a response in the target cell, the ligand is referred to as an agonist.

True

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Organisms found in the Archaea domain are single-celled, microscopic organisms with a prokaryotic cell structure and reproduce by binary fission.

True

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. rRNA molecules facilitate the assembly of amino acids in a protein chain.

True

True or False; If false, make the statement true: An organism is said to be homozygous for a particular trait if the alleles are the same.

True (See section 4.5 in module)

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Peptidoglycan is a polymer consisting of two cross-linked sugars, namely, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

True (See section 6.2 in the module)

All of the collective organisms living within a biological ecosystem best describes a(n): + biosphere + ecosystem + community + population + organism

community

The Gram-stain technique is a relatively simple process. First, a sample of the bacteria in question is stained with a _________ dye and iodine. Next, the sample is rinsed with ________ to remove the unbound dyes. Finally, the sample is stained a second time with a red dye.

crystal violet; alcohol

Fill-in-the-Blank (with multiple choice): The _________ allele is the one that occurs more frequently.

dominant

What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone?

dopamine

Once inside the intestinal walls, what does V. Cholera bacterium produce that bind to a GPCR, causing the target cell to be permanently activated?

it produces endotixins which bind to GPCR

Fill-in-the-Blank: In Reaction 8 of the Citric Acid Cycle, ________ is oxidized, and another NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

malate

When talking about the process of transduction, the term ________ is used to describe molecules or processes that are occurring early in the relay chain, while the term ________ refers to molecules or processes that are occurring later in the relay chain.

upstream; downstream (See section 5.2 in the module)

Which checkpoint of the cell cycle is considered to be the major checkpoint? A. M Checkpoint B. G1 Checkpoint C. G2 Checkpoint D. S Checkpoint

B

True or false: Neurons come into direct physical contact with one another.

FALSE, Neurons do not physically touch. They are separated by synapses.

What creates the proton-motive force?

As more and more protons enter the intermembrane space, the concentration of protons increases creating the proton-motive force (See section 3.3 in module).

What are the two main forms of fermentation?

(1) Alcohol fermentation and (2) lactic acid fermentation (See section 3.3 in module)

List TWO criterion one should consider when developing a useful research model.

(1) Easy to maintain, (2) Physical size should be convenient, (3) Inexpensive, (4) Short life cycles, (5) Can be genetically manipulated, and (6) Can be used to deliver economically important results

What are the TWO steps involved in oxidative phosphorylation?

(1) The oxidation of the high-energy end products NADH and FADH2 from the CAC and (2) the phosphorylation and conversion of ADP into ATP (See section 3.3 in module)

Match the following terms with the correct description - Cytokines + Directs recruitment of innate immune responses. + Signals self-destruction of the cell. + Circulate in the blood in a dormant state + A family of protein secreted in response to viral pathogens

+ A family of protein secreted in response to viral pathogens

Which of the following is/are true of Prokaryotic cells? (Select all that apply) +DNA is housed in a nucleoid region not bound by a membrane. +They are always single-celled. +Bacteria are examples. + All of the above statements are true.

+ All of the above statements are true.

Match the following terms with the correct description - Complement Proteins + Directs recruitment of innate immune responses. + Signals self-destruction of the cell. + Circulate in the blood in a dormant state + A family of protein secreted in response to viral pathogens

+ Circulate in the blood in a dormant state

Match the following terms with the correct description - INF 2 + Directs recruitment of innate immune responses. + Signals self-destruction of the cell. + Circulate in the blood in a dormant state + A family of protein secreted in response to viral pathogens

+ Directs recruitment of innate immune responses.

Which of the following is/are true regarding an unrooted phylogenic tree? (select all that apply) + It is used to demonstrate evolutionary relationships. +It has a node that is shared between the leaves on the tree. + It illustrates levels of relatedness without making a hypothesis about shared ancestry.

+ It is used to demonstrate evolutionary relationships. + It illustrates levels of relatedness without making a hypothesis about shared ancestry.

What is the first step in the ADCC process? +The arms of the "Y" bind to the antigens of the pathogen. + NK cells encounter the free, unbound end of the antibodies. +The NK cell destroys the cell attached at the other end. +The NK cell sends a signal to a helper T cell.

+ NK cells encounter the free, unbound end of the antibodies.

Which of the following is/are true of the Eukaryotic Kingdom, Protista? (Select all that apply) + All members of this kingdom are considered "consumers". + Organisms may be heterotrophic. + Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular. +All organisms are multicellular and autotrophic.

+ Organisms may be heterotrophic. + Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular.

Match the following terms with the correct description - INF 1 + Directs recruitment of innate immune responses. + Signals self-destruction of the cell. + Circulate in the blood in a dormant state + A family of protein secreted in response to viral pathogens

+ Signals self-destruction of the cell.

Each of the following is true of Eubacteria except: +Their cellular structure is prokaryotic. + Their DNA is housed in a true nucleus. +They reproduce by binary fission. +Their cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan.

+ Their DNA is housed in a true nucleus.

Match each of the following terms with the correct description: Monocytes +Include NK cells, B Cells, and T Cells +Highly active during anaphylaxis and asthma attack + Undifferentiated cells that become macrophages and dendritic cells +Found in high concentrations in the epithelial tissues and low concentration in the blood

+ Undifferentiated cells that become macrophages and dendritic cells

Match each of the following terms with the correct description: Eosinophils +Include NK cells, B Cells, and T Cells +Highly active during anaphylaxis and asthma attack + Undifferentiated cells that become macrophages and dendritic cells +Found in high concentrations in the epithelial tissues and low concentration in the blood

+Found in high concentrations in the epithelial tissues and low concentration in the blood

Match each of the following terms with the correct description: Basophils +Include NK cells, B Cells, and T Cells +Highly active during anaphylaxis and asthma attack + Undifferentiated cells that become macrophages and dendritic cells +Found in high concentrations in the epithelial tissues and low concentration in the blood

+Highly active during anaphylaxis and asthma attack

Match the following terms with the correct description: Lymphocytes +Include NK cells, B Cells, and T Cells +Highly active during anaphylaxis and asthma attack + Undifferentiated cells that become macrophages and dendritic cells +Found in high concentrations in the epithelial tissues and low concentration in the blood

+Include NK cells, B Cells and T Cells

Each of the following statements is true about GAS except: +It is the causative pathogen of strep throat. +It is a Gram-negative cocci arranged in chains +It is very treatable in developed nations. +If left untreated, it can lead to complications such as Rheumatic Heart Disease. +All of the above statements are true.

+It is a Gram-negative cocci arranged in chains

Toxic proteins that form pores in the surface of the infected host cell and can induce apoptosis are called: +Helper T cells +Cytotoxic T cells +Granzymes +Perforins

+Perforins

Match each of the following terms with the correct description. + Radial symmetry + Spherical symmetry . + Eucoelomates + Psuedocoelomates . - Starfish are examples. - Sponges and some coral are examples - Humans are examples. - Roundworms are examples.

+Radial symmetry Starfish are examples. +Spherical symmetry Sponges and some coral are examples. +Eucoelomates Humans are examples. +Psuedocoelomates Roundworms are examples.

What is true about the stretch reflex?

+Stretch reflexes help to increase the stretch on a muscle. +The patellar reflex tests the stretch reflex of the patella. +The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle. +The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle. - - The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.

Which of the following statements is/are true of B cells? (Select all that apply) +They are associated with humoral immune responses. + They are a type of lymphocyte. +Their receptors appear as a straight line projecting from their surface. +None of the above statements are true.

+They are associated with humoral immune responses. + They are a type of lymphocyte

Which of the following terms describes rod-shaped cells arranged in chains? +streptobacilli +streptococci +staphylococci +staphylobacilli

+streptobacilli

At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:

-70 mV (polarized)

Explain the process of apoptosis and describe ONE example of when a cell would have to undergo apoptosis. Your Answer:

Apoptosis is programmed cell death that is a normal part of a cell's life cycle. When a cell is infected with a virus, is damaged, or aged, it will induce a controlled mechanism for cell death. Apoptosis is also a vital process during embryonic development. For example, apoptosis eliminates interdigital tissue, namely, extra cells between digits in many mammals (including humans), allowing for freely moving digits rather than digits connected by webs of skin. (See section 5.3 in the module)

Meiosis II starts with ____ daughter cells and ends with ____ haploid daughter cells.

2; 4

Fill-in-the-Blank: The ______ end of DNA terminates with a hydroxyl group, while the ______ end terminates with a phosphate group.

3'; 5' (See section 4.1 in module)

Match the signaling term with the description

:)

STUDY NEURON PICTURES

:)

Which phase of the cell cycle is considered a growth phase? A. G1 B. Cytokinesis C. S-phase D. M-phase

A

What is a growth factor?

A growth factor is a protein messenger released from neighboring cells that stimulates nearby cells to proliferate (divide) (See section 4.3 in module).

Once a steroid hormone reaches its target cell, how does it reach the intracellular receptor?

A steroid hormone is hydrophobic, so it will diffuse through the hydrophobic portions of the plasma membrane to reach the intracellular receptor.

A small gap between the signaling cell and the target cell is referred to as: Pre-synaptic Post-synaptic A synapse A neurotransmitter

A synapse (See section 5.1 in the module)

What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?

A. It does not involve interneurons. B. It involves excitatory interneurons. C. It involves inhibitory interneurons. D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles E. A&D F. B&C - - F B&C

Fill-in-the-Blank: ______ is responsible for generating ATP through chemiosmosis.

ATP synthase

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C) (See section 4.1 in module)

Which of the following nitrogenous bases are purines? Select all that apply. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

Adenine, Guanine

Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ respiration involves the consumption of oxygen, while _____ respiration can proceed in the absence of oxygen.

Aerobic; anaerobic

A presynaptic neuron would be found:

Before the synapse

Briefly explain the process of binary fission.

Binary fission is the process of reproduction where the parent body is seemingly pinched into two halves, resulting in two daughter organisms each with its own nuclei.

List ONE similarity and ONE difference between apoptosis and necrosis.

Both are types of cellular death. Apoptosis is a normal part of the cell cycle, while necrosis is a result of physical injury or exposure to toxic elements resulting in injury and death. (See section 5.3 in the module)

How can dysregulation of the cell cycle lead to the development of cancer cells?

Cancer cells are "normal" cells that have undergone a series of changes to allow them to grow at an accelerated rate. It only takes a single cell to evade cell cycle control or escape destruction from the immune system for cancer to develop (See section 4.3 in module).

Fill-in-the-Blank: _______ refers to the sum of all the energy-releasing degradation biochemical reactions, while _______ refers to the sum of all the synthetic energy-requiring biochemical reactions.

Catabolism, anabolism

_______ immune responses involve T cells, while ________ immune responses involve B cells.

Cell-mediated; humoral

What are the TWO main ways ATP can be generated without oxygen?

Cells can generate ATP without oxygen via (1) anaerobic respiration and (2) fermentation

Where is the integration center of a reflex located?

Central Nervous System

The energy pay off phase is also known as an _________ reaction because energy is released in this biochemical reaction.

Exergonic

What is the name of spherical-shaped bacteria?

Cocci (See section 6.2 in the module)

At which complex of the electron transport chain is oxygen reduced to water?

Complex IV

Why is crossing-over important during meiosis?

Crossing-over is a mechanism that increases genetic variety. It is important because it results in recombinant chromosomes, which are distinct chromosomes that will carry genetic information from both parents, but it will not be identical to that of the parent (See section 4.4 in module).

Which of the following chemical reactions requires energy and occurs when two or more monomers are joined together, resulting in the loss of a water molecule and possibly other small molecules? Hydrolysis Dehydration condensation Redox Dehydration

Dehydration condensation

This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.

Dendrites

Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 2 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.

Depolarization: The sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels past zero and then on up to +40 mV.

Which of the following processes is/are involved in cellular respiration? Select all that apply. Electron transport chain Fermentation Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Neutralization

Electron transport chain Glycolysis Citric acid cycle

Which of the following signaling types is used to transmit ligands to their target cells over long distances, using the circulatory system as a transport medium? Autocrine signaling Endocrine signaling Direct cell-to-cell signaling Paracrine signaling Synaptic signaling

Endocrine signaling

True or False; If false, make the statement true: Glycolysis is an anabolic pathway.

False; Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway

True or False; If false, make the statement true: In dependent assortment, traits are not inherited together.

False; In independent assortment, traits are not inherited together. OR In dependent assortment, traits are inherited together (See section 4.5 in module).

true or False; If false, make the statement true: Isocitrate is produced in Reaction 1 of the Citric Acid Cycle.

False; Isocitrate is produced in Reaction 2 of the Citric Acid Cycle. OR Citrate is produced in Reaction 1 of the Citric Acid Cycle (See section 3.2 in module).

True or False; If false, make the statement true: Cyclins depend on the presence of kinases to become active.

False; Kinases depend on the presence of cyclins to become active (See section 4.3 in module).

True or False; If false, make the statement true: Gametes are known as diploid because they have sets of chromosomes.

False; Somatic cells are known as diploid because they have sets of chromosomes. OR Gametes are known as haploid because they only have one set of chromosomes (See section 4.4 in module).

True or False; If false, make the statement true: The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the nucleus of a cell.

False; The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.

_______ are whip-like structures used by prokaryotes for movement.

Flagella (See section 6.1 in the module)

True or False: Reflexes occur slower than a conscious decision to move from the brain.

Flase

You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex that occurs. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.

Flexor withdrawal reflex: Pain receptor in skin Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG Interneurons in spinal cord: (1) Excitatory to biceps (2) Inhibitory to triceps Motor neurons: Contract biceps, inhibit triceps Action: Elbow flexion pulls hand away from flame.

An afferent neuron carries information:

From the peripheral to the central nervous system

In Reaction 7 of the Citric Acid Cycle, what intermediate undergoes hydrolysis? Succinate Acetyl CoA Fumarate Malate

Fumarate

This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system.

Ganglia

Which of the following is considered a "primary consumer"? +Autotrophs +Herbivores +Carnivores +Detritivores

Herbivores

A karyotype is an ordered display of ________ ________.

Homologous chromosomes (See section 4.4 in module)

What role do the ligands involved in endocrine signaling serve in the body?

Hormones are the ligands involved in endocrine signaling. They regulate homeostatic mechanisms e.g., blood pressure and energy metabolism. (See section 5.1 in the module)

G proteins share the broad function of _________ GTP to GDP.

Hydrolyzing

What is codominance?

In codominance, the traits of both alleles are expressed in the phenotype (See section 4.5 in module).

When a signaling ligand binds to the extracellular binding region of an RTK, what happens THIRD? Dimerization of individual monomers Inactive relay proteins become activated Auto-phosphorylation

Inactive relay proteins become activated

Which of the following best describes IP3's role as a second messenger? It activates protein kinase A. It activates protein kinase C. It binds to proteins to change their shape and function. It binds to a ligand-gated calcium channel on the endoplasmic reticulum.

It binds to a ligand-gated calcium channel on the endoplasmic reticulum.

How does Klebsiella pneumoniae keep the body's immune defense system from turning "on"?

K. pneumoniae uses proteins to halt the body's attempt to signal for cytokines and phagocytic cell recruitment, keeping the immune defense system from "turning on". (See section 6.5 in the module)

What is another name for the Citric Acid Cycle?

Krebs Cycle

Explain the importance of Ligand-to-receptor specificity.

Ligand-to-receptor specificity helps to regulate responses in the target cell while not impacting non-target cells that may be in the same location.

What is the location and function of Satellite cells?

Location: Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies

What role does messenger RNA (mRNA) play in the cell?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfers the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis. mRNA is responsible for specifying the amino acid sequences used to build proteins (See section 4.2 in module)

For most biological processes, a typical response would be the release of ________ of molecules for every _______ that binds.

Millions; ligand (See section 5.3 in the module)

Which of the following is an electron carrier in the electron transport chain? Select all that apply. Oxygen Carbon Cytochromes Ubiquinone Flavoprotein

Oxygen Cytochromes Ubiquinone

List of the 5 subphases of mitosis in order of occurrence.

Mitosis consists of five subphases: (1) prophase, (2) prometaphase, (3) metaphase, (4) anaphase, and (5) telophase (See section 4.2 in module).

The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?

Motor (Efferent)

Explain how mucous membranes serve to defend the body from potential pathogens.

Mucous membranes are composed of a thin layer of specialized tissue that has the primary role of secreting mucus, which is a thick secretion that captures pathogens, allergens, and other particles and keeps them from moving further into the body. Additionally, mucous membranes may contain (or be located near) specialized cells that can secrete agents that damage or kill invading pathogens. (See section 6.3 in the module)

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and legs. Explain why this would occur.

Myelin increases nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for protection.

Describe the function and release of neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles (axon terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals. When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another.

By what TWO processes do antibodies target the invading pathogen?

Neutralization and opsonization (See section 6.4 in the module)

A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?

No; Only peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is in the central nervous system.

Fill-in-the-Blank: Failure of sister chromatids to separate properly is called _______.

Non-disjunction (See section 4.4 in module)

Each of the following is true regarding the Monera Kingdom except: +It is not recognized by all scientists as a Kingdom. + Organisms found in this Kingdom are never pathogenic to humans. + Pectobacterium is a member of this Kingdom. + It is meant to collect all Prokaryotic organisms into one Kingdom.

Organisms found in this Kingdom are never pathogenic to humans.

Explain how pathogens use capsules to evade host cell detection.

Pathogens can sometimes form protective capsules that are thick enough to mask surface antigens. Not only are the pathogens difficult to recognize, but the capsule provides the additional benefit of protecting the microorganism from degradation by host antimicrobial proteins. (See section 6.4 in the module)

A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:

Peripheral nervous system AND Somatic system

What enzyme reverses the process of phosphorylation on a target protein?

Phosphatase

Which of the following cycles is maintained through environmental processes such as decomposition, plant uptake, and the weathering of rocks? +Nitrogen +Carbon +Phosphorus +Water

Phosphorus

Why is prevention of Klebsiella pneumonia so important? Describe ONE preventative measure that patients or providers can take to prevent K. pneumoniae.

Prevention of K. pneumoniae in the healthcare setting is critically important because hospitalized patients may not have the immunity required to fight infection. Patients should wash their hands before eating and drinking, after using the bathroom, or if they have touched surfaces (bed rails, screens, and tables) in the hospital. Care providers should also wash before touching food, after using the bathroom, in-between seeing patients, and before handling surgical instruments or catheters. (See section 6.5 of the module)

Which of the following phases of mitosis are shown in the image below and involves mitotic spindle formation?

Prophase

Malaria is a result of plasmodium which are found in which of the following Eukaryotic kingdoms? + Fungi + Protista + Plantae + Animalia

Protista

Fill-in-the-Blank (with multiple choice): The first step of the Citric Acid Cycle is a preparation phase sometimes simply called ___________.

Pyruvate oxidation

Each of the following is true regarding cellular receptors except:

Receptors in each family are classified by their location in the body. they are classified by structural and functional similarities. (See section 5.1 in the module)

Which of the following statements is true about reflexes?

Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex. . . +Reflexes only involve the brainstem or higher levels of processing. +Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex. +Reflexes cannot be tested because they are internal. +Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary.

Which of the following is/are part of the structure of ATP synthase? Select all that apply. Rotor Flagella Stator Wheel Internal rod Catalytic knob

Rotor Stator Internal rod Catalytic knob

List TWO examples of asexual reproduction.

Spore formation, binary fission, vegetative reproduction, budding, and fragmentation are all acceptable answers.

Which of the following intermediates is produced in Reaction 5 of the Citric Acid Cycle? Fumarate Succinate Pyruvate Malate

Succinate

This part of the autonomic system accelerates the heart beat and increases breathing rate.

Sympathetic

List TWO symptoms (patient complaints) associated with a GAS infection and describe TWO visible signs a doctor might notice on a physical examination.

Symptoms include rapid onset of sore throat, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, fever, abdominal pain, headache, and lethargy. Visible signs include a red throat with visible petechia (red spots), exudate (pus) on the tonsillar regions and swollen cervical (neck) lymph nodes are also common. (See section 6.5 in the module)

Which phase of mitosis is shown in the image below and involves completion of the mitotic phase?

Telophase

Which of the cellular responses is the least complex?

Termination of the signal (See section 5.3 in the module)

What is the electron transport chain composed of and where does it take place?

The ETC is comprised of a series of proteins (termed Complexes I through IV) embedded within the mitochondrial matrix (See section 3.3 in module).

Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction?

The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber.

Why is the cell cycle control system important?

The cell cycle control system is essential for normal cellular growth and development, which is achieved by controlling the timing and rate of the cell cycle (See section 4.3 in module)

Explain how the nucleus of a Eukaryotic cell differs from the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell.

The nucleus of a eukaryotic cells is bound by an outer membrane, while the nucleoid region is not bound by a membrane. Both contain the cell's DNA. (See section 6.1 in the module)

The pelvic cavity or Eucoelomates houses which organs/structures?

The reproductive organs and urinary bladder

What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished?

The short existence of neurotransmitters in the synapse prevents continuous stimulation. Some synapses contain enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synapses rapidly absorb the neurotransmitter.

Prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria. How do aerobic bacteria gain cellular energy without mitochondria?

Their plasma membrane can be folded to provide an area for specialized chemical reactions associated with aerobic respiration to occur.

___________ thrive in higher temperatures such as volcanos, while __________ thrive in arctic temperatures.

Thermophiles; psychrophiles

Which of the following is FALSE regarding scaffolding proteins? They physically support proteins involved in signaling pathways. They improve efficiency in the transduction pathway. They add phosphates to target cell receptor sites.

They add phosphates to target cell receptor sites. (See section 5.2 in the module)

Which of the following is/are true of RTKs? (Select all that apply) They are a family of enzyme-linked receptor molecules. They have an extracellular region only. They transfer a phosphate group to the amino acid tyrosine on a target protein. None of the above are true.

They are a family of enzyme-linked receptor molecules. They transfer a phosphate group to the amino acid tyrosine on a target protein.

Each of the following are true regarding Eukaryotes except: +They are larger and generally more complex than Prokaryotes. + They contain a membrane bound, true nucleus. + Their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. + They can be divided into the following kindgoms: fungi, Protistia, Plantae, Animalia, Monera

They can be divided into the following kindgoms: fungi, Protistia, Plantae, Animalia, Monera

Which of the following statements is true of GPCRs? They thread through the plasma membrane forming loops. They are transmembrane hormone receptors. A modified loop receives ligands on the intracellular side. All of the above

They thread through the plasma membrane forming loops.

What TWO processes are involved in gene expression?

Transcription and translation (See section 5.3 in the module)

During the second phase of glycolysis, what enzyme mediates the addition of a phosphate group to G3P to produce 1,3-biphosphoglycerate? Hexokinase Aldolase Enolase Triose phosphate dehydrogenase

Triose phosphate dehydrogenase

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine, and how many are formed between guanine and cytosine?

Two hydrogen bonds are formed when adenine pairs with thymine, while three hydrogen bonds are formed when guanine pairs with cytosine (See section 4.1 in module).

__________ plants have cells joined into tube like structures that allow for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Vascular

What is pleiotropy?

When one gene results in multiple phenotypic effects, it is called pleiotropy (See section 4.5 in module).

Which of the following is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump?

Which of the following is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump?

How many copies of each chromosome are found within a cell?

Within a cell, there are two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent (See section 4.1 in module).

Reaction 3 of the Citric Acid Cycle results in the formation of which intermediate? Succinyl CoA Fumarate a-Ketoglutarate Acetyl CoA

a-Ketoglutarate

A(n) _______ is a change or a process that allows an organism to become better suited for their environment. Anything that causes an organism to respond is called a _______. Adaptions can be _______ or ________.

adaptation, stimulus, behavioral, physical

Which of the following is/are true regarding ligand-gated ion channels? (Select all that apply) They allow the passage of ions and act as a receptor. The binding of a ligand causes the channels to open. The lumen of the channel is hydrophilic. Ligand binding is reversible.

all are correct

During an adaptive immune response, naïve B cells proliferate to form an army of ______, daughter cells that are the same as the parent cell and respond to one antigen. Some daughter cells become long-term _______, which are dormant but antigen-specific with the ability to respond to a threat.

clones; memory cells

Most ligand-gated ion channels have binding sites for neurotransmitters, and these channels are the main type of receptor found in _______ of the human body.

neurons (See section 5.2 in the module)

Gram _________ bacteria have a ________ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

positive; thick

Signaling begins when an extracellular ligand binds to a _________ anchored within the plasma membrane. ________ molecules and scaffolding proteins transduce the signal to activate a cellular response.

receptor; relay (See section 5.1 in the module, specifically Figure 5.4)

Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system.

sensory/afferent

Each level of classification forms a hierarchy, referred to as a _____ in the Linnaean classification.

taxa

Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made of a ________ layer of peptidoglycan.

thin (See section 6.2 in the module)