Exam study for Dev and Cog Sci

Biological aging (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

(1) (a) Whole organism, whole body (b) system level (c) cell leve (d) DNA level (e) Wear and tear theory (2) Wear and tear theory has been outright rejected. In fact, more activity seems to result in longer life.

Toplinkski and Reber (2010) for the aha moment (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(1) Surprise (2) easy to understand once understood (3) positive affect, seeing the solution feels good (4) confidence

The Stroop effect demonstrates how a ____________(a)__________ ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) The Stroop effect demonstrates how a powerful task-irrelevant stimulus, such as meaningful words that result in a response that competes with the observer's task, can capture attention.

Object-based attention occurs when ____(a)___. The enhancing effects of attention spread throughout an object—an effect called ______(b)_______ ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) attention is directed toward specific objects (b) the same-object advantage

Why was it predicted that I liked the first image of horses (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Because first broke first prediction.

Brevelement overload time orineted or intensity (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Both over time and at same time espeically if important support networks cause it.

When processing the image of a man what are the areas that process Face, location of face, who the person is, and emotions?

Face fusiform, location of face parietal, person temporal, emotion: frontal

What part of the brain are basic feature detectors? Where is the brain located?(pcog lec 3)

Feature detectors are located in the primary visual cortex.

Vocational life (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Feel a good level of satisfaction and self esteem. Tend to find increasing meaning in jobs with greater job performance and higher productivity. 40 to 65 are highly effective.

Retirement (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Fewer than half plan retiring. If half the people who are not making enough money even if there is high job sanctification.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Difference between semantic networks and connectionist models

In connectionist models specific categories are represented in parallell distributied activation. This model unlike semantic network is very similar to neurons and synapses.

Why gender identity change? (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

In early adulthood parental imperative so they act in a gender to have chilren. Demands in midlife believes that men now focus on family while woman focus on men.

Temporal lobe eplipicy or KC for episodic memory

KC was really bad at predicting future, could not predicting what happens at greocery store. Also terrible at recalling more details. Both with damage to medial temporal lobe.

Why was HM and Clive against KF not a double disassosiation for STM vs ltm

KF okay LTM but no STM, but sources showed KF had problems with retition, could not repeat but can remember. It is really language processing disorder.

Cutting calories Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Taking 40% less calories find that animals who eat less live much better. Studies on humans in Okinawa who live until 105 and it has been attributed to their low calorie diet. The consequence of this could be the inability to do physical labor. Perhaps not able to do stressful consistent work. The question is that is it worth the average extra 2 years.

Propgaded prediction error (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Tells us whether we have the resources to solve a problem.

Studies on generative individuals commonalities found in self report (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Tend to all tell a commitment story focusing on family, community, and society. They usually talk about some part of their life event and realize where they have fallen short. Often they want to give back and correct their wrongs. This is affected by how they interpret their life event. If they fall too short on their goal is what causes a feeling of redemption.

Mental scanning tells us (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

That mental images are treated like pictures. But an debate is still ongoing.

Why was the 1956 conference which lasted 10 weeks mark off an important period of pcog? (Computer information processing approach) (pcog lec 1)

The access of computers started to change accepted conceptions of behavior. In behaviorism the assumption that a stimulas leads to reaction in a very simple linear pattern but now it was accepted that the pattern goes more like stimulas -> operation -> which gave more room for processing

Synesthesia (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

The activation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involunatry experience in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. Seeing colors when tasting different flabors. Seeing colors when hearing notes of music. These people have a memory advantage because it accesses many snesory modules. Luria could actually encode things without notes. Client S had activation in all other modalities. Any given experience then gives a cue.

Beyond habituation, predcitvie coding (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

The brain actively interprets bottom-up input. Small amounts of bottom-up input travel up to cortex and it quickly makes a prediction which goes back to bottom processes to compare. If the evidence matches then lower level quiets down. When there is a mismatch called a prediction error and is send up for error correction which involves updating predictions which match incoming level. Updating of the model so that next time something similar is encountered you are more accurate

Prediction errors for insight problems (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Trying to match a square in circle hole. Making a lot of faulty assumption. "Lets you come back try a different hole" "Once you find your matching hole you have the aha moment" . The long term goal of reducing the amount of time you spend in a surprising state because it is resource demanding and you do so to reduce prediction error.

Working memory (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Working memory decrease from 20s to 60s. But they can slow down the process they can minimize their music. Older individual are less likely to use rehearsal. This is becuase they don't really need to memorize stuff. If you test them and tell them to use memorization techniques then they do a lot better. Procedual and factual knowledge are easy. Meta cognitive is just as good.

Dual code theory (Pavio) (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Words that can be representative verbal and non verbal can be remembered easier while abstract words like justice can only be represented once.

Define dendrites and axons (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

dentrites are what branches our from one neuron cell body to another to recieve singals axon is the connection which trasmits signals

We tend to think of memory as individual experiences, but researchers consider memory to be a thing which can be broken down into ________________. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

different types of memories

Why primacy effect in LTM. What evidence for evidence for rehersal out loud? (What about middle terms)

more opportunity for rehersal. Plotted for the mean number of rehersals, the more an item is rehersed the more they can recall. Middle terms not a lot of recall

Why is there removal of junior high

more similar to lower grade, might not engage in drinking etc. Also less transition

What is written down in serial position, what gets written down first the beginning of list or end of the list?

most put end first

The modal model assumes that memory works in a series of structures. Input is first processed in the sensory memory and then is moved to the ____________ and eventually will be stored in long term memory . Memory can be in short term memory with processes such as rehearsal. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

short term memory

Procedural memory is also called ____ memory

skill memory

perceptual motor skills, closed or open, basketball? (pcog 7)

skills of patteen of movement. Open can be adaptive based on context while close cannot. Is basketball is both like being flexible in certain situations, but lay up is closed.

(karpickd and roediger 2008) testing effect 4 conditions in this test

testing will be better and more bizzare the better. Test a week later in swahely. (1) All tested (2) drop correct item study and all tested. Testing all terms did better than studying tems

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, some categories processing is distruted within local modules like FFA. But how does the brain come to represent categories of common objects? One approach is semantic category approach which is

the theory that there are specifical neural circuits for some specific categories because we are already predisposed to by genetics. Speficially these are categories specific to survival, for example face recognition. They actually find that face recogniution ability is highly correlated in monozygotic twins.

evidence of auditory and visual used in LTM but what?

visualizing past or remembering song. All these memories are meaningful in long term so there is semantics there.

What is the difference between PET, MRI, and FMRI. What do they rely on and what do they produce? (pcog lec 2)

PET: Gluecose consumtion, slow, longtime, structural MRI: Atoms and radioactive emittance, clearer than PET, really expensive but can follow specific neurotrasmitters FMRI: detect oxygen, better spatial and time recording (up to 30 seconds for example)

Acoustic startle response (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Rat at first notices the noise but then ignores it after. First stimulus presentation for a first response but then over time the rat will start to ignore it after. Habituation is found across many species.

Is photographic memory real? (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Reading a page from a book then reading it. Most fail tests, generally they cannot read it from end to start.

Recall vs Recognition: (ch. 5)

Recall is extracting information from STM or LTM; recognition is recognizing stimuli that are presented

The Gestalt switch (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Recently there is a switch back to the understanding of feedback signals from higher parts of the brain.

So the brain is essentially a prediction machine (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Resolution is rewarding and being good at predicting. At some places we like playing. At the heart of all this is the Baysein influence.

The modal model assumes that memory works in a series of structures. Input is first processed in the short term memory and then is moved to the short term memory and eventually will be stored in long term memory . Memory can be in short term memory with processes such as ________. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

Retrieval

Pavlov and behaviorism (pcog lec 1)

Salivating dog at sight and later came up with the concept of classical conditioning

_____________, the ability to focus on one message while ignoring all others, has been demonstrated using the dichotic listening procedure. ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

Selective Attention

How does Impassivity and Sensation seeking progress as an individual reaches middle adulthood? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

Sensation seeking increases while impulsivity decreases in adolescence

Presbycusis: "old hearing" Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

! earliest, most loss in high frequencies ! gender, cultural differences ! men have earlier, more rapid loss ! hearing aids can help

Defining death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(1) Activity of cerebellum and brain stem are dead (2) Persistent vegetative state, brain not working but no activity in cerebral cortex but brain stem is till active. So death is end of higher level thought. Because the absence of cerebellum. So what defines humans? Thought.

Death anxiety (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Death anxious people may be very anxious about death and get upset about it. The level of religious teaching or spirituality (meaningful) involvement lowers death anxiety. Life is meaningful so it does matter that it ends for spiritually. Being religion does not always get one there because people think about what they do, how often they go to church then even if they are relgioious they have have higher death anxiety The level of symbolic immortality, defining self by things that exists beyond my body.

Sandwhich generation (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Generation of taking care of parents and children. On average 20 hours per week attending to them. Happens very suddenly and very unpredictable when it is going to end. As individual decline it will cost more and more.

Is aging in s stage like (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Neopiget's theory sees shift and movement. Computer's don't changem but once you get fast enough changes. Once they reach a new speed things may change. In terms of decline it's all seen as gradual. People have stratergies as they age. Unless dementia. It is infrequent. Then it is qualitative shift. This is not a part of natural decline.

Protecting bereaved children, children who lose a parent (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Parents who lose a parent are at risk for exteranizing problems like conduct disorder and truancy including violence, sexual activity, and substance abuse. Probably because of child dying and there is less parents to be there for the child. Researchers looked into positive parenting. Positive support and positive discipline, explaining everytime discipline (Haine et al, 2006). Research finds that permissive parenting is what causing the exteralizing issues despite natural inclination of taking it easier on the child.

Young people and understanding death (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Researchers say they don't get death applies to them becaue (1) look at what they are doing (2) but risky behavior could also causing it "risky things don't kill me".

positive change of grand parents (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Seeing furthering of mortality and feeling like they are wise and useful. They get to relive their life witnessing another child growing up. They can spoil their grand kids and don't have to worry about consequences.

Sibling relationships (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Sharing experience of kids and aging parents. There can be a conflict of aging parents usually one child taking care which is a stressor.

Relationships with adult children (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Usually pretty good relationship. But it depends quality of relationship during adolescents and early adulthood. Bad relationships means less interaction and less likely to hang out together. At beginning of late adulthood it is supporting the child and then later on their child helps more like daily tasks. Picking up greocery and getting medication. Closeness predicts help. Emotional support most often needed though parents try to avoid dependency (though in Canada usually good 72) Mother - daughter ties closer than father - son. Probably because men are not supposed to talk about our feelings.

launching children (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

a decline in parental authority. Children are now young adults. Many may still be in contact (usually once a week). They are still supporting them financhially and provide emotional support. There can be friction for adjustment of in laws. Some families have trouble growing their family. They enjoy organizing family. How good the launching depends about the child. If child has depression or anxiety then parents feel a sense of anxiety as well. Another issue is children launching too late or too soon. Like staying at home until 30 and no prospects. Launching too early makes parents feel like they are unappreciated.

Kolberg theory of moral development did you have to progress through in a process (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

yes cognitive process that each is build on each of the processes. Critique is that woman can moral reason in social level. Both if friend then just as likely male/woman will have social moral.

Relationship of crytralized and fluid intelligence (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

younger they are matched. At around 36 they don't really predictive. Fluid and crystallize are not causing problem. And then later lack of processing speed does influence crystalized intelligence.

Why are we learning about this in developmental psych (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

1. understand death understand life 2. others are affected when people die. People's experience of death changes

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) In this set I pasted the the date, class, and lecture because my thought is that it may give me a hint as to where the information is coming from and give me an oppoetunity to practice it. Cued recall is exactly this and the this personal paragraph is an example of self generated cues. (1) What's the difference between cued recall and free recall in psychology tests? (2) In this textbook there are questions which help me engage the material. Right now though I'm making up my own and by the time I get to the questions provided I already have a similar question. Accoesing to Mantyla (1986) experiment on recall and cueing am I being as effective as I can be?

(1) A free recall is showing a stimulas and then getting the participant to recall it. A cued recall is giving a hint of sorts to either assist the participant recall or to throw off the participant. (2) Self generated materual was found to be better at cueing for recall in Mantyla's experiment where participants either got cued with their own word which they creates as a reminder, got cued with words that someone else created, or no cue at all. It was found that self generated cues were far more useful.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) One thing that I am missing is a system where I map out what I learned in a visual way. I knew this all along, the confirmation that having visual memory helpes convince me to try to incorporate something into my study sysrem. Though I also was pleases to learn that the brain automatically sorts our ideas (1) What does Bower et Al'a (1969) research suggest in regards to how we store memory and why both presenting information in an organized way and studying with an organizational structure helps recall? (2) How does Bransford and Marica (1972) demonstrate that the context of information is very important? This is actually something I saw in Psy100 but at the time I felt too depressed to commit fully to memory. I still remember it well I think. My eyes were dry but teary, and my heart felt heavy against me, almost like I can't suppot myself up. Where was Daisy then? Not comforting me or being there for me that I remmeber.

(1) Bower et Al's (1969) experiment found that those who were presented information to memorize in an organized tree diagriam did far better than those given information on a randomly oriented tree diagram. So when I'm trying to memorize information it seems important that the information is placed in a structured way. (2) Bransford and Marica showed participants a very obscure sounding situation that is hard to imagine. Later though the image clears things up and is actually a guy floating air ballons so that a stero would reach his lover's window.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) Now I don't reread my notes. I never have and I never I think I can get myself to so it in an effective way. Sometimes I find I have trouble enough with reasing new material, so I know that rereading stuff will be torture for me. I'm pleased know to learn about the testing effect. (1) What is the tesring effect and how Roedinger et Al. (2006) demonstrate this? (2) What are some possible ctiricism?

(1) Roeodiner et Al demonstrates that testing on material is far more effective for encoding and recall when the recall is a week away. Essentially the testing effect is just that testing seems to be a more effective way of studying. Partipants had to read a passage and then were tasked to do some math questions as a sort of a break. Then they were either told to reread the passage or do a recall test. A week later these participants were given a recall test on the passage and it was found that those being test did much better. The only thing about this though is that one group might be better because they are used to the format of testing. They should have also done some sort of reading test to see if reading group got much better at reading similar material.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) Last year when I first started to research and learn more about adhd I was frequently on the Reddit adhd subreddit. Someone was asking about how adhd affects memory and my response was similar to that of deep processing theory. Of course, now I'm learning it's more complocated than I imagined but at the time I believed that the inability to pay attention to something to be a primary cause. Deep processing theory in a way captures my early intuitions well. (1) Descrube Criak and Lockhart's (1972) theory of the levels of processing (describe Shawdow and deep). (2) What does Tulving demonstrate? (2) Why it is criticized?

(1) The idea of the theory of levels of processing is that paying attention for a longer period of time and ascribing more meaning will lead to better recall. Shawdow processing is paying very little attention to the semantic meaning. While deep processing involves paying close attention and focusing on the meaning. (2) Tulving (1975) found in his research that if participants didn't know they had to recall information and were told to either (1) look at sentence (2) focus on whether it ryhmes (3) answer whether the word fits in the blank there was much better recall for the fill in the blank option. Though I know later in the textbook there is suggestion that those who focused on ryhming can do ryhming recall tasks better. (3) It is critized because there no good way of determining what is a higher or lower level processing. I think that it's intuitive that considering the meaning involves more brain stimulation than memorizing random numbers, but the issue is determing what is middle level processing since the only way we can know if it's high or low is dependent on which produces better recall in research. And the research would have to first rely on the assumption that higher and lower processing exists. Personally I think higher/lower processing depend on a value judgement of what we think is more useful. The recalling of information is more useful in academic settings than rhyming, but perhaps if rappers had an interest in investigating LTM encoding they may consider ryhming identidication to be a high level processing as well.

Three phases of ding (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(1) Agonal phase: suffering in first moments in which body can no longer support life. Distress of physical symptom (2) Clinical death - level of brain activity decreases but can be resuscitated (3) Mortality - permanent death

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Parallel distrubted processing (1) what is it also called (2) bar graph

(1) Also called connectionist (2) bar graph represented the same 8 units with a change in pattern of activation. The same 8 output can change by changing

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) (1) Collin and Qullian's smenatic network model. (2) What does this tell us about cognitive economy. (3) How are exceptions represented? (4) What is spreading activation. What does it explain. (5) What does this theory say about statemetns that include properties or concepts that are close by?

(1) An intereconnected web with nodes representing category or concept with links represents relationships. The concept is that recalling one node recalls the nodes around. The assumption is that semantic knowledge of hierchy with braoder categories. (2)Cognitive economy is that share features are represented just once. For example, the concept of root is represented only once at at the highest level at which it applies to all plants. (3) For examples the idea is that exception would represented at the node itself. (4) When a node is activated acitivyt spreads out along all connected links. This is the major explanation to priming. Things are primed more effectively as things are further away. (5) Should be faster as it is closer in the network.

(6) ways of decline (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

(1) At the DNA level people look into the aging gene. The reason why they are looking into this is because when children certain genes trigger things like teeth growth. Maybe then there is one for senescence. (2) Cellular clock theory focuses on the telmoere shortening. Teleomere keeps your DNA from coming apart, like a shoe lace. This shortening prevents things like cancer. But they may cause aging, telmore gets shorter and shorter. (3) (a) Random events Mutations may cause cancer or it may cause cells to not be as effective. (b) Free radical - Everytime cell metabolize there is cells around the cells when it metabolizes. Wine helps with this the theory goes. (4) Cross-linkage theory like organs and tissues not as effective, lungs not working as well. (5) Failture of endocrine system. Less able to remove stress hormones at a period of stress which causes us to age. (6) Declines in immune system for fighting disease (7) We don't really agree

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Three proptype approaches and what the differences

(1) Definition (2) Proptype appraoch - based on averages (3) Exemper appraoch - think of specific examples

In industrialized nations adolescents have delayed sexual gratification and an extended adolescents. What are the three stages of adolescents? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

(1) Early adolescence, 11 - 12 to 14 years, a period of rapid pubertal changes (2) Middle adolescence, 14 to 16 years, puberty changes are nearly complete (3) Late adolescence, 16 to 18 years, young person achieves full adult appearance and prepares for adult roles.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) While quizzing myself with what is now a random set of 900 questions I'm hoping that quizing on one topic will activate thinking mechanisms which will provide me with an overall understanding. However the pcog lecture convinced me that I need to test myself with the set a couple times before randomly testing myself. (1) Describe Hebb's (1948) concept (2) describe the subsequent concepts of synpatic consoldiation and systems consoldiation. (3) Do these processes occur at the same time? (4) What did Bliss et Al (2003) find in regards to LTP?

(1) Hebb's concept was that with each subsequent memory this involves the first trace which is initial processing and the second trace which is supposed to be much deeper. (2) Later researchers confirmed Hebb's theory and found that there were two processes. (a) Sypnatic consolidation and systems consolidation. The likelihood that A to B firing increases as there is more firing. (b) systems consolidation involves how close synapses and neurons are. The first acts more quickly while the second is a slower process. (3) They occur together but work at different speeds. (4) Long term potertiation is enhanced from neuron A to B in repeated stimulation.

Different types of late adulthood different types of settings (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

(1) Homes, most autonomy, least amount of medical help. In familiar environments most people perform the best. Another reason people choose this for autonomy. (2) Residential communities, life care communities with provided meals. So there is less autonomy like the times of cooking for prof's wife's parents, they still cook for the control. (3) Nursing homes, severely restricts autonomy that force you to sleep at certain times and socialize at certain times. Another function is social interaction because many of those there have their significant others have died. People here though still feel a sense of isolation, This is probably because socioemotional selectivity theory. Green house model is better. Nursing care and their own apartment blocks. There is an overseeing of medical needs but they are still allowed a level of autonomy. These individuals report better psychological adjustment and feel less lonely.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) What do babies know? Preferential looking looking paradigm, (1) cats and dogs test (2) (Wu. et Al,. 2011) (3) how do infants learn categories if they seem to not be able to deal with messier environemtns?

(1) In preferential looking paradign, what they find is that infants tends to like familiar objects. You find that once a baby is familir with cat and then shown a cat and a dog. Then what you should see is that in terms of looking time for these tests the infant will look longer at the dog. Indicating that the dog is categorically different. (2) (Wu. et Al,. 2011) gave infants patterns to see if they would notice co occurences, do they actually represent specific pattern differences or would it be abtract. In the consistent splitting condition the elements that we were shown are still paired together while inconsistent is different. What you find is that infants look longer at inconsistent. Interestingly, they made the display messier to simulate real world and found that they couldn't effectively learn the categories probably because they were distracted (3) belief is based on social cueing. It all depends on what the infant is paying attention to. Infants are very sensetivie at what adults are lookign at.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Connectionist approach. (1) 3 types of units (2) activation is effected by two factor (3) connection weights (4) What is special in regards to nodes (5) example of the networks for canary and can

(1) Input bottom, output units contain the final output of network, and input units that are activation by stimulation from the environment. What is also important is the connections between them. (2) Activation dicatated both by stimulation and connection waves (3)Connection weight determine how signal sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit. It depens on the thickness of the line or weight of the line. If the connection weights from input to output have strong weight. (4) activation is distrbuted across different input and middle. (5) A series of concept activating representation hidden can to activate grow, move, fly, sing. Some of the things that you think will be activated are not.

The four concepts of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(1) Permanence: to be dead is to never come back (2) Inevitability - it must happen (3) cessation - stops of life (4) Applicability - only living organisms can die. (5) causation - death has a cause, not just magic though we might not always understand it. Some children can comphrend others but not this.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Connectionist models, (1) how do you train a network and what is it called? (2) by 25000 trials (3) similairities are? (4) how is the error signals found in children?

(1) Start out giving various examples and the network is guessing and getting feedback. So pinecone is not an animal. They will use this feedback to set. This is called back propagation. (2) can identify a pinecone dictated connection weights. (3) similairities can tell if two things are similar right in the weights. (4) Children think everything is a puppy, you give feedback, and they learn.

Explanations for why breaks help, Incubation (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(1) Uncontrained spreading of actavation during break lets you activate different ideas without it being constratined by the individual (2) New information, during break you get a clue (3) Getting less frustrating and fatigue, give the mind get a break (4) maybe forget earlier stratergies for solving the problem

Nurse listed 2 popular regrets on those who are dying (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(1) Wished that they had not worked so hard. (2) Wish that they had let themselves be happier. Keep setting standards. Focus on the positive.

(11.10.2014, pcog ch 8, Evryday mem and mem errors) Autobiographucal memory (AM) is specific experiences which can include semantic and epoisodic parts (Cabe,a and St. Jacuwes, 2007). But this chapter considers two additional dimensions which are that it is

(1) multidimensional (2) we remember some events better than others

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) What are steortypes as seen in proptype appraoch and exemper approach

(2) Proptype appraoch - based on averages. See more black athletes (3) Exemper appraoch - think of specific examples. Know more specific black athletes

Advertisement wear out (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Appel, 1971) track commerical and call households asking them how much detail they remember. The assumption before is that the more repititation the more they know. But what he found is that recall was lower and lower suggesting habituation. Decrease in effectiveness if commerical is less vivid.

Oddball paradigm (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Garrido et al, 2009) You present a sequence of sounds in the background and somewhere along the way you present a deviant sound that is a different pitch and you look at ERP. It tends to peak at 100-200 ms after onset, strongest in the frontal and temporal (auditory processing) area of the scalp. This is thought to be generated by a prediction error what is called "mismatch negativity" - MMN. (Opitz et al, 2003) FMRI and MRI. Used high deviant and medium deviant differing in how different they are from other sounds. Large deviant finds activity in temporal cortex is more than medium. Where medium deviant has high frontal cortex and the prof believes this is the frontal region is suppressing when they recognize patterns.

(11.10.2014, pcog ch 8, Evryday mem and mem errors) Is the autobiographical memory of a person with damange to visual areas affected? Why/why not?

(Greenberg and Rubin, 2003) found that those with damage to visual cortex lost AM. This is probably because these clients don't have the usual cues, though it's been found that non visuak memory is affected as well.

Music therapy to lleviate anxiety of hospice patients (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(Horne-THompson and Gracke, 2008) had those dying a certain amount of time (40 minutes) and control with something involving music. What they found was that 40 minute music sessions with music. So researchers suggested that distraction can be a pretty good way to help.

dishabituation, generalization, spontaneous recoery (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Rankin et al, 2009) Generaliation - you present same stimulas repitively and then a presentation of something similar you see lower response telling you the animal feels it is similar. Dishabituation - new item and the interest. Spontaneous recovery occurs when stimulation stops for a period of time organism will pay attention.

Habituation (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Rankin et al, 2009) Generaliation - you present same stimulas repitively and then a presentation of something similar you see lower response telling you the animal feels it is similar. Dishabituation - new item and the interest. Spontaneous recovery occurs when stimulation stops for a period of time organism will pay attention. The slower the presentation of stimuli the less habituation you get. But also the slower the rate of presentation the longer it takes for spontaneous recovery. What is effect of stimulas intensity on habituation? Less intensity

Regret and adjustment to death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(Torges et al, 2008) Tried to look into what is normal regret and abnormal regret. Found that quick resolution predicts better long term coping. Found also that older people better at it. After 6 months then it is an indication of a higher probability of depression or other issues. There are cultural differences, some culturals it is common for up to 1 year.

Aesthetics, IT was the Gestalt psychological Koffka who stated that violations of the law of good Gestalt hurt our saense of beuty" but the issue is (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Van de Cruys and Wagemans, 2013) there are lots of art that contains violation of expectation yet we like them. In going to look at art we expect the unexpected. Play is a place for animals to try out different circumstance in the real world. In the context of art to seek out prediction errors because it lets you resolve in safe environment

____(a)_____ of the brain is provided by experiments showing that covert attention to an object or location enhances brain activity associated with the object or location ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) Evidence that attention "takes possession"

____(a)___ is often the focus because of an assumption that humans rely on vision the most and also that most of our technology is visual today. It is the idea that the visual memory outlasts the retinal image called an Icon. The prof showed us dots appearing on the screen and counted how many there are. It is here the class identified that experiments need to account for people who don't actually have access to information but are ____(b)____. The _____(c)_____ tries to get around this by asking people to identify as many letters as they can when flashed something like a 5 by 5 table of random letters. This gets past the previous issue because guessing would not useful. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

(a) Iconic Memory (b) making a good guess (c) whole report condition

___(a)_____ blindness and ___(b)____ blindness experiments provide evidence that without attention we may fail to perceive things that are clearly visible in the field of view ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) Inattentional (b) change

Binding is the process by which object features are ____(a)_____. Feature integration theory explains how binding occurs by proposing _____(b)_______. The basic idea is that objects are ___(c)___ and that attention is necessary to combine these features to ____(d)____. Illusory conjunction, visual search, and neuropsychology experiments support feature integration theory ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) combined to create perception of a coherent object (b) two stages of processing, preattentive processing and focused attention (c) analyzed into their features (d) create perception of an object

Lavie proposes that our ability to ignore distracting stimuli can be explained by considering processing capacity and perceptual load. This load theory of attention states that ______(a)______ ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) distraction is less likely for high-load tasks because no capacity remains to process potential distracting stimuli.

Divided attention is ____(a)____. Automatic processing is possible in these situations but is not possible for very difficult tasks ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) is possible for easy tasks or for highly practiced difficult tasks.

Overt attention is ______(a)______. Overt attention is determined by ____(b)_______ processes such as stimulus salience and by top-down processes such as scene schemas and task demands, which influence how eye movements are directed to parts of a scene. ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) shifting attention by making eye movements (b) bottom up processess

Covert attention is _____(a)_______. The effect of covert attention has been demonstrated by ______(b)_____. This is called location-based attention ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) shifting attention without making eye movements. Visual attention can be directed to different places in a scene even without eye movements (b) precueing experiments, which have shown that covert attention to a location enhances processing at that location

A number of models have been proposed to explain the process of selective attention. Broadbent's filter model proposes ___(a)___. Treisman's model proposes later ___(b)_____ . Late selection models propose that __________(c)____________. ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) that the attended message is separated from the incoming signal early in the analysis of the signal (b) separation and adds a dictionary unit to explain how the unattended message can sometimes get through (c) selection doesn't occur until messages are processed enough to determing their meaning

Although inattentional blindness and change blindness indicate that we don't notice everything that is happening, our perceptual system is well adapted for survival. We can be ____(a)_______ In addition, there is evidence that we can ____(b)_______ ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) warned about possible danger by movement, and the perceptual system makes optimal use of limited processing resources by focusing on what is being attended. (b) detect important stimuli in the absence of full attention.

What is Senescence(11.4.2014, Dev Young)

(a)Senescence is the condition or process of deterioration with age, This is the just the procees of deterioration as soon as we stop growing. (b) There is a lot variability. Not everyone ages the same. There are good genes for aging. (c) genetic, lifestyle, environment, and finally we are in a historical period (factors are constantly changing).

Self concept in adolescence (ccs, contradictory, consistent, social skill, 3)

* Can describe contradictory traits. Shy and extravert. Has no consoliated a cohesive story. * By the end of this period 17-18 they are more consistent. May say I am shy unless with friends. More clarified in general circumstances) * tend to describe social skills into the self concept. demonstrates that we value social skills. "I make friends easily" younger children tend to not list.

Erikson's theory identity vs role confusion and what does modern research (5) (figure, id cris, tough cho, id or r confuse, mod res)

* We figure out who we are, what we want to do, our morality in this period of time. * Called Identity crisis * Have to make really tough choices like commitment to school and to who we want to be as a person * Either identity or a role consfusion. A lack of exploration, not enough options, or never really figuring it out. Some are just getting through high school. * Modern research argues that it does not happen. Not that it has to be completed or individual will be incomplete.

(is high school graduate just an indicator or cause) Dropout rates of high school (5) (dec, inst, voc train, extrac)

* has been decreasing. Not grauduate much higher jobless data * remedial insturction * high quality vocational training * personalized counseling * exteacirciular - invests them into schooling. Also tend to be more successful. And learning skills. Makes a dent in teen suicide. Give community money to create afterschool program, decrease suicide significantly.

How can adults help transitions? (msonitor, small g, home room, friends, competi, tracking/forced choices, ) (5)

* monitoring of partents leads to more support. Authoriatarian type. Joint decision making procss. Parent knows generally what's going on. * smaller groups, clubs help them transition a lot in high school allowing them to have someone other than friends. * Another is home room teacher. Home room teacher saw that the collar bone of the professor and told him that he has an eating disorder. * Taking classes with familiar friends * Minizing competition, pitting against others will have a focus on outperforming others, this makes it bad environment lower self esteem. (How is it compeitive?) * Tracking. Making them choose 13-14 age with path choice. Schools put them on specific track and it is bad because they end up less satisfied, they made early career decision. Found that people less satisified for example. Not much research for argument of why this is good.

Difficult grief situations (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

- Parents losing a child. They lose their sense of immortality, something that defines them as children. - Children or adolescents losing a parent, this is because parents are still the most intimacy. - Bereavement overload friends and family similar age lose a lot of people, passing away around the same time at the same year. Can even lead to death as as consequence of death

midlife crisis (11.11.2014, Development Psychology Lecture Dr. Adam Dube. middle adulthood)

- men more likely to report during middle adulthood where woman are more likely to report in early adulthood. This is because they are challenged right now to make choices between career and family. Men don't have to make this choice and so don't suffer from life meaning confusion until middle adulthood. How they feel will depend on how likely they can achieve these goals.

Parent-child Relationships in adolescence (4, deideal par, shift to per and luv, auth bet, con disag par-chi auto tme-

1. Deidealize parents. Turn away parents. 2. They will shift from parents to self and peers and romantic partner for guidance 3. parents who are authoritative parenting pull away, less because parents already gave autonomy 4. But conflicts will occur in all parenting styles and parents will disagree with child on when authority should be given

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Episodic vs semantic, how they stored and does repition help- epi is "I remember" while sem "I know". Can be flexible for example changing car crash to verbal format, semantic can be shared like when I say I learned from this class. Epi is acquired at once in spatial and temporal. semantic is strengthened through repitition, generally no contextual information. Repeating episodic can blur.

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Professor Dukewhich gave us an example

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Wilhelm Wundt's analytic introspection:

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evidence of auditory and visual used in LTM but what?- visualizing past or remembering song. All these memories are meaningful in long term so there is semantics there.

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sparse coding and localization

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Two modes of orienting attention are: 1)________; and 2)______. Two methods of orienting attention: a)__________ and b)__________. Precueing is a method to study covert attention. Precuing is c) ______... Precuing has been used by Michael Posner to study d)____________ attention—how attention is directed to a specific location or place. The subject was cued to the likely location of the stimulus. Results found that they reacted faster when the cue was valid. Egly used preaching to study e)___________ attention—attention that is directed to a specific object. The study used a cue to indicate where a stimulus was likely to appear

1) overt - intentionally looking at/orienting to an object of interest 2) covert - unintentional orienting of attention (distracted by thoughts or images in the peripheral vision) a) exogenous - external event grabbing attention b) endogenous - purposefully orienting attention c) when the participant is presented with a "cue" that indicates something related to the following task; ex: where a stimulus is most likely to appear on a screen. d) location-based attention e) object-based attention

The university experience in early adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. 40% go to university 2. Improves relativistic thinking and increases self understanding. 3. But how come so many people don't complete it? 43%-63% drop out. Majority drop out first year, drop out in the first 6 weeks. This is likely caused by motivation, skills, low SES, little help from community. 4. Universities set a low bar and bring in many people. 5. Cultural disrespect. For example UofT not very friendly to Conservatives.

Labouvie-Vief, cognition (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Adults get better at Pragmatic Thought. This is because we get better at balancing roles together. Also we learn to compromise in our efforts and finding that idealizion can't work. This is probably due to experience. 2. Cognitive-affective complexity grow. During this time we make great strides in how emotions affect us and how emotions effect others. Allow more complex ways to understand self and others. Like how Idon't talk to the prof if he was tired. 3. Example if a 21 year old girl finishing university and you ask an adult how she would feel. Adults would talk about positives and a lot of negatives. A very complex interpretation. Where an adolescent would say it would be horrible and all her dreams will be crushed. 4. Research finds in the 20s - 46 to 59 you have an increase in cognitive affecting complexity. There is a decrease after the age of 59. This is causaed by later decline speed cognition.

Name the general historical trends (6) (pcog lec 1)

1. Age of enlightenment - Decartes 2. Structuralism - Wund 3. Funcitonalism - William James 4. Behaviorism - Pavlov 5. Information processing apporach - connecitonist 6. Neurological

Levinson's Early adolescent (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Asked many people in early adulthood and asking them what is important to them. 2. Tend to have a dream and pursue. Like a home or maybe just focus on professor. 3. Tend to have a mentor. Someone to guide through the process, someone to model afterwards. I don't really have one, though I do ask professors about career advice. 4. For men's life structure. There is training for career and then settling down "finding a partner". Usually one after another. Women report having a split dream. They will obtain skill and then family happens. They tend to have two competing dreams at the same time. 5. Age-30 transition. (a) Around the age of 30 they look at where they are now and compare it to their dream. This is usually culturally created. (b) They will tend to focus on underdeveloped aspects. If focused on family then time to focus on career. Or men who have worked on career then focus more on family. (c) This can be a time of crisis. Like for example prof's cousin who became a doctor but then around 30 suddenly focused on family

Social expeftiations (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. At this stage of life. There is very scrit social expctations like for example living in basement still not a bad thing. We are also attitudes and values broads. 2. Cultural construct is possible. Because for ex third world countries do not give room for exploration 3. Is it a cog or just a social. The prof thinks not. There is very low employment options probably causing delayed adulthood. 4. If asked if an adult. 18-25, 38% yes, 5% no, 55% yes and no where they are an adult but not really in the responsibility. In 28-35 more yes but there is still 31% that is yes and no.

Repreoductive capacity (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Biologically speaking parenthood in early and late 20s is ideal. Futility problems become more and more of an issues. 2. Men don't experience until 35 and only a decline of sperm. 3. Teenagers in study found that until about 28 age think it's about 20%. The actual probability is actually 80%. Over age of 28, women think 50% but it is actually 20 real. We tend to see things in rose colored glasses. That is lower than 20% per ovulation.

Goals of dating changings in adolescence (3, earl shal, grad look int, good attach par)

1. Early: recreation, for group acitivity, shallow intimacy, very brief 2. Gradually later they look for more intimacy 3. good attachment with parents will have good relationship skills, allows easier to form better relationships

At each transition performence drops at each of these levels. How come? Does it get better over time? Self esteem? Girl or boy? traunancy? Who is at risk?

1. Expect higher reasoning, higher standards. 2. Less supportive environement and teachers. Different teacher every class high school. 3. Still aquiring knowledge, tends to get better over time but get bad again 4. Lower self esteem because culture value academic performence 5. Girls are hit harder. Believed that identity is more tied to school performence. 6. Chart. Well adjusted people didn't have a lot of traunancy. When academic problem and mental health problem, then problem behavior and traunancy increase a lot.

Expertise and creativity of adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Expertise is the acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field. Psychologists say that this is the top 10% of a population knows a specific field. Another definition is information processing, they can effenciently assimulate information very quickly in that field. Mostly assumilate not accomdating. 2. Generally it's a good idea for young adults to because it tends to be structured in 10 years. This is the same from academia to musicians or sports. 3. How does creativity effect expertise? One is Problem Finding. At this stage there is a tendency to figure out what is missing, identifying a gap to fill in the gap. 4. This requires individuals that are not afraid of failure, open minded, and expertise. You need to know that it has not yet been made.

Having children in Canada (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Fewer couples having children 70%, before 90% 2. Society is more accepting of women not having children for career. Not completely accepting. 3. Less children in each family. 4. People that are in family and having children listed adv and disadv. The most are warmth and affection and stimulation and fun. So the most prevelant is not not based on sense of accomplishment and community pressure. 5. The more gendertyped an individual is, the more they adhere to streotypes, the more likely they are to want to have children.

Vaiallant's Adpation to Life (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Follow indiviudals from 20 to 70s (50 years). 5 Stages (a) 20 - intimacy co=ncern (b)30 - career consolidation (c) 40 - generativity, giving back to mentors (d) 50s to 60s - keepers of meaning, anchoring to the past, teaching their important values (e) 70s - spiritiual 2. This was done in the 1920s though so this could have changed since.

Erikson (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. For Erikson's theory this is in intimacy vs isolation. Eiehter making a permanent commitment to intimate or loneliness, self absortion, fear of losing identity. 2. The funny thing is that it invovles givigin up some independence. Individuals who are not established feel a sense of isolation, don't wnat to lose their own identity. 3. Those in Isolation. Tends to compete against them and reject differences in partner, understanding that partner can be different. They are also threatened by closeness. 4. But Erikson didn't emphically study it

Heart changes in young adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Heart at this point is the same at rest, but we are less effecient during extreme excercise. 2. Hypertension, high blood pressure 3. Atherosclerosis, the build of plaque 4. Most of these problems can be mediated by lifestyle choices 5. Maxamimun vital capacity declines after age 25. The maxamin amounts. Everyday experience is just fine.

Moral reasoning and moral behavior (adolescence). Ask: doesen't this has a lot to do with impulse control: (5, high lev vol, instant, moral self rel, peer and fsm, educati rel tend more)

1. Higher level tend to volunteer more and that's it. Not really influences moral behavior 2. Moral behavior happens at an instant, with high school. Cognitivr ability is not impulse control 3. Moral self relevance. Do you identify morality is a part of who you are? For some it is essential. 4. Moral self relevance depends of peer and family whether they do it. 5. Just educaitonal environments. Schools that discuss making moral decision. Religious schools that have that tend to have a high moral self value

Adult obesity and stimga (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. If write about obese individual, we tend to assume they are lazy and careless. 2. Study of 2962 adults. Colloected in 1996 and 2006 and found that it is the only discrimination that increased during this time, but the same level for racial and religious. These people are not getting as much jobs and not getting as much social. 3. Researchers think this is because there was an increase of discrimination due to an increase of awareness. Studies found that it is not genetic then it is personal. So if your not overweight then it is your fault which increases. But what this does not account is SES. 4. Recent meta-anlysis of a couple hundred studies found that less than 10% of individuals expereinced lifetime success, drop weight and off for 5 years, in fad diets. This is because our society does not do enough to make it easier. Japan hhas gyms in workplace.

Kosslyn and Finke, Finke's principles of visual imagery

1. Implicitly encoded info can be obtained that was never intentionally encoded 2. Imagery is functionally equivalent to perception and uses similar brain mechanisms as a visual system 3. Spatial equivalence, more space more time 4. Transformational equivalence, more degree spin takes more time Pylyshyn has been attacking this the assumption that imagery is visual

Is imgery epiphenonomenal? (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

1. In testing asociation strength, propositions were evidenct when Kosslyn didn't provide any intrsuction 2. Pratient CK suggests perceptual areas aren't necessary to experience imagery 3. Some people claim not to experience imagery but do fine on tasks that should recruit imagery Tickling the visual cortex

Triangular theory of love (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Intimacy, passion (physical), commitment (for rest of life) 2. Passionate Love. Early relationships tend to be filled with intimacy and passion 3. Companionate Love. Later adult relationships, there is intimacy and commitment, but less passion 4. The transition from early to commitment is called romantic love. 5. But this is cultural look. Like arranged marriages where commitment is much earlier. 6. Criticism of research could be that memeory was biased

conformity in adolescents (5, peer dres, proad, misc, more conf, auth par)

1. peer pressure can have a strong influence on dress, grooming, social activites 2. also proadult behavior, stuff adults like, do well at job, do well in school. Friends can bring about good 3. misconduct, negative influence but only rejected group 4. there is more conformity in early adolescence. Don't need to indentity as you process identity status. 5. authoritative parents is the best way to parent. Caught child to regulate their own behaviors. You always make a choice in your own actions.

Two paths to adolescence deliquency (8, late ns, earl s, dif tem adh, con home, child agg, bad k acad and rej by per, more with dev groups, risk link) (This reminds me of how I was hanging out with less popular teens in grade 12 and my high school principal warned me about the 'potential effect'.)-

1. Late-onset: not as serious. bad crowd. Usually stop by late 20s. 2. Early onset: behavior that begins in middle childhood and will higher chance to be in jail 3. Early onset early difficult temperament, cognitive, defecits, ADHD 4. Also conflict ridden home. Lack parents monitoring. 5. Child conduct problems: tends to result hostile with other children 6. Child conduct cause academic failure and hang out with rejection by typical peers 7. This leads to hanging out with deviant groups which lead to delinauency 8. To see if high risk, see if factors link up

Lookign at top athletes in young adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Look at athletes so to find out what would happen if lifestyle choices are not affecting them. 2. You can see that performence does not really decline until 35 in top elite atheltes for running. Real changes are not truly visible until the age of 60. 3. Atheltic skills peaks between around 20 and 35 and decline gradually until the age of 60s and 70s. 4. But things can change quickly, like not too long ago at 65 your dead.

Trends in marraige (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Most are marrying later. Avg age before for women 20, now 25.5. Men now 27.5. Maybe caused by belief of emerging adulthood. 2. Nearly 90% of people get married at least once. 3. There is now fewer marriages. More staying single and cohabit. Also people who get divorced, especially for women, don't feel as much marriage. 4. Mixed marriages are becoming more common than before. This differences in ethnicity, religion, and race. It's still the minority though because we tend to pick the same views.

Family Life Cycle (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Most of us are born of families and most of us will make a family. Or just a couople but can still be considered a family unit. 2. Early adulhood leaving home, joining families in marriage, parenthood 3. Middle adult - launching children 4. Late aduilthood - withdrawal and dealing with death of loved ones. 5. Average of leaving home more than before. Most individuals don't live near university. Roughly 18. 6. 50% of 18 - 25 year olds live with parents. It's very typical to finish university and come back. 7. Your SES affects leaving home at age of 18. Because they can afford to go to university 8. Family relationships improve. Individuals are taking care of themselves more, requiring little management and allow adults to share more with their child.

Sexual Acttivity in early adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Most people have had sex by the age of 25. 2. Most are within a confines of a relationship. 3. 70% of adults having less than one partner a year. The 30% tends to be more than 2. 4. Pearing off tends to be similar in same SES, attitude, and same age. 5. Only 1/3 sex twice a week. 1/3 sex less than 1 a month. It tends to declines as we get older. Men tend to think they aren't having enough sex. 6. Over 80% of relationships are satisified. So burn those damn magazine. 7. There are gender differences in satisifcation. What they found was that for women their sexual expecation. Women tend to focus on emotional connection then they are happy. Men on the other hand tends to be focused on the frequency of sex. This can be an issue because there is a gender difference. (Frequency, intensity, duaration)

Homosexual couples in adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Most say that it is OKto be gay. Unlike 15 years ago. 2. About 30% same-sex couples do not ever come out with it. 3. The frequency of sex for gay men are pretty similar to that of their age. This misconception was that past data was mostly from bars.

Adult obesity (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Obese 20% larger than the average. Overweight can be anything from 5% to 15%. 2. Obestiy is increasing a lot from 2003 - 2010. There is 40% overweight for men. 3. For men the 5%spike is a problem for men because it accumulates around stomach area whiches causes a lot of issues. 4. Data finds that male overweight men was more than women then sudden at 65 and older, suddenly left. It because they are dead. 5. (a) Why? Healthy food expensive and proportion size. (b) We are living busier and busier lives (c) less excercise

Excercise and young adults (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Only 1/3 get the excercise. Reccomendations differ greatly 2. 40% of early adults are inactive. Only once a week 20 minutes. 3. There are mental outcomes. Makes you feel good and good for your health.

Personality in adolescence (5, personaltiy, rearing, peers, school, community)

1. Personality, flexible/open monded 2. Child rearing practice. Secure attachment more identity achievement status, family support gives more options like deep sea welders. Authoriative giving decisions 3. Peers. Get ideas from peers and get good ideas. Profs friends got high. 4. Schools. If they allow children try a lot of different clubs. Lets you try things out and can engage. 5. Communtiy. Communities that have ckmmunity center and after achool, clubs, allow to explore

Selecting partner (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Physical proximity is the biggest predictor. 2. Tends to choose similar to self, race SES, religioius, and leve lof educaiton. Because it reaffirms their beliefs and believes in the world. 3. When women are asked intelligent, ambigious, financial status, morals 4. When men are asked attractiveness and domestic skills 5. The preference for financial status cause women to choose older. Men choose attractivness and domestic so they choose lower. 6. Social learning theory explains this by sociually taught. Women want someone to take care of the family. Men are told to choose someone who can raise family and more attractive.

Friendships (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Tends to similar to us. We tend to choose people who reaffirm our choices. Someone who makes very difference can conflict our own decisions. 2. Closest friendships between sibligns. But this tends to seperate more when they move towards jobs. But then in Middle Adulthood it tends to be stronger. Probably because tragity comes together. 3. Female friendship tend to more intimate. Men tend to do things rather than share about personal feelings. This is complete opposite for me at least probably because all my male friends are psychology majors. 4. The longer the friendship the more intimacy. 5. Those who are single have more intimate with friends. This is because we are striving for intmacy. 6. Co od friendship. Women tend to have more friends and men less likely. They will be friends with the same men. This is seen as positive because men can talk about their feelings. For women it gives them a different perspective. 7. Sexual attraction should be considered and is considered in textbook between co ed friends (professor is turning tomato red).

Cognitive development in early adult hood. Piaget and Perry (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Piaget put forward the postformal thought. He thought that you move from completely abtract reasoning, but you apply to towards specific. 2. Perry believes in the Epistemic Cognition. (a) question our own processes (b) significant increases in early adult hood (c) move from dualistic to relativistic thinking then possibly commitement relativistic thinking (though this is contested. 3. Dualistic thinking. These people tend to assume false dichotemy. Example there are Liberals or Convservatives. They would think about what would the ideal perfect world and then which one is closer to his/her perfect ideal world. Then they tend to demonfy the other side. 4. Relativistic thinking. The recognition that everything is relative to each other. Example policy about income splitting is sitting on the fence, see the positive and negatives. They can see why other people support something that I'm against. For most individuals thinkj is where it end. 5. Relativistic thinking - commitment. Recognize the failure of the argument, but you have a choice of the argument. 6. Psychologists believes this last stage comes about probably due to uiniversity. The professor thinks this is what university is for. 7. What can help is challenging, opportunities for reflecting, and peers to all contribute to development (Joanna or Natalia or Zifeng)

Kohlberg's stage of moral development (11, piaget, Kolhberg's method, level 1 precon, stage 1 punish, stage 2 instrument, level 2 con level, s3 good, s4 social orde, level 3 post con or princ, s5 social con, s 6 uni eth princ)(Piaget's general plan)

1. Piaget thought morality was moving from outside morality to self morality. Kohlberg liked this idea but wanted to put more detail. 2. ask dilemma, stealing medicine to say wife. Ask what is the reasoning 3. Level 1: Preconventional, childhood and early adolesecence. 4. Stage 1: punishment and obedience. If wife dies then go to jail. Focus on punishment. 5. Stage 2: Instrumental purpose. Should steal because wife not dying is good for him. Or if he steals then he will locked up. 6. Level 2: Conventional Level 7. Stage 3: Good boy-good girl: value on interpersonal connection. If wife dies everyone will think of you badly. Looking at how people view you 8. Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining stage: need to not steal, there are laws or choas 9. Level 3: postconventuonal or principle level 10. stage 5: social contract, laws can be broken, there is a reason behind laws, about optimizing good 11. stage 6: universal ethical principle: self principle that are the most important. Like life is most important.

The Social clock (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Related to Late 30 transition 2. Why do we go to university? Home? Car? Society has a certain narrative on what we should be doing at each stage of life. The social clock is the ticking narrative telling what you should be doing also called Age-graded expectations for life events. 3. Right now this is less rigid in early adulthood, however it is still there. Following the social clock makes them feel social stability and confidence. Now following can be filled with anxiety. Ex everyone is getting married you might experience a lot of anxiety. 4. We put pressure on others because it validates our deicsion. For example, if married early then you want others to get married as well. 5. It is argued that it has an important function for society. For example, tenured professors not retiring taking up the best job markets.

Criticism of Kohlerberg, especially Golligan (6) few r, con high, act vs can, emot, Gillian, f abstr stran)

1. Research found that few people reach post conventional. Also tend to happen in philosophy. So maybe just a subset. 2. Conventional level requires a higher level than thought. Social aspects has higher level than he gave credit for. 3. We also don't always act in our cognitive level. Like speeding because don't get caught. 4. Don't take into account our emotions. Ex man in car is worried about women and child. When overwhlemed you use simpler. 5. Gilligan says that the moral values is sexist. Women might place the social higher because of families and should not be placed at lower levels. 6. Researchers tested this asked groups varying different levels of closeness. Close friend, distant clasmate, stranger. Wanted to find level of care response. Found that male and female had same care reponse for close friends. Females though seem to care about someone who was an abstract stranger. Women more likely thought they needed to care. Maybe this type is equal.

Adulthood ROmantic Attachment (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Secure attachment has the working model comfortable with intimacy and unfraid of abandonment. There is also a tendency for trust, happiness, and is friends. 2. Avoidant attachment. Stress the independence of both people, mistrust, anxiety about closeness. These individuals tends to report less physical pleasure and jealously, and unrealistic beliefs. 3. Resistant attachment. Seek quick love and stress complete merging. Sharing everything together. These tend to have jealousy, desperation, and emotional highs and lows. (This sounds a lot like me.)

cliques and crowds in adolescents (2 s mall, c rowdy)

1. Small group 5 - 7, good friends, invite to for dinner, identified by interests and social status 2. Crowd: larger with seveal grouos, severeal cliques. Use as a 'dating pool', same social status.

Pylyshyn's critiques (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

1. Tacit knowledge and demand characteristics - People behave how they think they should be behave. The cat meowing when caught barking. The participants in the mental scanning could have nothing to do with imagery but took longer because they know the amount of time it takes to travel when scanning. 2 . Imagery is epiphenomenal - images are a product of representation, not the representation itself. Imagery is always accompanied but is not how you actually represent information 3. Mechanism underlying imagery is not spatial but propositional. Involving simple and complex representation. Ottawa is west of Montreal and is west of Halifax. This can be assumed to be imagined but it could representation in networks, the fact that they are near each other means that there is more share a lot more propitiation. Evidence against propositional theory, Asking people identify cats have claws faster while instructed to imagine head was faster. This is because cat head is bigger than claws

Substance abuse (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. The most is cig and alcholohol. 2. Education seems to reduce the rate of cig smoking. Researchers think they come to understand. Also it's possible that there can be a social pressure. 3. Alcholism tends to begin earier. Usually in childhood. 4. About 10% of individuals who would be considered a heavy drinkers. Three drinks in 2 days, 1 sitting, three beers in a week. 5. Tend to be less in university. 6. There less drinking here in Toronto than in Rhianna, "beer is a part of life" so it can differ a lot in terms of culture.

Period of Vocational Development (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Though university not funcitoning as a job finder. 2. Periods of time of deciding (a)Fantasy period, middle childhood, (b) Tentative period, from 15, starting to narrow it down (c) Realistic period, 15 to early twenties, (c1) exploration, what is out there in a realistic way (c2) Then an actual choice within in 3. What influences these choices? (a) Family is a big factor of this. SES is similar to parents. (b) Close relationbship with teachers especially in high school. If good relationship with Fountaine then it's probably why I had chosen philosophy when going into university. (c) Gender stereotypes. Men are more likely to be in law enforcement. Not as made as much of an option to women for example

Types of marriages (only hetrosexual) (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Traditional marriage. Not that great of a name because past people had to work together more. Women doing home work and men doing economic support. 2. Egalitarian. Partners see each other as equals sharing authority and balanced attention to jobs and spouse. 3. The majority of marriages in NA occur to this. 4. In Canada men 10 hours, women 10 hours. Japan 3 hours men and 29 hours for housework.

1. What will kill young adults 2. What will effect health in young (11.4.2014, Dev Young)adults?

1. Unintentional injuries, cancer, cardiovascular disease, suicide, homicide, and AIDs. 2. (US data) SES is a huge factory. During early adulthood, health is pretty similar. But as you move on in 50 - 80 there is a huge deterioration in lower SES.

Gender in adolesecence (5, increase, girls, body, perspective taking, slows down)

1. Usually more increased gender sterotyping. 2. Girls tend to have higher gender typing. Theory is that at this age society suddenly gives them less options than before. 3. Also body is changing. Both self and society applying gender types to them because they look like gender. 4. understand at this stage they have cognitive ability to perspective taking 5. decline toward the end

What happens when a couple has children (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. When first child happens that there is a shift from egalitarian to traditional marriage. Subsequent births make it a little more egalitarian. 2. Marriages can be strained. Partly due to shift. Though most couples who have problems tend to have the same issue or even make it worse once the child. 3. Egalitarian are happier. 4. Couples that have children do better.

benefits of friendship adols ( self and other emp, fut intimte, strs, bet atti schol)

1. adv not just explore self but understand others, start to understand other people and differences 2. foundation for future intimate relationships. More friends in adoleacents will tend to have more friends in adulthood 3. help deal with stress. for men it let them distract 4. Close friendships have a better attitude of school involvement. IE like Natalia or Johanna making psych better to be.

Dating in adolescents (5, diff m f cl, mix cl, seveal coup, ind coup, US data end)

1. boys and girls have different cliques 2. mixed-sex cliques hang out. same mall together 3. eventually severeal couples form and then the couples do things together. Most adolescents are doing it as practice for eventually find a mate later 4. then individual couples 5. Dating from US data tends to be 15, 16, 17 more. Those that develop early they date, but by the end of adolescencr and more likely to engage in dating

Cognitive style in adolescence (4, cog sci don't like, infor gath, dogmatic, diffus avoid)

1. cog scientist don't like personality so deal with style 2. Information gather - identity and moratorium. Like learning a lot stuff. Read a bunch of reviews. 3. Dogmatic, inflexible - forclosure, diffusion. There are rules to life. 4. Diffuse avoidant - long term diffusion. Don't bother decision

Self esteem in adolescence (8)(sub, fam, romantic, job, increase, not enough hobbiss, family culture, canadian gold metal)

1. develop even more sub groups: 2. friendships, 3. romantic appeal, society sees that it is important 4. Job competence 5. self esteem increases. We figure out what matters to us and what doesn't. We don't care what we don't like and we focus our effort on things we find important and get good at it. 6. People with not enough specific hobbies get bad self esteem 7. Influenced by family culture, at this point parents give more autonomy. 8. Canadian used to be championing over factors. Some cultures less about self esteem. Not always related to performence

Adolescent adjustment on family influence (4, strss, fam even during reb, $, sibling rel sup)

1. how well adolescence handle day to day stressors of life 2. better the relationship, the better the adolescent adjusts. It still helps to have supportive parents even though they are rebelling 3. family finances, less money work more so less time 4. sibling relationships are a predicator. Silbings tend to fight less and less fights. Reasons are (1) both getting older so turn to each other (2) less likely siblings are treating differently because we are different people, one sports while one school. More similar age then less conflicts

Dating problems in adolescents (7, too ear, del, poor acad, bad fam, hkmos onl, teased, homo date hetro)

1. if too early dating. They will tend to do drugs and alcohol. Earlier sexual acitivity. 2. Deliquency, dating to defy authority 3. pooerer academic, because they are burdened by the relationship 4. tends to occur family and peer relatiobships 5. homosexual adolescents have a lot trouble find it hard to find partner. first dating is at first in support groups and online 6. young les and homosexual getting teased. 7. so homosexuals may engage in hetrosexual dating, seek relationship to at least share it with someone.

Adolescent friendships (9, nw1-2, intimate, share validate ID, ASPI, disclosetrustrec, girls emot, boys only g and activ, androgynou, cross gend s)-

1. less best friends 5-6 before, now 1-2. 2. because mind is very intimate. 3. Sharing who you are. Using friends to validate identity 4. aspirations 5. disclose very close relaitonship, trust, reciprocal 6. For girls there is an emotional closeness, communal concerns, to just talk 7. for boys, disclose good things about self. achievements or upgrade in status. Get together for activites rather than just talk. 8. but if more androgynous, less gender then it does not matter 9. male and female friendships tend to be short. Because research suggests your using someone else to figure out what it means and they are different.

Delinquency in adolesecence and how it relates to moral development and moral behavior (7, illeg, more deliq, adult beh smo, bmoreg, adol rej more break L, neh low s bored and less adul, high ethni but not more)

1. refers to illegal behavior in society 2. adolescents tend to do a lot deliquency, getting arrested a lot. A high during this time period. Bur declines near the end. 3. reason of increase because they are engaging in adult behaviors that society says is cool but is illegal like smoking and alcohol. 4. boys more than girls. More assaults. 5. adolescents that are rejected in middle childhood and adolescents more likely to break the law. Because rejected smaller group. People in that group are also rejected and more likely to be aggressive. 6. neighborhoods of low ses tends to have higher. Less to do because little econ. Also not as much adults arounds. 7. Higher ethnicity and arrested and ethnicity and deliquency. Ethnicity is just as likely to engage in deliquency behavior, unless in low ses.

Risk of friendships for adolesecence ( , rum, corrum, rel agg, females discl, onlne knw, homo dte hetr or onlne, neg ass onlne)

1. rumination, thinking about something over and over again which causes anxiety and depression 2. corumination, two people talking, mostly girls, talks more and more. Can make worse 3. Relationship aggression, reveal information to each other. 4. females tend to disclose more so their friendships don't last as long 5. if online tend to be someone you already know. 6. sometimes used to week out support online, ex homosexual support 7. Some negative associations, might be outdated, found that children. High parent child and high deliquency and high internet use all have lots of friends who they don't know. Might not be a problem since they are finding support. But problem is that a quater will agree to meet face to face without telling parents.

Identity statuses in adolescent (8, two level, id ach, mor, id for, id dif, lots of change, diff now, diff for tend)

1. two factors level of exploration and level of commitment 2. Identity achievement (high, high). Engaged in exploration but commits 3. moratorium (high explore, low commitment) lots of options less commitment 4. identity forclosure (low explore, low commitment) carpenter family 5. identity diffusion (low and low) 6. Individuals can switch but tend at the end of adolescence to be identity achievement and moratorium. Research believes it is changing into later adult hood. 7. When Erikon put theory forward things have changed due to university life 8. Identity forclosure has been linked to negative outcome these people tend to regret making too early.

Widowhood (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

1/3 are widowed (men and woman). It is the most stressful event of life for many. Most married individuals go through it since someone has to die anyways. Most report a high level of loneliness and the most stressful event of life. Men are more likely to remarry, due to a pool of woman, and also because they lack a lot of skills like cooking/household chores.

Persistent vegetative states (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

12% show the N400. Showing that they are comphrending it auditory stimuli. These people who can be identified get rehab.

KC patient epi memory and Italian women with damage in sem memory double dissasociation

32 no memory, addicent medial temporal. No new or old epi memory. Italian woman lost meaning of words, forget acquitances, trouble with facts, can describe what she did that day and recall events experienced a few weeks or months previous.

Practical problems and imagery (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

65% of the class imagined themselves moving across their room to imagine how many windows they have. Another example is the professor uses visual imagery to plan her outfits when she is in bed. It allows us to have access to things that we might not have everything at hand.

Why do overweight girls go through menerche earlier while athletic and thin girls go through it later? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

A sharp rise in body weight and fat may trigger sexual maturation because fat cells release a protein called leptin which is believed to signal to the body that the girl is ready for puberty. As a result girls who have high body fat will hit puberty earlier while girls with low body fat will experience it later (Kaplowitz, 2007)

In PDP moedelss of semantic networks, connection units apply to which? hidden, input, outpiut or all of the above (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

All of the above. All of units have conenction with each other that's where the connection weight is set.

Why was Wilder Penbrid's electrical stimulation of certain regions of the brain unlikely to be good evidence that the mind is like a tape recorder? (pcog lec 2)

Although stimulation of certain regions brought about certain memories, the fact that patients saw themselves suggests some mental reconstruction.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Semantic network mode problem for cognitive economy

Answering faster for animal rather than mammal suggest nodes

Everyday memory (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Are cogntive decliens interfering with everyday functioning

Inhibition of return and habituation (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Attention at fixation. Then square appears on both sides. Then there is something that draws attention to one side but you notice there is nothing and so your brain applies the inhibtatory tag. People are slower to respond then. But if you wait after 600 ms the habituation disappears. So if you present a few seconds later you won't see any difference in reaction time. (Samuel and Kat, 2008) found in a chart of that is very back and forth . Measuring with multiple cues (Dukewhich and Boehnke 2008) predicted that if multiple cues then people should be way slowler. They found the more cues the more IOR they got. The usual term is that people are seeking novalty.

Wernick and Broca's area (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

Broca's area is in the frontal lobe and is thought to be responsible for producing language but it is found that those with damage here cannot form grammatical sentences. Wernick's area is in the temporal and is thought to be responsible for the comprehension of language because damage here leads to grammatical but nonsensical languages

Describe Broca's region and Wernick's region of the brain. What happens when a patient is damaged in one area? Why is this a double dissociation? (pcog lec 2)

Broca's region creates laboured speech which is semantic but not grammatical while Wernick's area is grammatical fluent but nonsense.

What is one way the neuro damage double disassociation to solve that we think they are the same? (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

CK has damage bottom up stream but his top down is fine. The assumption here is it is Visual recieving area -> higher area -> memory. That imagery and pcerption only partially overlap

Describe sparce coding and the concept of localization. What example did the professor give in regards to car dealerships? (pcog lec 2)

Car dealerships tend to be all in a certain area because of specialization. In the same way brain functions when located in the same area can get better specialization of function.

Describe the concept of changes in the geography of the brain (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

Changes in location of brain enables for more effective comprehension.

Define control processes that are involved in the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model of memory: (ch. 5)

Control processes are active processes that can be controlled by the person to retain information. Example: rehearsal of a stimulus, relating information to make it more memorable, or attention strategies to focus on important information - these are purposeful and engage the STM

Cross sectional, sequential, longituitional of adult cog decrease (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Cross section done first you find that 60 years decline. But longituitional data show there is far less decline and even an increase by 60 to 76 and the drop rate. Sequential study finds cross sectional increase and longituitional decrease. What is found by this is that education is getting better.

Elizabeht, photographic memory (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Exception. She can actually read text back to foward in mind. (Strohmeyey, 1970). She could combine images presented to different eyes to discover the hidden 3D object.

Why is experimental data in cog psych and what does this tell us about how to memorize information? (pcog lec 1)

Data is important because in this field things are not directly observable. As a result then there is an interconnected relationship between concept, result, and experiment so memorization isn't really needed as much as having a stronger sense of connection between these two links.

Which cog processing theory mentioned in lecture 1 did not follow the Stimulas - Operation - Reaction model other than behaviorism? (pcog lec 2)

Decartes

How did age of enlightenment, in particular Decartes, help medicine yet held back the scientific study of the mind? (pcog lec 1)

Decartes by seperating the mind and the body allowed scientists to begin developing medicine while the mind was still being oppressed by religious doctrines.

Explain the difference between decay and interference. (ch. 5)

Decay = passive loss of a memory store due to time Interference = information interferes/hinders the retrieval of other information

What is the dichotic listening test and shadowing? (ch. 4)

Dichotic listening test is a selective attention experiment by Cherry, in which, different messages are presented to the two ears and the participant must attend to one message. Shadowing is when the participant repeats the attend message - it ensures that they are focusing and usually has better results than not shadowing.

ceiling and training of advancement and middle adulthood (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Difficult to required new skills. Older employees not given training as much because companies are giving training to younger individuals. There is the glass ceiling for not being able to advance any more due to minority and females. These job advancements need mentors because white males find someone who looks similar then there is much less opportunities.

Assisted suicide (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Doctor in the 1940s invented a machine which helps. The AMA strongly disapproves of it.

Why did WWII force psychologists to consider the mind? (pcog lec 1)

During this period of time governments wanted technical information on human limits, heuristics, and other practical understanding of human thinking

Adulthood stages of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Early adulthood: we avoid thinking about death becase it causes death anxiety. They usually get it but try to think about it as way down the line. So few people have a funeral plan and insurance. Middle adulthood: begin think of death. Aware of limited time left to live but still have some time. At this point they fous on tasks that act on death like life insurance Late adulthood: think and talk more of death. Pratical concern about how and when they live. Like living near a hospital.

Segel presented an experiment where you get an insight problem. Breaks helping (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Either no break, short break, long break and were given demanding task and non demanding tasks. What you find is a higher proportions who had long break and it is found that doing something difficult can help even more.

What does encoding refer to? How about retrival? (10.3.2014, pcog ch 7, long term memory and retrival)

Encoding is the process of transfering information into LTM. Like when I am memorizing or rewriting things, though I often clearly have trouble with memorization. Retrival is the process of transfering LTM into short term memory. Like whenever Daisy and I argue and she is arguing over a supposed assumption and I'm trying to retreieve the information

What did the pcog professor gave as an example of a study demonstrating semantic regularity?

Essentially a study demonstrated that schemas help us recognize and perceive an object. She brought up the example that if you see a laptop in a kitchen you might take longer to detect it. Also study where blurred image of a lamp is better detected when next to a bed.

Explain Tolman's Cognitive maps and why it was one of the first steps to dismantling mindless psychology? (pcog lec 1)

Essentially he found that when rats are given a chance to explore a maze to find the food they seem have a mental map of it because if the rat is placed in another starting place it can still retrieve the food faster than if it was a new maze.

Right to die (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Euthanasia can be passive (life sustaining treatment is withheld or voluntary active which is doctor administered at patient's request. Advance medical directives are legal option for passive euthasia with living will and durable power of attorney for health care. Though sometimes physicians still try to give treatment because it sometimes is complicated because of suriving members who might sue.

Studies on fluid/crystalized and individual differences (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Fluid intelligence decreases but crystalized intelligence increase. High crystallized intelligence in higher SES and education due to practicing memory more. Long term relationship show less decline because they have another individual to talk to. Men have a sharper decline because they more likely to drink and smoke causing harm to their health.

Fluid intelligence vs crystalized intelligence (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Fluid intelligence is the speed to do a calculation "4 times 6". Crystalized intelligence is accumulate knowledge, the knowledge and actually knowing information.

Spermarche also has an initial period of infertility (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

For a while the seman only contains very few living sperms so like girls boy also have an initial period of of reduced fertility

The difference between the peak height spurt for girls vs boys (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

For females the peak height spurt occurs at the ageo f 10 to 13.5 years while for boys it occurs at around 12.5 to 15.5 years

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) I have always had some issues with memorizarion. And though since the midterm I've been engaging is shortcuts to get my qcards as soon as possible I think I need to develop better habits that help me consistently organize information. (1) Describe the 6 factors that my learning of memory encoding. (Hint: Frank Loves Girls Originating from Southern Provinces)

Forming visual imagines Linking words to self Generating information Organizing information Survival value Practicing retival

Moore (2004) and habituation (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Found a hierarchy of learning. Hominades have show higher forms of learning while down the list they have less and less learning styles. Habituation applies to every single organisms. It is the first and most basic form

instantiations (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Found in a number of different instantiations. A representation of an abtract concept by a concrete instance. For example she shows a parking lot and an alarm sound. What we think about is that someone has the alarm on and someone came by and it is annoying. Originally it was meant as an alarm is that someone is stealing a car. No one pays attention to it anymore because of habituation

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Add the study that demonstrates experts bugs tests use exampler apporach

Found that people tasked with di

Friendship (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Friendship really don't change from early, mid, and late adulthood. Still turn to friends for intamacy, companionship, acceptance. Friends tell them what happens what happens in the neighboorhood which is especially important. For example finding out bakery or who is divorcing on who. Social selectivity. They feel closest to a few nearby friends, choose friends similar to self, and sex differences still continue. Woman still discuss feelings and men go out doing activity. People report that their friends for fun rather than intamacy because they usually have an intimate partner.

Erikson's Theory: Generativity versus Stagnation

Generativity ! Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation ! Commitment extends beyond self ! Often realized through giving back to community ! Other family, work, mentoring relationships also generative Stagnation ! Place own comfort and security above challenge and sacrifice ! Self-centered, self-indulgent, self-absorbed ! Lack of involvement or concern with young people ! Little interest in work productivity, self-improvement Why does this occur Erikson believes that it is about creating something that is beyond me.

Largest factor of how involved grandparents are (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Geography is the biggest predictor. More involved when grandchildren are younger. Grandmothers more than grandfathers. If parents are low SES then grandparents will come help out. But if grandparents be low ses then they still may be moving. If divorce and custody with mother then more likely.

Dopamine and prediction error (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Gerbauer et al, 2012 spoke about dopamine has to do with why we like unanticipation. That dopamine is released to the anticipation of the reward rather than the reward of itself. Finds that it tends to released in novalty,, surprise, and unexpected events. Sort of like an rewarding system. Increase i ndopamine if fully predicted. If it is unexpected but positive so you get dopamine becaue of surprise and positive. But negative you get an increase for surprise but decrease dopamine release. Worst is when it deviates in either side of slightly unpsected and highly unexpected. Maybe hit makers for music is good at hitting the balance between expected and unexpeted.\ For example Slick Rick used a simple ryhme scene still violating expectation with ryhming style and content.Vomitspit, MF Doom (2004) internal complex ryhme schemes. Van Gogh never saw a penny for his painting during his lifetime was probably because it was too different at the time.

What would cognitive scientists measure and account for activity for a moving ball? What types of brain image scanning employ this method?

Get a scan of the person looking at the moving ball and get another scan (control) of the same person looking at the exact same ball but is not moving. Subtract control from actual. PET and FMRI uses these methods.

Preferential looking paradigm (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Get infants to induce habituation then you see if infant finds an object in novelty.

Spepard and Metzler, 1971 mental rotation and chronometry (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Given two images and asked to determine whether those images represented same object or different objects. Also varied (2D) plain and 3D. 3D requires mental rotation. Reaction time took longer as the angle of rotation increased. There was no difference between plane and 3D

Event-related potential (ERP) (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Good at measuring populations of neurons firing in the form of a graph. It has ms timing but bad for spatial. These are based in EEG signals, can be pretty messy but once you average them you get a smooth curve. Early wave are different properties like color but later curve which is much larger is more implicated with semantic.

Relationnships of grandchildren and great children (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Half of adult elders have great grand children. This provides a wider network of support providing more points of contact. Quality of relationship varies with the level of interaction in intamamcy. One great grand children go into adulthood there is very little interaction..

Increases of cognitive ability (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Have excellent problem solving skills because they have the experience. They are also good at ambiguity where if the solution is unsure they are actually better at solving than younger people. This is because of their expertise, very abstractly organized able to connect information.

How does Herman's geon theory describe object convergence? When the object is more complex what happens to people's accuracy of recognition when more and more geons? (pcog lec 3)

Herman's theory of geons explains how we are able to perceive different objects by a formulation of 36 unique shapes that are view point invariant. When people are given a task to identify what an object is there is a tendency on average for more complex objects to be identified by less geons.

Marriage in late adulthood (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Highest satisfaction peaks in late adulthood. To some extend it may be divorce though this cohort don't believe in divorce. It is believed that there are fewer stressful responsibilities. Sharing of household tasks after the age of 65. More joint leisure, can engage in activities together. Affect optimization focusing on great things. If dysfunctional there is a reporting of dissatisifaction for women because they tend to try to fix it.

Traditional places of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Home - only 25% die at home. When partner passes away in home tends to be a very negative time Hospital - most people end up dying here. Intensive care unit can be depersonalizing. Not aimed at palative care rather just trying to prolong life. Nursing home - fewer than 5% here. Not an ideal place, it is focused on keeping you well rather helping you feel better. Won't give you pain meds if it might make you die sooner for example Hospice care is a comphrensive support for dying and their family memebers, psychologists, social workers, pallaiative care (reduing pain), the setting is homelike. There is a continuing of counselling family after the individual dies.

What represents a concept rather than a category? (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Home, safe, sleep, relax Concept is a mental representation around categories Categories are describes a concept

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, multiple factory approach, similar?

How concepts might be divided up in a category. What factors people are thinking about. Typically there are a multitude of factors here. For example, what you are going to try to do to determine what the factors are is to collect a lot of data. So ytou give them 160 items like mammal and question the subjects how strongly they asssociate these features. What they find is that some features are more strongly associated with animals vs artifacts like color and motion for animals. But mechanical devices overlap. So maybe these patients have difficulty represntating highly similar category members. Animals tend to be highly similar more so than objects and tools.

Perky (1910) image and description (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

I drew same bananan and two apples

Sensory memory are the briefest form of memory based on direct sensory stimulation. It essentially is what lets me replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes even though she has moved on. There are different sensory modalities that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called ___________. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

Iconic memory

Define and explain iconic memory and echoic memory. (ch. 5)

Iconic memory is brief sensory memory for visual stimuli; echoic is for sound. It was found by Sperling's experiment and corresponds to Atkinson and Shiffrin's sensory memory stage.

Imagery and perceptual prime (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Imagining H found that they were faster in target in other screens flashed

BF Skinner's claim in psychology? (3) (pcog lec 1)

Operent, Skinner boy, radical behaviorism

What evidence do we have that semantic coding is in both short term memory and long term memory?

In the Wicken's experiment they found that recalling the same categories of words gave proactive inteference since the words were all in the same categories and that being given a word set of a different catgory found recall better called release from proactive interference. In long term memory the fact that we can recall the story but cannot reproduce the specific order and grar tells us that we are 'coding' the memory.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, Freeman et al (2008), got monkeys to ID whether monkeys can be trained to dog or cat. They morthed 60% 40% dog cat and 40% 60% dog. They were able to learn these fuzzle categories pretty well. Measuring inferior temproal cortex they found During sampling you see very different neural activiation you see very different mostly dog or mostly cat trails. What was also found was no difference during delay except in prefrontal cortex. Wher ethey find slight difference during sample, but differences really emerges during delay period.

Individual neuyrons repsond to specific stimuli.

What was Francais Donour's Mental chronometry of memory and the development of pcog? (pcog lec 1)

Interested in measuring the mind's response time this thinker developed Mental chronometry where he has subjects react to stimulus and pressing a button and compares it to when they have to react with thinking before pushing the button. The difference between the two is close to the possible reaction times.

What was Hermann Ebbinghaus' contribution to memory and the development of pcog today? (pcog lec 1)

Interested in memory and studied himself using non sense syllables which have no semantic attachment. He was able to derive that after 2 days most things remember is retained for over a month and forgetting happens almost immediately.

Pylyshyn's critiques, tacit knowledge and demand characteristics, Intons-Pterson (1983) wanted to test researcher expectancy against this (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Intons-Pterson (1983) wanted to test demand characteristics and expectancy effect against this. Had people turn in all directions until they can't see the boweyes target. Then they removed the image and had them imagine them. She had 2 research assistance were suggested that research suggests that the perceptual should be larger than imagined field size while 2 other undergraduate RA were told research has found the opposite. What they found was that in all four conditions found that it expectation influence results

Habituation is (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Is a decrememnt in responding to repeatedly presented, irrelevant stimulas. This has no consequence.

Organizing priniple of the brain and cognition (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Is expectation and violation of expectation. This shapes how brain is structured.

Processing fluency (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Is rewarding because it is adaptive, it means we are surviving better. So increasing processing fluency should produce a more positive affect. (Topolinski and Strack, 2009) presented a triade of words either having common remote associate so coherent has SALT DEEP FOAM which is has to do with the sea than incoherent. They find that coherent were read faster. Then they also had them rate them for liking and finds that people like the consistent expectation. This is aesthetic apprepeciation.

Differences in sexual timing of African and white girls What are some other possible causes. What does longitudinal data show? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

It has been noted that African girls tend to experience menerche earlier than white girls though it's been noted that obesity is a possible cause though it's suggested that (1) genetic differences are more likely cause (Chumlea et al, 2003). The other explanation is that when (2) children's safety is at risk it is adaptive to reproduce early and research finds that girls with a history of family conflict and harsh parenting tend to reach puberty earlier (Belsky et al, 2007). (3) Others suggest that perhaps it is that mothers have children earlier increasing the chances of family conflict (Mendle et al, 2006). Two longitudinal studies confirm the second theory (Besky et al, 2010; James et al, 2012).

Imagery is very problematic as a study (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

It is as subjective and internal as you can get. The Dukewhich asks what she is thinking, I yelled cats. Mental imagery cannot be observed or manipulated by other peope. We also can't really know what people are thinking, if they are lying, or how they are influenced.

Adults with ADHD show less habituation but it seems like it is not used as cognition (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

It is not used as a mechanism of cognition

"Brains, it has rececntly been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles of cells that support perception and action by constatntly attemptive to match incoming sensory inpuut with top down expectations or predictions" - Clark 2013 (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

It works both top down and bottom up. Your system gets a little a bit of bottom up input which travels upwards, but very quickly top down input is sending things bad down as a prediction. It is then compared to see if expectation was violated.

Transforming imagery, duck rabit (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

It's harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. One research for duck rabbit image, either says look at this duck or look at this rabbit. They are asked to image image and identify whether image is the same. A image looks more like rabbit B image looks like a rabbit more. The duck group notices when it is a photo that looks more like a bunny (A) but not as good as the other group at identifying the image that looks less like a rabbit (B). So on the same stimuli different mental images. The mental images cannot be changed but the physical can change.

Mnemonics, von Restorff Effect (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Items that are distince are recalled better.

Adolescents' understanding of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Know all 5 concepts of death in a very logical way. They get all of it but they lack an understanding of it personally. Researchers believe that high risk activity like using drugs from unknown source so they must think that they are immortal. Not likely to happen to adolescents. Risky activity could also cause understanding of death. It is suggested that they are making decisions that are more rash. It is risky behavior and come to keep living. So they come to the conclusion that death happens but not likely to happen to me.

Disvorse, remarriage, cohabitation in marraige (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Less divorces in late adulthood, but could be cohort. Overall divorces are in late adulthood. Remarriage is very difficult for woman because the men their age are dead while men like younger woman. Higher remarriage for divorced rather than widowed. There is less liklihood of a second divorce in later adulthood. There are a lot of cohabitation and the trend is growing. The reason for this is because economic reasons of taxiation or splitting of fiances. Another reason is family reasons, not wanting to replace their parents. This relationships are relatively stable, just as stable as remarraiges.

What is effect of stimulas intensity on habituation? (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Less intensity

Vaillant's View of Midlife (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Longitudinal. These individuals think themselves as keepers of meaning "Keep their ideals in society" like voting groups. Usually these individuals are running the country and civil service for example.

Mental scanning experiments (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Look at picture then picture is removed people are asked to imagine picture and answer question about something in particular about an image. The further they had to scan the longer it took respond. But some say that it might be because in scanning they get distracted along the way. Steve island responds to this with his deserted Island experiment.

What is the difference between maintainence rehersal and elaborative rehersal? What wad the experiment by Fergus and Craik and Robert Lockhart (1972) that demonstrated levels of processing? (10.3.2014, pcog ch 7, long term memory and retrival)

Maintence rehersal is just focusing on the words and not the meaning. Like for example when I'm just writing something over and over again for memorization during olympiads math contests. God what an aweful time. Elaborative rehersal is when we consider the meaning and connection of a word. For example right now sitting my underwear in my room learning about I'm proud of my well toned body with it's elaborative muscles. Craik and Robert (1975) experiment on levels of depth processing demonstrates that elaborative rehersal is effective. They asked participants in three groups to rate certain words by either their (1) capital letters?, (2) ryhmes?, or (3) fill in the blanks. What they found was that fill the blank obtained better results. It's not clear though whether this really demonstrates higher or lower level of processing.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Which statement according to semantic network mode responds faster mammal or animal? What does this say for semantic network approach. (typicallity effect)

Mammal. But the issue is that apple is identified faster than pomegranate even though they are same distance to bird. Typicallity effect.

Mismatch vs match predictive coding (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Match less lower activity, mismatch more lower level activity.

Mechanism underlying imagery is not spatial but propositional (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Mechanism underlying imagery is not spatial but propositional. Involving simple and complex representation. Ottawa is west of Montreal and is west of Halifax. This can be assumed to be imagined but it could representation in networks, the fact that they are near each other means that there is more share a lot more propitiation. Evidence against propositional theory, Asking people identify cats have claws faster while instructed to imagine head was faster. This is because cat head is bigger than claws

Involunatry active (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Medical staff end life without patient's choice. As in medical team decide it's time to go.

What is menarche and when does it begin? What in a "security measure" preventing early pregnancy? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

Menarche is the first menstrauation and usually occurs aroudn the age of 12 and a half but usually for 12 to 18 months after menarche no egg is released (Archidbaldd et al, 2006)

Mnemonics (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Mental and physical representation. There are two types like the method of loci. Peg words are similar they are a sequence of concrete words to serve a mental peg.

Downsizing (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Middle adults makes the most money so they are fired and also less likely to be hired in another company.

Muscle-Fat Makeup in Middle Adulthood The Middle age spread Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Middle-age spread common; fat gain in torso ! men: upper abdomen, back ! women: waist, upper arms Skin loses fatty tissue making it more supple causing age spots and wrinkling. Can be avoided ! low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains ! exercise, especially resistance training

Levinson's Middle Adulthood Season four tasks (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Midlife transition (40-45). Reported they were feeling that they are running out of time. They may either make drastic or small changes, either being a better family members or showing up earlier for work. (1) Young old - Find new ways of being both young and old.. No longer think that hearing lose rather assistance living. No body wants to think of themesleves as old (2) Destruction vs creation- Acknowledge past destructiveness; try to create products of value. Realize faults. (3) Balance masculine and feminine parts of self. Both men and woman adopt the other gender traits. Men become more caring while woman might be more assertive and autonomous. This is probably (4) engagement vs seperateness Balance involvement with external world and separateness from it. Either wanting to engage more or less. How much to define self with interpersonal.

What did we find in monkey's tendency to respond to simple stimuli vs more complex types? What does this tell us about temporal lobe processing vs visual processing? (pcog lec 2)

Monkey's temporal lobes respond better to hands than random objects and faces more than places suggesting that there is indeed facial specialization

Less off spring ability Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Monopause usually takes 10 years. Beginning in the late 30s. It also founds to be earlier in non child bearing woman. Physical hot flashes, nigth sweats, and sexual problems can be common but psychological reactions like irritability, sleep difficulties, and depression which depends on how strongly the woman identifies with female gender types. The medicalization of our culture may contribute to these feelings. Higher SES have less negative reactions to menopause, probably because they have more identity in things not in childbearing.

Children's understanding of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Most understand all 5 concepts of deth by middle childhood. The most delayed is cessation. Many children think that dead people continue to think, feel, and have presence after death. Usually by the end of 10 - 12 they usually stop making these statements. But religion complicates things. Researchers have looked into this but they still think that children apply it less metaphysical religious understanding. Children who witness death understand it better and earlier because of family discussions. Also religious teachings, because for example understanding of rise of Christ without understanding death. So children come to understand sensitive discussion with adults.

Attention in middle adulthood (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Multitasking, like driving, becomes very difficult as we get older. In this task you are switching attention between them so quickly that seem your doing it at the same time. Also issue with inhibation control, not able to focus on relevant information. If experienced driver than less likely to make the mistake, though in a simulated environment that decrements can still be observed.

N400 (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Negative deflection occurs 400 ms after onset which is associated with semantically in congruent words in a sentence. (Kutas and Hillyard, 1980) Passively listening to sentence. "He took a sip from the (water fall or fountain). Water fall is more unexpected. It is a moderate and found that N400 is greated. In the other condition "he took a sip from the transmitter. You see N400 was huge.

Explaining the change in mental abilities (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Neural network view: as we get older neurons in brain die and this sometimes cut off neural connections. While we form new memory connections but it is not as efficient. Information-loss view: information of the sensory, STM, LTM, in the whole process is constantly lose. This causes you to check over which slows information processing.

Changes in personality (5 factor model) (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Neuroticism (worry): decreases Extroversion (social) Agreeableness (get along) increase Conscientiousness (think of others) increases Openness to experience (flexible) Because become more thoughtful. Though those who are neuroticism will still be neuroticism will still increase.

Frienship (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Not as much time. Only choose individuals who we view as truly good friends. We have more complex ideas of friendships, relying more on family than friendships. So they rely on friends as a source of affirmation and self esteem as opposed to self esteem.

Who experienes highest level of death anxiety (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Not given back enough yet and things done are not understanding other things a part of others.

Conflict between accuracy and speed in putting golf for novies than expert (Fitz three stage model of skill learning)

Novices did better when trying for accuracy while experts did better for speed. Explanation is the interference between cognitive stage ans autonomous stage. Complienting one aspect of skill.

Color-grapheme synesthesia, define what are inducers vs concurrents, how does synestheia influences memory (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Numbers are the inducers The colors are the concurrent. Numbers for "C" either numbers just black, same color as her, in congruent though she was worse. The incongruency intereferes her ability to use her concurrence for her alternative retrival cue. This demonstrates well that she is using the color to catch with numbers.

What is the difference between occupational and temporal cortex processing? Also where are they located? (pcog lec 2)

Occupational cortex processes' simple, low detail representation of an image while temporal processes personal mental notes. For example the occupational may process an Asian girl while the temporal would process that the girl is Daisy

What was significant about PET scans compared to previous forms of medical scanning? Why was it a big deal for cog psych? (pcog lec 1)

Only PET revealed damages so while the struture of the brain was fine the function of it was important.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, What is a grandmother cell? Does the 60-40% cat experiment?

Only respond to a single concept. We don't know if monkey's neurons only fire to a specific cell.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) (I remember when near the end of high school I began to look into memory techniques since I found my memory was so aweful. One type of memory technique was to imagine something really grotesque or weird in order to remember people's names easier.) Desceibe what paired-associative learning is and how Bower et Al (1970) demonstrated this. What kind of rehersal is this?

Paired-associative learning is the observation that mentally imaging two items interacting led to better memory than just plan reprition. Bower et Al demonstrated this by having participants in two groups either repear two words or imagine two words together. The results are that imagining is much more effect. The imagining would be elaborative rehersal while the maintence is just the repeating.

What is the difference between parahippocausal place area and the extratrite body area?

Parahippcausal palce area of the brain only lights up where there is location situations while the extratrite body area only lights up for body parts like arms and human motion

What is the trend of physical activity for boys and girls by the age of 15? What is found to encourage continuing exorcise? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

Participation in team sports and sports involving little equipment like running or lifting is found to encourage excercise.

Exogenous orientating (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

People are slower to respond. Habituation is a decrements in responding repeatedly-presented, irrelevant stimulus.

Pylyshyn's critiques 1. Tacit knowledge and demand characteristics (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

People behave how they think they should be behave. The cat meowing when caught barking. The participants in the mental scanning could have nothing to do with imagery but took longer because they know the amount of time it takes to travel when scanning. Could also be experimenter expectancy effect where researcher is biased with the researcher implying subconsciously Intons-Pterson (1983) wanted to test demand characteristics and expectancy effect against this. Had people turn in all directions until they can't see the boweyes target. Then they removed the image and had them imagine them. She had 2 research assistance were suggested that research suggests that the perceptual should be larger than imagined field size while 2 other undergraduate RA were told research has found the opposite. What they found was that in all four conditions found that it expectation influence results

self referential effect (rogers et al)

People recalled better when relating to self.

I switched to fill the blank questions because I thought it would speed up the process of getting my notes organized, though right now I seem to be more into the idea of generating questions because it's more fun and takes up less time. I also think both creating and recalling by question and answer to involve a deeper processing. (1) Does Peter Graf's (1978) generation effect contradict my idea?

Peter Graf's (1978) generation effect is based on a study where those who had to generate fill the blank rather than just read was able to recall information better. Still though I think there is a deeper cognitive process if I am creating my questions rather than just blanking things out and this should lead to even better recall. His test only compared testing and non testing so it should not contradict my idea.

Explain the Brown, Peterson and Peterson experiment findings in STM and its implications. Define proactive inferences.

Peterson and Peterson studied STM using 3 sequence letters and having a subject recall these sequences after a delay. They found that a longer delay had less accurate results which is due to STM "decay". They also found that STM worsened after the first few trials of sequences. This indicated that previously learned information interferes with new information. This is called "proactive inferences". The effective duration of STM with proactive inference is 15-20 seconds.

Compare sparse coding and population coding in the example of recognition of faces. Why is sparse coding more likely? (pcog lec 2)

Population coding presumes that most neurons fire at all time but just at different configurations. This is less likely than sparse coding which presumes that certain groups fire at a time.

Presbyopia (Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Presbyopia ! problems reading small print ! bifocals if nearsighted Difficulties in dim light Reduced colour discrimination Glaucoma risk

What is the difference between primary sexual characteristics and second sexual characteristics?

Primary sexual characteristics are the development of the reproductive organs while secondary sexual characteristics are what is visible outside of the body

What was Wilhelm Wundt's contribution to structuralism? (pcog lec 1)

Proposed that the mind is a combination of separate sensations. He attempted to train people in analytic introspection.

_________ are the briefest form of memory based on direct sensory stimulation. It essentially is what lets me replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes even though she has moved on. There are different sensory modalities that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called Iconic memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

Sensory memory

______________ stores a small amount of memory for a short period of time while most is lost some make it into long term memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

Short term memory

What an example of short term memory for phenological aspects (Conrads) and what is an example of long term auditory memory?

Short term memory is like the Conrad demonstration of phen similarity effect which found that people misidentify visual letters if they sound the same. Long term memory is replaying a song that you have heard before

Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Slowly sperm not as effective. Reduced sperm after age of 40 and gradual decrease of testosterone, but sexual activity can increase it. This can cause eretion problems and general lose of interests.

Socioemotional selectivity theory (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Social networks become more selective with lif. As people live longer they are more selective.

Deserted Island scanning against distraction (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Some say that it might be because in scanning they get distracted along the way. Steve island responds to this with his deserted Island experiment. It was found that the longer the distance the longer the reaction time. It is concluded that images in physical image corresponds mental image.

- Explain George Sperling's experiment. - What are the whole report and partial report methods? - What were the implications? - What did the delayed partial report indicate? (ch. 5)

Sperling wanted to test if our iconic memory stored more information that we can report. He used short flashes of an array of letters, which the subject had to report on. - Whole report: subjects have to report all letters that they remembered. Avg 4.5/12 - partial report: subject had to report only one row of the letters; row was determined post viewing by a cue tone (high = top row, medium = middle, low = bottom). Avg 3.3/4 Implication is that our iconic memory takes in much more information than we can report on because the information rapidly fades from memory as we report. This brief sensory memory is ~ 1 second. Sperling's experiment is important not only because it reveals the capacity of sensory memory (large) and its duration (brief), but also because it provides yet another demonstration of how clever experimentation can reveal extremely rapid cognitive processes. - delayed partial report confirms this as the delay in cue tone caused subject to forget most of letters in a row.

Is midlife crisis stage or life event? (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Stage view: midlife canges are developmental transitions. Life event view: A product of culture.

What is top down processing? (pcog lec 3)

Starting with knowledge, expectations which effects how we processes information

What is bottom up processing? (pcog lec 3)

Starts from basic sensory and moves upwards

Cognitive development when we think of someone not as accepting of new experiences (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Steve jobs. We hold stereotypes that isn't true at all. There is of course cognitive decline. Which is supported by research but the problem with this is that research focuses on decline, focus on decrease and less research is done where things stay stable

Visual imagery and sports (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Studies shows that athletes spend time imagining their performance have been shown to improve their performance a little later. This involve imaging what you might do.

Grief process sudden vs prolonged and why (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Sudden unepxcted then it is more upsetting. But prolonged is a lot less upsetting. In unexpected death people don't understand why it happened and seems out of our control. This is why suicide of young individual especially hard because it is hard to see what lead to it. In prolonged expected death we have anticipatory grieving which allows emotional prepartion over time.

Difference in suicidial ideaiation and planning (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Suicidal idealiation is thinking about act of killing themselves where as in late adulthood it is more an acceptance of death and planning to make it as non disruptive as possible.

What is the cocktail party effect? What are the implications on Broadbent's early selection model? Explain attenuation theory. What is the dictionary unit? (ch. 4)

The cocktail party effect is Broadbent's phenomenon of when the unattended ear picks up on a distinctive message such as the participant's name. Triesman used this to modify the early section model. She proposed that section occurs at two stages and replaced Broadbent's filter stage with an attenuator. Attenuation theory is the idea that an attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of (1) its physical characteristics; (2) its language (how the message groups into syllables or words); (3) its meaning. The addition of meaning is what differentiates it from the filter stage - meaning must be filtered to know which message to attend to (especially if physical characteristics of both streams are similar) The Dictionary unit follows the attenuator, and contains stored words. Each of these words have a "threshold for activation". Common/important words have a low threshold and are easily detected.

Where is the dorsal stream? What major brain region does it go across? What is it's function? What is the disorder with damage there called and what defency is observed? (pcog lec 3)

The dorsal stream cross from the occupital to the parietal pathway and it's function is determining where an object is. Those with this disorder has optic atoxia where an individual can name an object but cannot grasp it.

What did the prof use as an example to explain hierarchical organization? (pcog lec 2)

The examples is that the recognition of a table relies of basic trait detection which converges together into larger categories

What are the three stages of thinking for the Bayesian influence? What does the Bayesian influence have to do with perception? (pcog lec 3)

The first stage is prior probability, second is adding evidence, third is a conclusion. These types of statistical analysis is done very rapidly while we are in the stages of perceiving things.

Bereavement Grief process (3) (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

The lose of a loved one. (1) avoidance - feel emotional anesthesia, feeling numb and does not understand the death. Have not really dealt with the reality. (2) Confrontation - the most intense grief, realization that they are no longer around (3) restoration - dual-process model of coping. If doing both then they start to move beyond that process. (a) dealing with the internal emotions, understand sad but try to focus on positive aspects (b) deaing with life changes - no more sunday coffees with individual or planning a funeral.

What are the two major criticism of the geon theory? (pcog lec 3)

The major criticism is that is that it can't differentiate between subcategories like different types of dogs and yet we clearly have the ability to identity different dog types. Also many things are view point varient, like for example in the detection of facial features which when placed at odd angles significantly decreases our accuracy and speed in tests.

How did the micro-electrode and measuring of cats contribute to the theory of neuron representation? What is neuron representation? What does the cat study say about occipital lobe's function? (pcog lec 2)

The micro -electrode is a small pin that allows for single cell recording to measure activity in neurons. In cats they found that in the occipital lobe certain neurons fire are specifically to certain features. Some of these fired to movement only, while others fired to movement, orientation, and angle in a specific nature. This suggest that the occipital lobe is responsible for lower processing since it only deals with specific features.

If stimuli is processed in many complex stages before it encompasses reality then what is a more accurate way of describing our perception? (Mind deals with direct _____ but deals in __________) (pcog lec 2)

The mind does not deal with direct simuli but representations. Like for example

What was one module proposed by Herman and D..... during the 1956 conference for artificial intelligence? What was the flaw? How was this solved later by connectionist networks? (pcog lec 1)

The module created is called symbol manipulation model and this was a program which connected various logical ideas so that you can ask the computer questions which it does not directly known. The issue is that the programmer needed to anticipate the connection and the removal of one connection would cause the machine to be unable to answer. In human brains there is no one location for an idea. This was solved latest with connectionist networks that distribute several different sub types to multiple nodes.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, finds that it is category specific mnemnory impariments (agnosia). Speifically animals vs objects (like fruits or tables). Sensory-fucntional hypothesis

The most common form of category specific agnosia is for living things. Patient KCand Patiuent EW when presented with living animals they were very bad at finding which one. One explanation is the sensory function hypothesis. They propose that defecits are depends semantic memoryh system that differeiantes that differienates semantics and semantic memory system for functions. Difference between a horse and zebra is sensory based. Artifacts are more distinguished by their function. So those who can't ID animals then you should defeceits in distinguising living things which is true but you find people with functional defeceits but still can't ID animals so it's not really showing. The same can be found is the other disorder. It becomes apparent that this theory does not account for what factor they are looking at.

Encoding and retrieval refer to: (ch. 5)

The processes of storing information in long-term memory and recalling that information. Retrieving information must pull information from LTM to STM.

What is Helmholtz's theory of perception? What do we know about the brain that might suggest this? (pcog lec 3)

The theory is that top down or mental unconscious operations influence how we see something. Take for example the rectangle shape theory. In the brain we know that there are more signals being fired from the frontal back to sensory than the other way around. These firings are called feed signals.

Where is the ventral stream? What major brain region does it go across? What is it's function? What is the disorder with damage there called and what defency is observed? (pcog lec 3)

The ventral stream is a stream that crosses from the occupital to the temporal pathway and it's function is semantic identification in object. Those with damages here have visual agnosia where they do not know what an object is but can use it in the correct way, like the patient DF who could not identify what a letter is but was able to mail it.

Describe what the neuron doctrine is (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

Theory that states neurons are individual cells which is proposed by the nerve net theory

Changes in creativity (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

There are changes in how it is expressed. A qualitative change. Younger people tend to create a new solution never thought of before something relevant to them that challenges existing knowledge bases. Older people are better at summing up and integrating ideas

Sexuality in middle adulthood Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

There is a slight drop in frequency for sexual activity among married couples. Couples still have sex more than non married. Though couples that have sex a lot will still have more sex compared to their peers. May be slower arousal and find partner less attractive. There is a smaller amount of individuals for men fining new partners because of what we prefer.

Other than visual agnosia and optic atoxia patients, what other indications do we have in terms of experimentation with apes of the functions of ventral and dorsal pathways? (pcog lec 3)

They found that apes with parietal damage could complete tasks involving space while those with temporal damage could not identify tasks involving distinguishing two different shapes.

Non-Imager/Mental Blindness Awareness (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

They think that "picturing an elephant" was just a metaphor. There is no reports for non imagery possibly because people are invested. There was only one case "MX" who lost the ability to use mental imagery at age 66. Fmri subtraction for MX and control of famous faces subtracted to by random code. The results were the same in seeing but not in visual. When asked to imagine MX deactivated anterior but higher prefrontal while opposite for control. This is probably because he is looking for another stratergy, he was better at mental rotation though he says he is not looking at images.

Self concept (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

This involves the different possible selves. The different types of self that we can potentially be. This is what we hope to become or are afraid of becoming. Fear being a bad grandparent that never visited. Tend to be more realistic. More time oriented goals. Though this seems like stressful but actually people feel better because these goals are empowering and involve small changes. Researchers believe this is responsible for higher sense of self esteem. Reporting increase self acceptance and more likely to feel good with higher degree of autonomy.

Eidetic imagery and photographic (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

This is real but they still cannot read a block of text backwards. People with eidetic memory in some people can see a great amount of detail in imagery. It is usually described to be seen floating there and can be scanned. This tends to be found more in children and this is though to be because they don't have scheemas yet. Adults show eficende of boudnary extension people remember an image with extended boundaries, including more that it actually did.

Why is specialty presented as a straw man and not considered a likely scenario? (pcog lec 2)

This theory is unlikely because the firing of specific neuron for a specific thought seem improbable because there too many different types of thought and likely not enough neurons.

How did John B Watson change the way people approached psychology? (pcog lec 1)

This thinker thought that psychology should focus on predicting and influencing behavior. He is also famous for the claim that he can turn any child into anything.

Kubler-Ross's theory of grief (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

This usually only apply for short term illnesses. 1. Denial - no your wrong 2. Anger - other people's fault, angry at themselves, this can be good in a way gives them the energy to do about it, 3. Bargaining - make a deal with doctor or god 4. Depression 5. Acceptance - before passing usually calm The critique is that these stages are not fixed sequences. And another critique is that knowing these stages causes insensitivity among others, "You have cancer" "f@*& you" "that is a normal reaction it's okay" is fine and good use "you have cancer" "I have found 4 drugs on nature" "oh your just bargaining" so the doctor ignores the request. Just because an emotion is common does not mean as meaningless. Best to see this as natural coping reactions. It is meaningful to each individual.

marriage (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Those who are still married is usually maintained by then highest financhial stability and less children tend to focus on their relationship. Relationships tends to improve.

What occurs when someone has damage in the fusiform face area? What is the condition called and where is this region? (pcog lec 2)

Those with damage to this region have what is called prosopagnosia and is unable to identify specific faces. They are able to pick out characteristics of a person and they know that a face is a face but is unable to recall specific information.

Type a and b personalities (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Type A always have to dominate conversations Type B more docile In early research finds that type A introversion is found that people die sooner. But later research found that specific type A which leads to lower health is hostility or stress hostility. Generally disagreeable. This is because of fight or flight sequences. These people report fight/flight, depression, stomach issue. Also these individuals engage in behaviors like drinking and smoking. Ability to adjust cortisol is not as good older individuals are older. Internalization still cause issues even if not expressed hostility.

What is different with grandparents now (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Used to be a decade but now will have grandchildren 30 years of one's life.

Diffusion tensor imaging (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

Used to measure an entire neural network by measuring the detection of how water diffuses along the length of the nerve fibers

The verbal code vs non verbal code (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Verbal code contain information about an item's abstract linguistic meaning while non verbal code contains information about an items marginal attributes.

What do know about what happens if certain geons are missing? Compare vertex deletion to midsection deletion results. What is the significance of this finding? (pcog lec 3)

Vertex deletions increases the number of errors showing perhaps that vertexs are more useful for human detection.

Do people experience a midlife crisis (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Very few individuals report the extreme mid life crisis. The extend to which people react this way has to do with how they handle their regrets. If they at least to make up for it then they are more likely to feel a point of crisis. Some researchers argues that this is purely a social cultural product.

muscle change Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Very gradual muscle declines. We lose fast twitch muscles.

What stages of component shapes have been able to observe? What type is still missing? (pcog lec 3)

We have observed brain parts that prefer corners but we have yet to observe a portion of the brain that prefers things like the top of a table.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Difference between concept and category

We use concepts to make categories

Wearin and wear out for advertisement (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Wearin is the concept is that brands take some time to relly make it into memory. Repeated exposure can serve to both enhance and dimish advertisement responses. Award winning ads see that higher wearin while there is less wearout. They reach peak at first and stayed. Also rememebred more than control (Lehnert, 2013). Advertisers put in little detaisl that is noticed over time. There is also variation of length with more at first and is used as a variation. Eventually energizer battery video commerical fooling them.

Short term memory in pcog vs long term

What you experiencing right now and what you experienced about 30 seconds ago. LTM is whatever you are not thinking right now and can recall without rehersing.

Why do more SES woman (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

When comparing low SES and high SES for woman, low SES are less likely to be single . The prof believes that men need a partner while woman don't need one. So high SES woman do not need a partner as much.

If you predict grouping then by gestalt higher and lower levels (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

When items are more easily grouped together then increase activity in higher level areas and decrease activity in lower level areas. (Murray et al, 2004) tested made up object drawings, either random, 2d, 3d looking at brain activity in FMRI. Inferior temporal cortex and lower is visual cortext (v1). As grouping increased activity in higher level increased where activity in lower level decrease. Only residual is put back up to update the mode (Grill-Sepctor, Kushnir et al, 1998) finds that v1 is higher for random things but as the image is more and more unscrabbled the prediction error increases higher cognition processes work a lot.

What was William Estes' surprising contribution despite being Skinner's student? (pcog lec 1)

While a soldier in WWII this theorist read math. He used math to build a theory of mind that involves multiple stimulus being learned which explains why conditioning animals take several tries. At first for example the rat may notice the sound and then later the color and so on.

(11.10.2014, pcog ch 8, Evryday mem and mem errors) (Cabez et Al., 2004) did a study in 12 university students having them take photos matching 33 locations across campus. Later FMRI scans compared own photos and pretaken photos for the student's brain. What did the findings here indicate is that

While both own photo and lab photo activated the medial temporal lobe anx ghe paritel cortex. Only own photos caused additional activation in the prefrontal cortex (self info) and hippocampus (mental time travel)

What was William James' reaction to Wundt's sturcturalism? Also describe the notion of association. (pcog lec 1)

Wiliam James focused on what the mind was used for in evolutionary purposes. He came up with early concepts of association where individual experiences are connected by shared experiences. This notion was very ahead of his time as it looks like modern connectionalist models.

Gender and death anxiety (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Woman tends to be afraid of dying. But it decreases over time. A subset that had high death anxiety woman age of 50 probably related to fertility. Woman take this as a sign of biologically apporaching death.

The Wundt curve and art (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Wundt noticed that liking and complexitiy (stimulas intensity). Mid range we tend to like better where we don't like low and high intesnity. Dr. Berlyne took another look at this as pleasure and complexity, conflict between expectation and reality gives arousal value. Weezer is a band the prof likes specifically a part that is different. Musicians report for Song Explorer that they prefer the take that is not perfect. Koelsch 2009, described as ERAN, early right (bilateral) anterior negativity which is present in EEG wave of ERAN wave 200 ms after the difference was found. Found in the deep frontal close to temporal region. Similar with mismatched but ERAN is generated cultural expectations to particular music heritage. (Garza VIllarreal et al, 2011) find we notice different levels of violations pretty accurately. Chills effect where they measured the physical chill effect. (Grewe et al, 2005) when there was a sudden change in music like volume, voice, and other effects.

Why SES difference in gender (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

You want someone the same views (like moral and perspective). In relationships usually not the same as SES but we count both as high SES.

The idea that STM and LTM is seprate is

a misnomer, ex short term memory is better at non words so LTM is supporting STM helping providing context

a)_______________ study: participant has to do a simple task that requires attention. After a few trials, an image such as a geometric shape will very quickly flash on the screen. The participant will later be tested to see if they noticed this object using a recognition test Simons and Chabris used a video of dancers in which a gorilla walks by - it often goes unnoticed. Resnik studied b)__________. He showed a participant a photo, followed by a blank screen, and then the photo again, but with an alteration. The inability to see changes is called c)__________. Continuity errors often occur in movies but, change blindness makes them largely undetectable. (ch. 4)

a) Inattentional blindness study b) change detection c) change blindness

Visuospatial sketch pad holds visual and spatial information. It is attend by the a)____________ along with the b)_________ in the c)_____________ Shepard and Metzler measured participants' reaction time to decide whether pairs of objects were the same or different. They found that the greater the rotation of the objects, the longer the reaction time. This tasks used a phenomenon called d)___________, which is an operation of the visuospatial sketchpad. (ch. 5)

a) central executive b) phonological loop c) short term memory d) mental rotation

Schneider and Shriffin's divided attention experiment required the participant to (1) hold info about a stimuli; and (2) pay attention to series of "distractor" stimuli. Distractors and targets were consistently from different categories, which is called a)____________. Accuracy ((b)increased/decreased) with # of trials, until it became c)_________. Participants demonstrated that they could learn to divide attention and for many participants, by the end the task was done by d)______________, which is when a procedure is done without intention and costs little cognitive resources. An example of (d) is highway blindness, which is e)_________________ (ch. 4)

a) consistent mapping condition b) increased c) automatic d) automatic processing e) highway blindness is not being conscious of the process of driving a regular route

General memory concepts: a)_________ is the number of digits a person can remember b)__________ is the ability to group items to create one meaningful unit in STM which holds up to 4 meaningful units. (ch. 5)

a) digit span b) chunking

Inhibition of Return is an ((a) exogenous/endogenous) effect in which b)______... (define)

a) exogenous process b) It is the effect where people are slower to respond to a recently attended location - it is useful b/c it helps up search an environment more efficiently

Baddeley model of woking memory defined a shortfall of Atkinson and Shriffin's modal model. Working memory is defined as a a)__________ for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning. WM is different from STM in two ways: 1) STM is concerned mainly with b1)_________ for a brief period of time while WM is concerned with b2)___________ 2) STM consists of a c1)___________ component while WM consists of c2)____________ components. (ch 5)

a) limited-capacity system b1) storing of information b2) manipulation of information c1) single; c2) multiple

The central executive pulls information from a)________ memory and coordinates the activity of the b)_________ loop and c)___________ by focusing on specific parts of a task and switching attention from one part to another (ch. 5)

a) longterm b) phonological c) visuospatial sketch pad

Coding Concepts: Coding refers to the way info is represented for storage. The a) _________ approach has 3 ways of coding: semantic, auditory, and visual. Auditory coding: Conrad experiment tested STM by having patient recall letters they saw; the mistakes were often letters that b)___________. Indicates that out STM is is largely auditory > visual. Visual coding: Della Sala experiment - use visual c)____________; subjects remembered up to 9; unto and beyond 9 is difficult because it is past Miller's range of items the STM can hold Semantic coding: Wickens' experiment presented words related to each other by meaning (ex: profession, fruit, etc). He found that subjects recalling multiple lists containing the same semantic category had low accuracy. Subjects recalling lists that are grouped by different semantic categories had higher accuracy. This is due to the "release from d)_______________". (ch. 5)

a) mental b) sound alike c) pattern of squares d) proactive interference

Atkinson and Shiffrin. This model is called the a)_______________ of memory because it included many of the features of memory models that were being proposed in the 1960s. The stages in the model are called the b)_____________ of the model. There are three major structural features: 1. c)__________ memory is an initial stage that holds all incoming information for ~ a second; ex: seeing the light trail of a sparkler is visual memory and not remnant of light (i.e.: "persistence of vision") 2. d)____________ holds 5-7 items for about 15-30 seconds. 3. e)_______ can hold a large amount of information for minutes - decades. (ch. 5)

a) modal model b) structural features c) sensory d) short-term c) long-term

The phonological loop holds verbal and auditory information and consists of two components: the a)__________, which has a limited capacity and holds information for only a few seconds; and the b)_________, which is responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying. It is also associated with three phenomena: 1) ___________ effect - the confusion of letters or words that sound similar 2) ___________ effect The word length effect occurs when memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words. 3)___________ - which is when a person speaks/repeats irrelevant sounds (ex: "the, the, the..."); it disrupts rehearsal process (ch 5)

a) phonological store b) articulatory rehearsal process 1) phonological similarity effect 2) word length effect 3) articulatory suppression

The a)_______ is important for holding information for brief periods of time. This was demonstrated with the b)_________ using monkeys - the monkey couldn't remember which barely contained food after having its PFC removed. A study found that neurons in the prefrontal cortex continue to respond during a c)________ after the stimulus is removed. The neurons that fired were location specific - different neurons fired when a stimulus was presented in different locations on a screen. The chimp demonstrated the ability to remember where the location of the stimulus for as long as the response delay continued (i.e. as long as the neurons fired). (ch. 5)

a) prefrontal cortex b) delayed-response task c) brief delay

Memory is the processes involved in a)_________, b)_________, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present (ch. 5)

a) retaining b) retrieving

Broadbent's early selection model explains a)_____________. It is called a b)______________ model because the filter restricts the fitter restricts the flow. It has 4 stages: 1)_____________ holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second 2)_____________ identifies the attended message based on its physical characteristics— things like the speaker's tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent 3)_____________ processes information to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning 4)______________ receives the output and holds information for 10-15 seconds, then it transfers information into long term memory (ch. 4)

a) selective attention b) bottle neck 1) sensory memory 2) filter 3) detector 4) short-term memory

Bottom up determinants of eye movement include a)__________ because it involves responding to the physical properites of an image. Top down determinants of eye movement include b)_____________ - ie. an observers knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene/environmental regularities. Example of top down: Vo and Henderson used images with an irregular object, such as a printer in a kitchen, which the subject focused on for longer. (ch. 4)

a) stimulant salience b) scene schemas

There is a great deal of evidence that having a larger or more efficient a)__________ is associated with better comprehension, reasoning ability, and intelligence (ch. 5)

a) working memory

Adolescent Sexuality We tend to be very restrictive and conservative. But the media is the other extreme. These days most people have more liberal views than before. There has been a decline since the 1990s? Not the internet. But aides. in 1980s into 1990s heterosexual individuals were very afraid of the disease. Most adolescents have around ___a___ sexual partners. Trends in ___b___ tells us that girls are having more sex until grade 12. But generally it's around 1/3 for both males and females. Probably because females develop sooner. Females are probably having sex with older individuals. Trends in ___c___ tell us that less than 15 you have 8-12 percent. Around 70% at 18-19. It tells that at the later age they are more likely. Thinking of adolescence as sexually charge individuals is not supported by data. Contraceptive use has seen an increase over time. About __d__ use a condom in Canada. They say it is because they don't want to show their partner that they are sleeping around. Adolescents in complex situation involving morality, person, and society views they are not practiced at doing this. They tend to make riskier decisions. Porn usually don't have condoms in it. There is a social environment where condom use does not happen. Most also have unrealistic understanding of the risk that they are taking, for example not very likely for ___e___. The risk is actually really high. For example the prof's home town Riahanna and the explosion of gannariah and low condom use has lead to an explosion of diease. What about people who engage in sexual activity ___f___? They tend to hit puberty early. These people tend to violate social norms. Very little religious involvement. They are more likely to be in a family with _____g____. This isn't because they are poor parents but it is because there is a lower SES status. Like divorce which gives the family less means. They tend to have friends who are sexually active, so if adolescent has sexual friends it is something that can inform parents. ___h___ that are sexually active have more tendency, looking at older siblings as models. These people also tend to be performing poorly in school and very seldom do they want to go to university. Is it cause or effect? Poor school so they seek affection from partner or the other way around? Regardless, early sexual activity is seen as a high risk. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. 1-2 b. US c. Canada d. 86% e. disease or pregnancy f. early g. step parent, single parent, or large family h. Older siblings

How to talk to adolescents about the sexuality. Fostering open communication as early as __a__ for girls. Parents will not see them as sexual people but will need to talk about it even though parent is not ready. Using the ___b___ "pee-pee" is a bad way to have the teen take you seriously. Also don't lecture like the prof is doing and lecture. There should be listening, discussing, and collaborating. Think before talking. Often parents are caught off guard for example if a 10 year old asks about anal sex, then it is better to wait and think on what to say. Another thing is that the talk should be ____c____. It should not be "the talk", 30 minute talk is not enough. Finally, if they are not talking to an adult then they are going to be on the internet which is hazardous. Research has found that children tend to have a ____d____ view of sex if they get the information from internet porn. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. 10 b. correct terms c. continuous d. violent and mechanistic

Physical Development stages of adolescence (1) Early, ___a___ years, rapid pubertal change. (2) Middle ___b___ years, puberty finihses (3) Late, ___c___ , years, full adult appearance, anticipation of adult roles (evolutionary roles such as hunting. Why does this time line happen? The body is anticipating ___d___ ready to do evolutionary to survive. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. 11-12 years b. 14 - 16 years c. 16 - 18 years d. adult roles

George Sperling wonders if the _____a_____ experiment is wrong and more information available but is just lost before people could report it. In his experiment called the ______b_____ where 5 by 5 random letters appear expect this time a tone gives a cue as to which row of letters to focus on. The results were that people were able to identify __c__ % of the letters in any row if the cue tone was given immediately and at around 250-300 ms delay there is a significant reduction to recall at around the same level as the whole report. This suggests that perhaps after this amount of time the participant is relying on their ____d____. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Whole Report condition b. partial reports experiment c. 92% d. short term memory

Time periods of perceptions of Adolescents What was adolescence like from ___a___? Essentially what is called the ___a1___ service which is a period where late teens would do apprenticeships trades and crafts. How about in ___b___ century there were much less industry and youth were seen as a social problem. These young adults were living on their own with money. There was a high rise of adolescent drinking and pregnancy became a huge problems. To respond to this intuitions like the YMCA came up. What about ___c___? This is called the age of ___d___ because of three reasons. (1) Enactment of laws restricting child labor which came about as a response of exploitation of children. (2) New requirements for children to attend secondary school in order to prevent children from going to the streets in freedom. (3) Development of the field of adolescence, G. Stanley Hall started, Developmental psychologists who got his first PDF in NA. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. 1500-1800 a1. T b. 18th-19th c. 1890 to 1920 d. adolescence

Adolescent Sexuality We tend to be very restrictive and conservative. But the media is the other extreme. These days most people have more liberal views than before. There has been a decline since the __a___? Not the internet. But aides. in 1980s into 1990s heterosexual individuals were very afraid of the disease. Most adolescents have around 1-2 sexual partners. Trends in US tells us that girls are having more sex than guys until grade 12. But generally it's around __b__ for both males and females. Probably because females develop sooner. Females are probably having sex with older individuals. In Canada less than 15 you have ___c__ percent. Around 70% at 18-19. It tells that at the later age they are more likely. Thinking of adolescence as sexually charge individuals is not supported by data. Contraceptive use has seen an increase over time. About 86% use a ___d___. They say it is because they don't want to show their partner that they are sleeping around. Adolescents in complex situation involving morality, person, and society views they are not practiced at doing this. They tend to make riskier decisions. Porn usually don't have condoms in it. There is a social environment where condom use does not happen. Most also have unrealistic understanding of the risk that they are taking, for example not very likely for disease or pregnancy. The risk is actually really high. For example the prof's home town Riahanna and the explosion of gannariah and low condom use has lead to an explosion of diease. What about people who engage in sexual activity early. They tend to hit puberty early. These people tend to violate ___e___. Very little religious involvement. They are more likely to be in a family with step parent, single parent, or large family. This isn't because they are poor parents but it is because there is a lower SES status. Like divorce which gives the family less means. They tend to have friends who are sexually active, so if adolescent has sexual friends it is something that can inform parents. Older siblings that are sexually active have more tendency, looking at older siblings as models. These people also tend to be performing ______f_____. Is it cause or effect? Poor school so they seek affection from partner or the other way around? Regardless, early sexual activity is seen as a high risk. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. 1990s b. 1/3 c. 8-12 d. condom in Canada' e. social norms f. poorly in school and very seldom do they want to go to university

Sexual Orientation in adolescence. __a__% of young people identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Psychology believes that this is genetic. There are genetic influences on prenatal sex hormones and there is a maternal heredity. Most stereotypes are false. For example, homosexual men mostly wear male clothing. Why does my Abnormal Psychology prof disagree about this. There is a controversial stages of coming out. (1) age __a__ feeling different, liked activities not typical in their gender. (2) age __b___ Confusion, confused about attraction to same or both sex, (3) Self-acceptance, but the timing __c__. The prof says that they have followed children to later development. By why feeling different? Could the confusion be because they prefer the gender they aren't attracted to as friends? As in if they are homosexual maybe they are not sexually active yet but they are nevertheless nervous with hanging out with boys so they prefer dancing with girls. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. 2-3 b. 6-12 c. varies

Nutrition in Adolescence (Prof is eating more) Prof says that adolescence needs more nutrition and more calories. Today there is less milk, and a lot of time there can be a lot of issues. Family meals and breakfast are good for making sure they eat correctly. Family meals can help with fad dieting. Eating disorders begin to appear in adolescence. This begins because their current body type that they feel like they need. The pressure causes the experience of eating disorders in addition to depression and anxiety issues. ___a____ is a drive of thinness. Seeking a perfect body image. They experience ___b___, where their perception of their body is not based on reality. See themselves differently. ___c___ to treat because they think they are doing what is helping them. ____d____ is where someone has a strict diet and exercise then binge and purse. There is a lack of impulse control. These people feel _e_. Causes detoriation of esophgus and bad teeth. More common and easier to treat. More common in ___f___, those in male tend to be homosexual. _____g____ disorder is more similar to the eating disorder ____h___. Exercising close to OCD. Once a day, many times of the day, and tend to feel bad about missing a workout. Feel bad even during working out. They are driven for thinness and perfectionism. More common in males, but is largely under studied is that it is recently found. The prof thinks it was him growing up. Also didn't understand his own body dimensions. Two posts were too small and thought he was a foot bigger. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. Anoerxia nervosa b. Body Dismorphic Disorder c. Difficult d. Bulimia nervosa e. guilty f. females g. Compulsive excercise h. anorexia nervosa

(----)____a____ believes that the concept of short term memory is too restrictive because it does not account for processes such working out a spatial question in your mind. He believed that working memory can be seen in three distinct part: The visual-spatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the phonological loop. (----)The ____b___ is the auditory mental repetition of concepts to keep them in the working memory and has 2 aspects: the length of time and the complexity/length of the word. It's found that the capacity is around 2 seconds, suggesting that fast talkers might be able to fit more in. Also people tend to have trouble if the sound of the words are similar or if the meaning of the words are similar. (-----) The ____c_____ does all of the processing while the visual spatial sketch pad and phen loop maintain info. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Bodly b. phonological loop c. central executive

Professor Dukewhich gave us an example of her inability to speak French back the the Chinese man to illustrate interference in short term memory. Proactive interference is _____a_____. It has been demonstrated that in change detection test for short term memory that we tend to read words out loud which causing people to make more errors when letters sound similar rather than look similar. There is also more errors in words that are more ____b____ similar. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. past learning interfering with new learning while rectroactive interference is new learning interfering with past learning b. semantically

During the period of puberty children's hand and legs grow out first and then torso which accounts for height gain, this phase is call the

cephalocaudal growth trend (cep halo caudal)

Puberty for adolescents Puberty is the average age at which reproductive systems mater. The___a___ system consists of glands. Cause of physical changes in individuals are by released by Hypothalamus releases ___b___ hormones --> Pituitary Gland and Gonadotropin -> Gonads and Sex Hormones. Starts at ___c___ years. What triggers GNRH release? It is body fat level. It makes sense in evolutionary past since high fat content signals to the body that the growth spurt is underway. So if someone is too ___d___ it is delayed and if fat it happens earlier. Obviously not too adaptive today. ___e___ and ___f___ is released the same at 8-9, but later difference in levels causes development in sexual characteristics. Physical growth which suddenly jumps is when there is a peak ___g___ is the period of growth spurt. ___h___ goes through the growth spurt first due to estrogen. So an interesting things that the prof finds that the boys from the same class was so much shorter. If growth spurt ___i__ then goes on longer, this is why the boys continue to grow. At this time there is also ___j__ with gangly appearance for long arms and legs. The body is growing at very different types. For boys shoulders broaden and legs broaden while women hips broaden. For boys gain more muscle aerobic efficiency while for girls more fat in hip area. The prof noted that females really get the short end of the stick. Primary Sexual characteristics which involves ___k___ (menstraul cycle) and boys ___L___ (first ejacuation). Secondary sexual characteristics, breast, facial hair, voice change, and undearm hair. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. Endocrine b. GNRH c. 8-9 d. thin e. Estrogen f. androgens g. height velocity h. Girls i. later j. Asynchronicity k. menarche L. spermarche

Piaget's Theory is the ____a____ stage begins at ____b___. To think about potential that are not before us and reason about what we have in front. The best demonstration is the pendulum theory. The question is what causes it to swing fast and slow. What they do to solve the problem will tell you what type of thinking. Children will just try different things in a non systematic way. Where as the ___c___ reasoner, thinks about the possibility of what causes it to swing faster. So then they test in a systematic way, varying weight first, varying string....etc. Another development is a propositional thought. Can evaluating the logic of verbal propositions. For example, if a=b, b=c, so therefore a=c. Another example object is one thing or another or one object and another? The first is true. ___d___ age children start developing abstract thinking skills. "A dog is a bigger than an elphant, bigger than a mouse, a dog is bigger than mouse" the logic is correct but the statement is false. Children have difficulty understanding sound and valid argument. ___e___ operations may not be universal. It contributes to the training and context contribute. Example of the a, b, c is used to it and can evaluate it. Researchers found that adolescents without high school fail this type of tasks. Therefore it is not biological, but rather it is ____f___. When we fail we often fall on easier thinking, for example if the dog-elephant example we fall on heuristics where we just assume it is wrong. Piaget believes that this is stage is the ___g___stage of human thinking. Being able to think about possibility rather than just reality. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. Formal Operational b. adolescents c. hypothetico-deductive d. School e. Formal f . learned g. ultimate

____a___'s primary theory is the ___b___. This see the storm and stress of adolescence is similar to evolutionary struggle of mankind to develop and become civilized as a species. Psychologists __c__ believe this today though culturally it is still supported. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. G. Stanley Hall b. theory of recapitulation c. don't

_____a_____ wonders if the Whole Report condition experiment is wrong and more information available but is just lost before people could report it.In his experiment called the partial reports experiment where 5 by 5 random letters appear expect this time ______b______. The results were that people were able to identify 92% of the letters in any row if the cue tone was given immediately and at around 250-300 ms delay there is a significant reduction to recall at around the same level as the whole report. This suggests that perhaps after this amount of time the participant is _____c_____. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. George Sperling b. a tone gives a cue as to which row of letters to focus on c. relying on their short term memory

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) What is the functional mechanism of memory? What is happening in brain that allows us to form memories? ___a___ postualed that experience causes physical changes at the synapse, fire together wire together. This is called the ____b___ Hypothesis which is the simulation or near stimulation of two neurons create short term structural changes. The first trace is like ___c____ and the second trace is the ____d____ 20 years later there is the ____e_____. Experimenters found that if you contiue to present activation of A to B neuron you find that firing of ____f____. Later in life when evidence came Hebb was like "ya duh".

a. Hebb b. Dual Trace c. short term memory d. maintence between the two neurons. The second trace builds bridges to structural connections. e. Long-Term Potentiation LTP f. A to B increased the firing came more and more easily

The purpose of _____a_____ is probably to holds information information resented across time and space to link something you see to your mental understanding of what that thing is. For example the prof quickly flashed a picture of a cat only revealing a line of the kitty at one given time. This happened very quickly and really each distinct image is not enough to tell us what it is and yet I was able _____b_____. This show that that _____c_____ memory is not just retinal after image that we are proactively detecting and predicting the objects around us in a none detailed way where every second the image of a moving ball is updating itself to our internal representation similar to what I learned in developmental psychology about Piaget's theory of internal and external equilibrium. It also explains by we move our eyes on 2-3 fixations per second. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Inconic memory b. to predict that it was some kind of feline c. Inconic

Early theorists, perhaps borrowing from Hobbes, were concerned about the ____a_____ in Short Term Memory, the passive lose of information. The only issue with researching how effective people are at memorizing was it was difficult to tell how much is help in STM because of people's natural tendency to engage in rehersal whereby one repeats something in order not to lose it. Brown and Peterson both came up with the concept at around the same time of asking participants to countdown from a number while performing a recall task in order _______b______ This process is called the Brown- Peterson Paradigm and they concluded that short term memory decays at around ____c_____. Later researchers challenged this and claim that there is interference to short term memory rather than just decay. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. patterns of decay b. to occupy the auditory regions make rehearsal impossible. c. 20 seconds

___a___ Theory for adolescents there is a lot of information with the number of improvements for milisecond development. But the general factors are attention, inhibition (stopping thoughts), memory strategies (more practice), knowledge (learning a lot more things, more experiences), meta cognition (much more aware of how their thoughts works, they reflect excessively perhaps causing anxiety), cognitive self regulation (ability to ____b_____), processing capacity (working memory, chunking improves though abilities don't change), and speed of thinking (___c___). These theorists point to frontal lobe development....etc so they claim that since this improvement and brain changes happen, it is a ___d___ driven. They also believe that you gain the ability to have scientific reasoning. Not the same as Piaget who is about thinking about abstract then to test reality, but here you look at_____e______. Data does not speak for itself, all about connections. One example is a study from ___f___who proposed a question to children. "There is a mouse in the house, we want to find out mouse, how big would the house be to determine how big the mouse is if there is cheese in the house.". The right answer is the small door. For children the food missing is more effective evidence and find the none effect of the lack of none cheese eating. They tend to be able to tell by the age of 7. Improvement believed to be caused by chunking being more effective and so they get better at reasoning. Also there is more exposure to complex situations. Also meta cognitive understandings. Young children _____g_____ like "wait a minute if I use the large house I won't be able to tell anything". Finally, there is more open mindlessness which is none rejection of non reaction. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. Information Processing b. reign in and monitor with thinking c. tapping tasks d. biologically e. all evidence and coordinate the connections between the data f. Cuhn g. can't reflect on own thinking

Consequences of Abstract Thought. For ___a___, adolescents have two ego centric activities. (1) ___b___, which is the tendency to think that everyone is looking at you all the time. Like for example the zit on face, but we were all thinking our own zits. Even adults think this sometimes. You think about it and you incorrectly think others are thinking about it. Also this causes the sensitivity to criticism. (2) ___c___ like for example thinking about love and come to believe that peers and adults can't understand them. That they are special and unique, that no one else understands. Because of the uniqueness adolescents take risky behaviors for example driving with cell phones. "For me I can do it because I'm awesome. We are not of the herd". For ___d_____. There is a tendency for idealism and criticism. If we all ate this way or live this way then maybe social issues can go away. This isn't a bad thing, but the consequence of this is a tendency of criticism of others. For example, the prof's family was racist in the past to Native Americans. This is something very non ideal and can be very critical of them. An area that is both improved and hindered _____e____. We become more paralyzed in making decisions and thinking about the potential outcomes and because of the lack of experience abstract thinking can actually be a hindrance on the ability to make decisions. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. Piaget b. Imaginary audience c. Personal fable d. Information processing theory e. planning and decision making

Professor Dukewhich gave us an example of her inability to speak French back the the Chinese man to illustrate interference in short term memory. ____a___ interference is past learning interfering with new learning while ____b___ interference is new learning interfering with past learning. It has been demonstrated that in change detection test for short term memory that we tend to read words out loud which causing people to make ____c_____. There is also more errors in words that are more semantically similar. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Proactive b. rectroactive c. more errors when letters sound similar rather than look similar

Brain Development in puberty ___a___ continues and is similar in infancy. But what is new is the growth and ___b___ and speed up which strengthens connections among regions. There is excess connections not used to be gotten rid during pruning. This is happening the most in the __c___ which is responsible for executive function. And also the ____d__ connecting the different parts of the minds. We see cognitive advances in attention, planning, and integrating information because different parts of brain is better connected. There is also improvement in self-regulation. Neuro-trasmitters at this time see more sensitive to excitatory messages. Many suggest that this is a reason for why teens tend to _____e____. Information processing theory mainly point to these changes of why thinking is changing. However a recent paper of misunderstanding and that it is too big of jump (Journal of Nature). We should not think that there is a causal connection. But learning disability is a lack of these development and yet they are shown to have more novelty seeking behavior. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. Pruning b. myelination c. frontal lobes d. frontal lobes e. take more risks

Adolescence perceptions through history Adolescence is fundamentally different from childhood and has more to do with adults, this is why the professor decided to space the lectures this way. ___a___ is biological and it is where reproductive system matures. ___b___ is a period of time extending from puberty to early adulthood between___c____. The latter term is rather recent and tends to be found in NA cultures. ___d___ noticed a third distinct stage of life 13-21 years of age similar to our conception of adolescence. This is where the point where serious education to begin. Previous time music and sports. But when it comes time for 13 you can begin teaching philosophy because there is a shift and ability in reasoning. ___e___ thought that children are driven by impulses, only in the end of adolescence is where does reason establish a firm control. Individuals still believe in concepts like this whether or not it is true. ___f___ is the prof's favorite hippacrit. He lived on impulsive, excessive lifestyle until his conversion to Christianity. He thought that it is only a belief and dedication to Christianity. Need to reign the impulsiveness in. Christian morality provides the means by which reason can rule over passion. At the time there was the competing ideas in the campaign of ___g___, was actually adolescence, shows that they were called children so still seen as a period of innocence. Sending adolescence as innocents was the plan at the time to allow the Christians into the holy land.

a. Puberty b. Adolescence c. 12 - 20 d. Plato e. Aristotle f. Saint Augustine g. Children's Crusades

Early theorists, perhaps borrowing from Hobbes, were concerned about the patterns of decay in _____a_______, the passive lose of information. The only issue with researching how effective people are at memorizing was it was difficult to tell how much is helping because of people's natural tendency to engage in rehersal whereby one repeats something in order not to lose it. ______b______ both came up with the concept at around the same time of asking participants to countdown from a number while performing a recall task in order to occupy the auditory regions make rehearsal impossible. This process is called the Brown- Peterson Paradigm and they concluded that short term memory decays at around 20 seconds. Later researchers challenged this and claim that there is ____c____ to short term memory rather than just decay. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Short Term Memory b. Brown and Peterson c. interference

(----)In the delayed response task a certain portion of a monkey's brain is found to ____a______. The firing during delay shows that those neurons in the prefrontal cortex are responsible for holding a memory in place or otherwise known as short term memory. (------) Kamitani and Tony (2005) found in experiments that the Primary visual memory can predict what a subject is looking by fMRI scanning. The program must first ____b_____ but afterwards researchers can pretty accurately tell not only what pattern the person is seeing, but more importantly what the person is imagining in their mind. (------) The textbook suggests that this is implicates that the primary visual cortex is also involved in the working memory. Though the prof contests this and points to studies where _____c_____ while recall tasks were done. Results sound that low load tasks didn't suffer performance while high load tasks began to suffer at around 20 ms which is when short term memory kicks in. This suggests that visual tasks can be done without the visual cortex for simple tasks, but not with more complex tasks. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. activate during the period between seeing where the food is and the being allowed to reach for it b. calibrate how the person's brain reacts c. TMS coils shuts down the visual cortex

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) We try to get rid of emotional to memory. Sensory stimilas to ___a___ which stimulates adrenal gland releasing norepinephrine which stimulates amgydala (keep running) and also ___b___ (record this for later). There is also ___c___ connection between amygdala and hippocampus. Study where there is a difference of boy getting hurt or boy getting they find that the ___d____. Proprandolol acts to prevent anxiety by ____e___. Those with PTSD asked to say it while recall8ng on drugs, then recorded and read back later. One group gave proprandolol and another placebo. The results found that ____f____. The link from hippocampus and amygdala was broken. So sen - short - long term - short term mem (labile and distruptive) - long term. So every ____g___ is changing it. Does that mean jounaling is actively changing.

a. amygdala b. hippomcampus c. bidirectional d. emotional hurt story remembered that part better e. preventing production of norepinephrine f. those who got the drugs didn't inspire the same emotional connection g. recall

What is the purpose of memory? Memory has been shaped by the process of evolution. Memory representation helps us learn from tigers. You never had to learn about iphone you just know the basics. Memory is always about ___a___. Every experience updates our ___b____ . A scheema is a framework or body of knowledge about some topic. For example tiwtter. When we experience something that does not match, you_____c____. (Kinda like Piaget but he talked about whole scheema). Experiment Hasher et al (1978) at UofT. Study read passage with a variable dely and a same title-cued recall. What you do after is to discredit the original title, before or after, and found what is called intrusion. An insutrusion "the burgery is when you misremembered something which is tagged to the idea unit "walk through quietly the words" inot "the burgerler walk through quietely throughvthe words". When you discredit you make less error because it makes it less reliable. What this demonstrates is that we tend to rely heavily ____d___ to fill to void. Unless we cognitively discredit the past scheemas. They are adapative memory process with the consequrncd of which is a lack of accurate detail for episodic memories. If LTM is semantic how do we have long term memory of music? (Curtis and Bharucha, 2009). Non linquistic scheemas. Listen to song then tone and asked if tone was in song. Western heard Western tone had higher false alarms and there is less false alarms in Indian tones. Also found Western person is good at identifying non Western person. So shows that even songs _____e___. Kesteren et Al 2014, found that partipants learned more facts if it is the schema-related than facts that were unrelated to their ___f___. Highly superior autobiographical memory. AJ remembers everything all this useless information (Park et Al, 2006). She cannot use scheemas to filter ___g___. Scheemas can help with creative thinking and indcutive thinking. AJ is just an ___h___ student though. Scheemas make thinking easier, but there are drawbacks. One is inference. Another is source ___i___ what is factual and what is fictional. Source monitoring helps with that. "Example 58% of US excercise is televised". ___J___ of idea will convince people because you only remember "Obama not born here". Instrusion are a form of source monitoring error. ____h___ is when someone thinks their novel thought is original. Like earlier another band had "hey hey you you". We tend to take our scheemas and we are only changing it in a noval way. So I guess APA is trying to prevent things like this. It seems to make sense.

a. basics b. schemas c. either change scheema or create a new one d. on other scheemas e. have a certain scheema in a culture f. discipline g. what is unnesscary h. average i. misattribution j. repetition h. Cyptomnesia

Adolescence through history Adolescence is fundamentally different from childhood and has more to do with adults, this is why the professor decided to space the lectures this way. Puberty is ____a_____. Adolescence is ______b______. The latter term is rather recent and tends to be found in NA cultures. Plato noticed a third distinct stage of life 13-21 years of age similar to our conception of adolescence. This is where the point where serious education to begin. Previous time music and sports. But when it comes time for 13 you can begin teaching _____c____. Aristotle thought that children are driven by impulses, only in the end of adolescence ____d____. Individuals still believe in concepts like this whether or not it is true. Saint Augustine is the prof's favorite hippacrit. He lived on impulsive, excessive lifestyle until his conversion to Christianity. He thought that it is only a belief and dedication to Christianity. Need to reign the impulsiveness in. Christian morality provides the means by which reason can ___e___. At the time there was the competing ideas in the Children's Crusades, was actually adolescence, shows that they were called children so still seen as a period of innocence. Sending adolescence as innocents was the plan at the time to allow the Christians into the holy land. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. biological and it is where reproductive system matures b. a period of time extending from puberty to early adulthood between 12 - 20 c. philosophy because there is a shift and ability in reasoning d. can reason restrain impulses e. rule over passion

Puberty Puberty is the average age at which reproductive systems mater. The Endocrine system consists of glands. Cause of physical changes in individuals are by released by Hypothalamus releases GNRH hormones -> Pituitary Gland and Gonadotropin -> Gonads and Sex Hormones. Starts at 8-9 years. What triggers GNRH release? It is ___a___. It makes sense in evolutionary past since high fat content signals to the body that the growth spurt is underway. So if someone is ___b___ it is delayed and if __c___ it happens earlier. Obviously not too adaptive today. Estrogen and androgens is released the same at 8-9, but later difference in levels causes ____d____. Physical growth which suddenly jumps is when there is a peak height velocity is the ___e___. Girls goes through the growth spurt ___f___ due to estrogen. So an interesting things that the prof finds that the boys from the same class was so much shorter. If growth spurt ___g__ then goes on longer, this is why the boys continue to grow. At this time there is also Asynchronicity which is the ____h___. The body is growing at very different types. For boys ____i_____ while women ___j___. For boys gain more muscle aerobic efficiency while for girls more fat in hip area. The prof noted that females really get the short end of the stick. Primary Sexual characteristics which involves menarche (___k___) and boys spermarche (___L___. Secondary sexual characteristics, breast, facial hair, voice change, and undearm hair. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. body fat level b. too thin c. fat d. development in sexual characteristics e. period of growth spurt f. first g. later h. gangly appearance for long arms and legs i. shoulders broaden and legs broaden j. hips broaden k. menstraul cycle L. first ejacuation)

(----)In the ____a____ task a certain portion of a monkey's brain is found to activate during the period between seeing where the food is and the being allowed to reach for it. The firing during delay shows that those neurons in the prefrontal cortex are responsible for holding a memory in place or otherwise known as ____b____.. (------) _______c______ (2005) found in experiments that the Primary visual cortex and memory tasks can _____d_____by fMRI scanning. The program must first calibrate how the person's brain reacts but afterwards researchers can pretty accurately tell not only what pattern the person is seeing, but more importantly what the person is imagining in their mind. (------) The textbook suggests that this is implicates that the ____e____ cortex is also involved in the working memory. Though the prof contests this and points to studies where TMS coils shuts down the visual cortex while recall tasks were done. Results sound that low load tasks didn't suffer performance while high load tasks began to suffer at around 20 ms which is when short term memory kicks in. This suggests that visual tasks can be done without the visual cortex for simple tasks, but ____f____tasks. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. delayed response b. short term memory c. Kamitani and Tony d. predict what a subject is looking e. primary visual f. not with more complex

Nutrition in Adolescence (Prof is eating more) Prof says that adolescence needs more nutrition and more calories. Today there is less milk, and a lot of time there can be a lot of issues. Family meals and breakfast are good for making sure they eat correctly. Family meals can help with fad dieting. Eating disorders begin to appear in adolescence. This begins because they are _____a_____. The pressure causes the experience of eating disorders in addition to depression and anxiety issues. People with depression lose weight how can you separate? Anoerxia nervosa is a drive of _____b____. Seeking a perfect body image. They experience Body Dismorphic Disorder. See themselves differently. Difficult to treat because _____c_____. Bulimia nervosa is where _______d_____. These people feel guilt. Causes detoriation of esophgus and bad teeth. More common and easier to treat. More common in females, those in male tend to be homosexual. Compulsive excercise is more similar anorexia nervosa. Exercising close to OCD. Once a day, many times of the day, and tend to feel bad about missing a workout. Feel bad even during working out. They are driven _____e_____. More common in males, but is largely under studied is that it is recently found. The prof thinks it was him growing up. Also didn't understand his own body dimensions. Two posts were too small and thought he was a foot bigger. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. displeased by their current body type and feel like they need to change it b. thinness for perfection c. they think they are helping themselves d. Strict diet and exercise then binge and purse. There is a lack of impulse control. e. for thinness and perfectionism

Reaction to Puberty by adolescents What is the effect of early and late maturing girls? For the ___a___ developing girl there is early negative effect for them that has to do with cultural view and views of the peer group. If earlier then there is less, which means they are not as tall, not as lean. Can we use hormone therapy to make someone grow taller by stopping puberty earlier? __b__ developing girl will match up cultural expectations later. __c__ maturing are more sexually ready but are out casted and turn to older peers. They are at risk of early drinking and early sexual activity, but they do not have the cognitive development. For ___d___ maturing girls there is more teasing from peers for a period of time. What about boys? __e___ developing boys have both positive and negative effects. They don't tend to be as tall but they tend to be bigger in muscle mass. So earlier developing boys are much more muscular allowing them to run over their friends. They get a lot of admiration from society. But there are risks because they are more likely to enter into early sexual activity and drinking that they aren't ready for cognitively, socially, and emotionally. For ___f__ developing tend to be taller but not muscular, so not as bad. So it's good to be overweight for boys so they hit it earlier? What about reaction of ___g___. There is usually surprise and more positive than in the past. Father's involvement is very helpful. If it's something that is spoken about in presence of father tends to have a better view. Only ___h__ talk not as good. There is very little celebration here, like there is no celebration for first ejaculation. For __i__ they tend to find information other than parents. Some see it as a positive change and others is a negative change. Some boys were surprised probably because there is little preparation. Not very often will boys tell their friends about first ejaculation. Physical Attractiveness. Girls then want to be thinner, smaller. __J___ want to be bigger. The process is usually an idealization and a realization that the ideal is not matched up. How does this effect who we are friends with. Researchers find that __k__ groups are similar in their physical development, very similar body types. This is probably because of similar experiences. Bigger guys find bigger guys, girls finds girls of level of development. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. early b. Late c. Early d. late e. Earlier f. late g. girls h. mother daughter i. boys j. Boys k. peers

Reaction to Puberty What is the effect of early and late maturing girls? For the early developing girl there is ___a___. If earlier then there is less, which means they are not as tall, not as lean. Late developing girl will ___b____. Early maturing are more sexually ready but are ___c___. They are at risk of early drinking and early sexual activity, but they do not have the cognitive development. For late maturing girls there is more teasing from peers for a period of time, but they adjust pretty well afterwards because they will ____d___. What about boys? Earlier developing boys have ___e___. They don't tend to be as tall but they tend to be bigger in muscle mass. So earlier developing boys are much more ___f____. They get a lot of admiration from society. But there are risks because they are more likely ____g____. For late developing tend to be taller but not muscular, so not as bad. What about reaction of girls. There is usually ____h____ and the experiences tend to be more posistive now than in the past. Father's involvement is very helpful. If it's something that is spoken about in presence of father tends to have a better view. Only mother daughter talk not as good because______i____. There is very little celebration here, like there is no celebration for first ejaculation. For boys they tend to find information from sources other than ___J___. Some see it as a positive change and others is a negative change. Some boys were surprised probably because there is little preparation. Not very often will boys tell their friends about first ejaculation. Physical Attractiveness. Girls then want to be thinner, smaller. Boys want to be bigger. The process is usually an idealization and a realization that the ideal is not matched up. How does this effect who we are friends with. Researchers find that peers groups are ____K____. This is probably because of similar experiences. Bigger guys find bigger guys, girls finds girls of level of development. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. early negative effect for them that has to do with cultural view and views of the peer group b. match up cultural expectations later c. out casted and turn to older peers d. tend to fit into the ideal standard of beauty e. both positive and negative effects f. muscular allowing them to run over their friends g. to enter into early sexual activity and drinking that they aren't ready for cognitively, socially, and emotionally h. surprise i it would make it seem like something to ashamed about J. parents K. similar in their physical development, very similar body types

Conditions that affect information When there are contextual cues there is an effect on encoding and retival. When you get information, your memory is swept up with the things your memorizing. This is called ____a____. So I should be recording personal thing as I'm here. The professor is wearing a dress with a black cat on it similar to Daisy. In one study it was found that underwater and on land studying and matching that environment makes recall makes it better. Like studying underwater then recall underwater. Reinstating the context ___b___ can help as well. "imagine mining building, butt hurts can be helpful". Context don't always have to be external. This is what is known in ___c___ Learning. Info is encoded with the psychological and physical state and details. Rickles et Al (1973) and pot were given pairs of codes and asked to look at a non word like "mif" then word. Job was to try to recall 9 pairs, recall target until the cue. They kept doing it until perfect performence. Day 1: smoke pot or placebo cig, day 2: either smoked pot or placebo. These conditions are crossed. What it found that Placebo and Placebo and pot-pot had ___d___. But the time it took to study was about 3 hours. There is also ___e___ effects. Mood recall is easier if consistent with current mood because that's how we encoded it. This is why it's easy to recall all the things Daisy said that is mean when I'm in a bad state. Researchers were given a recognition task and a ryhming task for memorizing for sentences. For recognition of the sentences they did better obviously with recognition. But those who engaged in ryhming encoding showed superior conditions for whether a word from the sentence ryhmes. This is the ____f____ processing, where information is encoded along with the mental processes where one retival cue. Encoding specificity is environment, mood congruency internal, and then there's transfer appropiate processing about how we are processing things.

a. encoding specificity b. mentally c. State-Dependent d. same results e. Mood congruency f. transfer appropiate

Sexual Orientation in adolescence. 2-3% of young people identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Psychology believes that this is genetic. There are genetic influences on prenatal sex hormones and there is a maternal heredity. Most stereotypes are false. For example, homosexual men mostly wear male clothing. Why does my Abnormal Psychology prof disagree about this. There is a contraversial stages of coming out. (1) 6-12 ___a___, liked activities not typical in their gender. (2) 11-15 Confusion, ___b___, (3) ___c___, but the timing varies. The prof says that they have followed children to later development. By why feeling different? Could the confusion be because they prefer the gender they aren't attracted to as friends? As in if they are homosexual maybe they are not sexually active yet but they are nevertheless nervous with hanging out with boys so they prefer dancing with girls. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. feeling different b. confused about attraction to same or both sex c. Self-acceptance

(----)In the delayed response task a certain portion of a monkey's brain is found to activate during the period between seeing where the food is and the being allowed to reach for it. The firing during delay shows that those neurons in the prefrontal cortex are responsible ____a____ or otherwise known as short term memory. (------) Kamitani and Tony (2005) found in experiments that the Primary visual memory can predict _____b____ . The program must first calibrate how the person's brain reacts but afterwards researchers can pretty accurately tell not only what pattern the person is seeing, but more importantly what the person is imagining in their mind. (------) The textbook suggests that this is implicates that the primary visual cortex is also involved in the working memory. Though the prof contests this and points to studies where TMS coils shuts down the visual cortex while recall tasks were done. Results sound that low load tasks didn't suffer performance while high load tasks began to suffer at around __c_ms which is when short term memory kicks in. This suggests that visual tasks can be done without the visual cortex ____d____ (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. for holding a memory in place b. what a subject is looking by fMRI scanning c. 20 ms d. or simple tasks, but not with more complex tasks.

Professor Dukewhich gave us an example of her inability to speak French back the the Chinese man to ____a______. Proactive interference is _______b_______ while rectroactive interference is new learning interfering with past learning. It has been demonstrated that in ______c_____ test for short term memory we tend to read words out loud which causing people to make more errors when letters sound similar rather than look similar. There is also more errors in words that are more semantically similar. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. illustrate interference in short term memory b. past learning interfering with new learning c. Change detection

The purpose of Inconic memory is probably to holds _____a_____ to link something you see to your mental understanding of what that thing is. For example the prof quickly flashed a picture of a _______b______. This happened very quickly and really each distinct image is not enough to tell us what it is and yet I was able to predict that it was some kind of feline. This show that that Inconic memory is not just _____c____ that we are proactively detecting and predicting the objects around us in a none detailed way where every second the image of a moving ball is updating itself to our internal representation similar to what I learned in developmental psychology about Piaget's theory of internal and external equilibrium. It also explains by we move our eyes on 2-3 fixations per second. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. information information resented across time and space b. cat only revealing a line of the kitty at one given time c. retinal after image

George Sperling wonders if the Whole Report condition experiment is wrong and more information available but ______a______. In his experiment called the partial reports experiment where 5 by 5 random letters appear expect this time a tone gives a cue as to which row of letters to focus on. The results were that people were able to identify 92% of the letters in any row if the cue tone was given immediately and at around ____b____ ms delay there is a significant reduction to recall at around the same level as the whole report. This suggests that perhaps after this _____c_____ the participant is relying on their short term memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. is just lost before people could report it b. 250-300 c. amount of time

Adolescence, females, and physical activity rates There is a lot of differences in physical activity is more delayed and prolonged in woman. This delay is probably because _______a_______. The prof shows us a graph that shows that there is a large decline of physical activity starting from the age of 11 to 15 despite being at the peak of our athletic abilities. There are some contradictions in data. The amount of activity level, ie sports and clubs, there has been a historic high due to laws 35 years ago saying that girls have to provide the same amount physical activity. Though it is still rather low. For boys there is historic pressure to be ____b_____, to be the head of the head of a sport. This also occurs to girls There are consequences of these pressures in ___c____. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. it takes much longer to reach their own peak physical ability b. athletics c. eating disorders

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) What population has the most detailed representation? Teachers, children, news ancors. Kids because they ___a___. Maintenance rehersal is just the ___b____. This binding has been known for a while in research. In fact, those in grade 1 really know it because it is taught then. It all started at Craik and Lockheart from UofT. Who proposed the idea of____c_____. They suggested that the deeper the proceds the better it is encoded. The better is it encoded, the better it is to be ___d____. Partipants were cued to either shape, ryhme, or meaning. They believed that visual format was very shallow while meaning was deeper. During experiment people didn't know they had to recall after. What they found was that recall was ___e___ compared for fill in the blank tasks vs rereading tasks. But was is deep processing? Is ryhming just the sound of the word a deeper level? But then how do you define higher and lower level processing because then you would be defining it based on the results which creates a ___f___ reasoning. Thompson Smilet and Besner (2014) paper were looking into brain activity to brain processing. It's interesting that that deep and shallow was dropped but researcher still look at the issue with the terms of ____g___ processing and ____h____ processing

a. lack scheemas b. process of just rehersing while elaborative rehersal is recreating and making connection with what you already know c. levels of processing d. retrieved e. better f. circular g. semantic h. procedual

Early theorists, perhaps borrowing from Hobbes, were concerned about the patterns of decay in Short Term Memory which is the ___a____ of information. The only issue with researching how effective people are at memorizing was it was difficult to tell how much is help in STM because of people's natural tendency to engage in ____b_____. Brown and Peterson both came up with the concept at around the same time of asking participants to countdown from a number while performing a recall task in order to occupy the auditory regions make rehearsal impossible. This process is called the _____c______ and they concluded that short term memory decays at around 20 seconds. Later researchers challenged this and claim that there is interference to short term memory rather than just decay. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. passive lose b. rehersal whereby one repeats something in order not to lose it c. Brown- Peterson Paradigm

Sleep habits change called ___a___ in adolescence. Biological phase delay causes us to sleep later but need to get up early. Causing the situation that most teens are sleep deprived. There is some research that most teens are not getting __b_ hours of sleep which causes lower achievement in school because an inability to process glucose and have less attention. There is also issues of mood with less __c__ lobe development. This inability research indicates that there is more of a chance high-risk behaviors. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. phase delay b. 9 c. frontal

Piaget's Theory is the Formal Operational stage. To think about ______a_____ which begins at ___b___. The best demonstration is the pendulum theory. The question is what causes it to swing fast and slow. What they do to solve the problem will tell you what type of thinking. Children will just try different things in a non systematic way. Where as the hypothetico-deductive reasoner, thinks about the ____c____. So then they test in a systematic way, varying weight first, varying string....etc. Another development is a ___d___ thought. Can evaluating the logic of verbal propositions. For example, if a=b, b=c, so therefore a=c. Another example object is one thing or another or one object and another? The first is true. School age children start developing abtrast thinking skills. "A dog is a bigger than an elphant, bigger than a mouse, a dog is bigger than mouse" the logic is correct but the statement is false. Children have ___e___ understanding sound and valid argument. Formal operations may not be ___f___. It contributes to the training and context contribute. Example of the a, b, c is used to it and can evaluate it. Researchers found that adolescents without high school fail this type of tasks. Therefore it is not biological, but rather learned. When we fail we often fall on easier thinking, for example if the dog-elephant example we fall on heuristics where we just assume it is wrong. _g_ believes that this is the ultimate stage of human thinking. Being able to think about possibility rather than just reality. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. potential that are not before us and reason about what we have in front b. adolescence c. possibility of what causes it to swing faster d. propositional e. difficulty f. universal g. Piaget

The purpose of Inconic memory is probably to holds information information resented across time and space to link something you see to your mental understanding of what that thing is. For example the prof quickly flashed a picture of a cat only revealing a line of the kitty at one given time. This happened very quickly and really each distinct image is not enough to tell us what it is and yet I was able to predict that it was some kind of feline. This show that that Inconic memory is not just retinal after image that we are ____a_____ and predicting the objects around us in a none detailed way where every second the image of a moving ball is updating itself to our internal representation similar to what I learned in developmental psychology about ___b___'s theory of internal and external equilibrium. It also explains by we move our eyes on 2-3 fixations per second called ___c____. _____d_____ studies, especially ones that are bottom up, tell us that icons help us glue together information but only as much as it needs. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. proactively updating b. Piaget c. cascades d. Change blindness

The purpose of Inconic memory is probably to holds information information resented across time and space to link something you see to your mental understanding of what that thing is. For example the prof quickly flashed a picture of a cat only revealing a line of the kitty at one given time. This happened very ______a_______ what it is and yet I was able to predict that it was some kind of feline. This show that that Inconic memory is not just retinal after image that we are proactively detecting and predicting the objects around us in _____b______ where every second the image of a moving ball is updating itself to our internal representation similar to what I learned in developmental psychology about Piaget's _____c_______. It also explains by we move our eyes on 2-3 fixations per second. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. quickly and really each distinct image is not enough to tell us b. a none detailed way c. theory of internal and external equilibrium

Physical Development during puberty (1) Early, 11-12 years, ___a___. (2) Middle 14 - 16 years, ___b___ (3) Late, 16 - 18, years,____c____ (evolutionary roles such as hunting. Why does this time line happen? The body is anticipating adult roles ready to do evolutionary to ____d___. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. rapid pubertal change b. puberty finihses c. full adult appearance, anticipation of adult roles d. survive

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) Spontaneous organization The recall of one word for a category can act as a sort of category level which can serve as retrival cue for everything. This suggests that organization is really helpful for ___a___. Bower et Al's varied the visual spatial information given and found that words that are presenting as an organizational system was far more effective for recall. In a similar way Bradley and Johnson wanted to see if preventing ____b___ prevents ____c____. They did this with an ____d___. Those who didn't see the picture did much ____e___ showing that prior knowledge helps organization as they are coming in. Seeing the picture after didn't help either. This is because it is about encoding. The story turned out to be about a man trying to use air balloons to lift his stereo to his lover's window.

a. recalling memory b. categorization c. encoding d. ambigious story which is hard to understand e. worse

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) Consoliation is the process of _____a_____. Which can be LTP and system consolidation which is gradual reorganization of systems in the brain over the period of days months or years. During consolidation memories are labile or are subject to change. So what happens when memory is damaged by brain trauma. Anterograde amnesia, HM, didn't have future memory, but they had some retrograde amenesia (soup opera) a couple of years before the injury. (Girl asked about retrograde not likely caused by head injury she probably heard it from abnormal psychology.) These memories are not yet fully consilated, based on Hebbs' ___b___ trace. What factors effected of consolidation? Researchers eventually figured out that one of the major uses of ___c___ is on consolidation of memory. (Walker 2012) Finger tapping sequence learning and practice where participants learn sequences of tapping (Prof says there seems to be the same sequences). What they did was test in morning then at 10 pm, what really got better was overnight. There a confound here though is time ____d____. It's a confound both time passes and then you sleep (prof didn't choose my hand but I am interacting a lot). Also study after where you tend 10 pm, sleep, 10 am you are better even compared to a 10 pm later. So it's not just based on time or mood. Research has found that __e___ minutes will help, same results as 8 hours. But 20 minutes also finds some good effects. Student says the protein construction like a book mark, longer lasting lasting memory. But prof says slow wave sleep ____f_____. REM on other hand is ____g____. Diekelmann et Al, (2012) had people recall which in each location in a grid. Either ___e___. In first conditon sleep for 40 minutes, 90 minutes, 40 minutes presenting an odor during learning and then sleep with odor or sleep without odor. Results were 40 minutes not much difference, 90 minutes sleep saw improvement, but smell 40 minutes ___f___ of 90 minutes. This is an example of ___g___. What is happening in the odor cue? Answer can be seen when looking at hippocampus in animal studeis. Hippocampus is like the filing system making connections in the network. What drive that? The answer is replay. When you measure in neruo activity, it is repeated in sleep. (2007 Euston et al) had rats learning or explore a maze. They plug electrodres are stuck in brain. Found that there are patterns from hippocampis activity in different maze seen in color based on location. Measure of 4 different neurons pre task sleep only one activated. During task they measured all activation. During sleep afterwards the same pattern firing just at a compressed time. It is getting replayed over and over again exactly what you ses Hebbs is second trace. Memories are transfers of proteins. They are a physical thing in the brain. So to prevent memory you prevent proteins which is exactly an anisomycin does. This prevents proteins creation in rats. Nader et Al (2002a) injection of anisomycin during consolidation on rat can effect how they mice are learning operent conditioning. But also elimation during recall. I wonder if they have ever tried this with people. You can prevent and erase memory. The action of recall it makes memories make them vunerable to change.

a. solidfying memory traces in neural structures over very long periods of time b. first c. sleep d. because it could be that it is dependent on it being 24 hours e. 90 minutes f. turns volume down, but if turned down the signal in neurons, ex radio down easier to differ from one or other g. strengthening h. sleep or stay awake to read magazine f. had same results g. encoding specifity

Time periods of perceptions of Adolescents What was adolescence like from 1500-1800? Essentially what is called _____a____ which is where ___b____. How about in 18th-19th century there were______C_____. These young adults were living on their own with money. There was a high rise of adolescent drinking and pregnancy became a huge problems. To respond to this intuitions like the YMCA came up. What about 1890 to 1920? _____d____ because of three reasons. (1) Enactment of laws____e___(2) New requirements for _____f____ (3) Development of the ____g____, G. Stanley Hall started, Developmental psychologists who got his first PDF in NA. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. the life cycle service b. where late teens would do apprenticeships trades and crafts c. much less industry and youth were seen as a social problem d. This is called the age of adolescence e. restricting child labor which came about as a response of exploitation of children. f. children to attend secondary school in order to prevent children from going to the streets in freedom. g. field of adolescence

Consequences of Abstract Thought. For Piaget, adolescents have two ego centric activities. (1) Imaginary audience, which is _______________a___________ (2) Personal fable like for example thinking ________b_______. Because of the uniqueness adolescents take risky behaviors for example driving with ___c___. "For me I can do it because I'm awesome. We are not of the herd". For Information processing theory. There is a tendency for _____d____. If we all ate this way or live this way then maybe social issues can go away. This isn't a bad thing, but the consequence of this is a tendency of criticism of others. For example, the prof's family was racist in the past to Native Americans. This is something very non ideal and can be very critical of them. Another area is in planning and decision making. We become more _______e_______. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. the tendency to think that everyone is looking at you all the time. Like for example the zit on face, but we were all thinking our own zits. Even adults think this sometimes. You think about it and you incorrectly think others are thinking about it. Also this causes the sensitivity to criticism. b. about love and come to believe that peers and adults can't understand them. That they are special and unique, that no one else understands c. cell phones d. idealism and criticism e. paralyzed in making decisions and thinking about the potential outcomes and because of the lack of experience abstract thinking can actually be a hindrance on the ability to make decisions

(----)Bodly believes that the concept of short term memory is____a____ because it does not account for processes such working out a spatial question in your mind. He believed that working memory can be seen in three distinct part: The ____b_____, the central executive, and the phonological loop. (----)The phonological loop is the auditory mental repetition of concepts to keep them in the working memory and has 2 aspects: the ___c____ and the ____d____. It's found that the capacity is around 2 seconds, suggesting that fast talkers might be able to fit more in. Also people tend to have trouble if the sound of the words are similar or if the meaning of the words are similar. (-----) The central executive does all of the ____e___ while the visual spatial sketch pad and phen loop maintain info. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. too restrictive b. visual-spatial sketchpad c. length of time d. complexity/length of the word e. processing

(----)Bodly believes that the concept of short term memory is too restrictive because it does not account for processes such working out a spatial question in your mind. He believed that working memory can be seen in three distinct part: The three parts are called the _____a______. (----)The phonological loop is the auditory mental repetition of concepts to keep them in the working memory and has 2 aspects: the length of time and the complexity/length of the word. It's found that the capacity is around 2 seconds, suggesting that ____b____ might be able to fit more in. Also people tend to have trouble if the sound of the words are similar or if the ______c_______. (-----) The central executive does all of the processing while the visual spatial sketch pad and phen loop maintain info. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. visual-spatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the phonological loop. b. fast talkers c. meaning of the words are similar

(----)Bodly believes that the concept of short term memory is too restrictive because it does not account for processes such as _____a____ . He believed that working memory can be seen in three distinct part: The visual-spatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the _____b_______. (----)The phonological loop is the auditory mental repetition of concepts to keep them in the working memory and has 2 aspects: the length of time and the complexity/length of the word. It's found that the ______c______, suggesting that fast talkers might be able to fit more in. Also people tend to have trouble if the _____d_____ or if the meaning of the words are similar. (-----) The central executive does all of the processing while the visual spatial sketch pad and phen loop maintain info. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. working out a spatial question in your mind b. phonological loop c. capacity is around 2 seconds d. sound of the words are similar

Adolescent Moodiness Are Adolescents more moody? The answer is ___a___. They tend to be reacting more strongly than adults, but why? Think about first love. Prof's niece who comes home and says "TODAY IS THE WORSE DAY EVER". They may not be over react but it may be because of a lack of new experience. First fight with someone your dating is very traumatic. Some research are suggesting that new life experiences are challenging them and adolescents _______b_____. Are they moodier due to hormones in general? Researchers took a ____c____ What they find that Monday and Tuesday, very low Wed and Thur, with high of Friday and Saturday and a dropping of Sunday. What does this tell us? Their moods are due to ___d___ factors rather than hormonal factors. There is a pattern so they aren't just randomly moody. Is there a higher rise of conflict? Yes. But it is not just teens being moodier, there is a purpose of it. What would happen in the past? We would move away from them and figure out who we are as individuals. Today we are at home more. One way to deal with this is ____e____ distancing, acting as an independence (like my theory about couples tending to take on opposite views). The conflict is between ___f___ is actually pretty mild, just a small of conflict. In long run there is more support than conflict for most individuals. (10.21.2014, Dev 6 Lec, Adolescences P1)

a. yes and no b. don't have the tool set to understand their emotions c . group of adolescents of middle and junior high and high school. They would randomly beeped to rate their mood. d. social e. psychological f. parent and child

What does perfect and Askew 1994 magazine study tell us about propangda effect?

ads in mag but told not to pay attention, higher ratings were given to those they have been exposed to even though told not to pay attention to it

Those with antergrade amnesia compared with control recall ability (non dec mem)

antergrade amnesia no recall but priming is same in control

Fitz three stage model of skill learning

army wanted to know how people get better at things. (1) cognitive stage where active thinking is required and skill based on verbalized rules like trying to be clean with Daisy in Italy. (2) Associative stage some action is sterotyped. Example know how to build supply depot but not know if should be done. (3) autonomous stage movements becomez automated like maybe the movements of masterbation. Asking at the time messes people up.

What does Brain Levine's diary experiment tell us about epi and sem memory difference?

audio recordings of facts and of specific memories found that in fmri scans there are distinct differences in brain activation

Sensory memory are the briefest form of memory based on _________. It essentially is what lets me replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes even though she has moved on. There are different sensory modalities that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called Iconic memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

direct sensory stimulation.

Episodic vs semantic, how they stored and does repition help

epi is "I remember" while sem "I know". Can be flexible for example changing car crash to verbal format, semantic can be shared like when I say I learned from this class. Epi is acquired at once in spatial and temporal. semantic is strengthened through repitition, generally no contextual information. Repeating episodic can blur.

Constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis

episodic memories are exteacted and recombinsd to construct simulations of future event

Semantic memory always starts as epi

every time you hear a fact, there is a time/location of hearing it (photo of walter and assistant dude in back of car)

generational effect

generating an image helps when memorizing because using two seperate codes the verbal and visual.

Derren Brown (non dec mem)

going through street, came up with same concept. Guy with shutter suggested that it's possible it was conscious. Prof didn't think so.

What was HM's contribution? Why got chubby? He familiar with caregiver? knew mirror? what he know about condition

head injury at age of 12 had seizures almost everyday. Neuro surgeon removed both medial temporal lobe to control it. But the neuro surgeon made a reckless mistake. As a result he got anterograd amenesia, no new long term memories. Lost about 3 years but kept the rest LTM. Liked to watcg commericals because he could follow them. Got chubby because he could never remember when he last ate. Became familiar with caregivers, guessed he was from high school. Don't know age but not surprised with memory in mirror. Knew he had a surgery that went better

What does HM's case tell us about LTM and STM? Distinct declarative and non declarative mem?

helped make case that LTM and STM were different. Given mirror tracing task, measure how many times they go outside the lines, he got better at it over 10 days even though he never knew he did it (was surprised). Could also conditioning. So all non declarative LTM is fine, just LTM declarative.

Most consistent with epiphenonmenal. Low association strength characteristics can be verified faster than (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

high association strength characteristics using imagery

How did Bower and Winzenz (1970) demonstrate that imagining interactions in the mind helps with encoding in the LTM? What is this type of learning called? (10.3.2014, pcog ch 7, long term memory and retrival)

his is call paired-associate learning. (Daisy and I are pair-associates, both of us are attractive and it made us easy to remember in our summer aborad trip) In the exerpiment one group was told to silently repeat the words while the other group were told to form a mental picture. Those that created the images had better recall. (This is similar to the memory techniques I tried to learn where you visualize something really extreme or sexual for memorization. It also explains all the vulger pussy and penis terms I used for Stats memorization)

What's an example of a visual stm and a vidual ltm?

holding an image in mind and reproducing a visual pattern of what was just seen is stm while visualizing the way my dog looks is ltm.

Semantic memory can be enhanced if associated with epi memory

if good stories then remember more (geroge washinton story)

sem memory can influence our experience by influencing our attention

if list of nfl quaterbacks, if like football, semantic understanding helps organize info coming in through epi. list learning is epi. (Like what I was saying about taking psychiological psych for easy memorization)

Pylyshyn's critiques, Imagery is epiphenomenal (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

images are a product of representation, not the representation itself. Imagery is always accompanied but is not how you actually represent information

Is a story epi or semantic? What is mental time travel

it's epi if you mentally time travel to time of encoding and recall specific experience.

300 ms seeing hosptial then nurse (Neely, 1977) (non dec mem)

just flashing related prime there is a huge reduction. Unrelated: nurse vehicle. Related: prime not word. Related prime: hosptial nurse. Same semantics.

What is recently effect for serial position what happens when 30 second delay?

last of list is still in short term memory. recenty effect is gone if delayed by 30 seconds.

LTM how much, how long, what code?

limitless storage, held very long time, coded in semantic content, not order or words

semanticization of remote memories (pcog long term memories)

loss of epidosdic details for memories of long ago events

What is the point of episodic memory?

maybe learning from past mistakes, novel experiences, and allowing us to simulate future events. To project into the future and creating specific plans. Processes of reconstruction or past is also what we use the same processes.

autobiographical memory and personal semantic memory example described from the textbook

memory for specific experiences that include both episodic and semantic components. An example of personal semantic memory would be for example the sushi place near spadina station is Daisy and I's favorite place.

The _ _________ assumes that memory works in a series of structures. Input is first processed in the sensory memory and then is moved to the short term memory and eventually will be stored in long term memory . Memory can be in long term memory with processes such as rehearsal. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

modal model

Clive Wearing lost his memory and has less than 30 seconds of working memory. He is able to recognize himself in the mirror, not be startled by his wife who has aged, and yet cannot remember his kids. In addition he is oddly able to read, write, and play music fine. This suggests that memory is __________________________. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

multifaceted and is actually a formation of many different components

non declarative memory vs declarative

non declarative can't be described like how one balances on bike or how Johanna can know a concept learned but can't put it into words. Declarative is stuff that can be spoken about.

Perception minus imagery there is almost (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

noting left. Exact in the posterior region

Memory as a process vs structure for memory

one is processing other is the structures

Open ended social problem solving to prove purpose of episodic memory, construsctive episodic simulation hypothesis

open ended do not have a specific answer, cannot store and recall solutions. How point a to b when finding watch. Control talks about things around where they may have found it with a number of personal epi in nature and other sem in nature. More relevant steps found in control and also more epi details in controls while sem was identical. So therefore epi memory are extracted and recombined for future.

cognitive skills are about (pcog lec 7)

patterns of thoight that help in problem solving or application of stratergies. So chess players ability is really just being able to do task over and over.

Seriel position curve LTM (primacy, recency)

plots recall and finds pattern according to their relative position. Primacy effect first, recency the most recent

Priming occurs when (Non dec men)

presenation of one stimulas changes the response to a subsequent stimulas.

Word stem completation task (non dec mem)

previous exposure to list more likely to fill words seen before. Even anesthesia.

The whole report condition tries to get around this by asking people to identify as many letters as they can when flashed something like a 5 by 5 table of random letters. This gets past the previous issue because guessing would not useful. What it found was that people only got about a ______________ which demonstrates the apparent limit of sensory memory (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

quarter correct

Recollection vs familiariority

recollection is recalling a specific experience like recalling when I first met Daisy. Familiarity is when you just think you've seen them before like asian girl from my dorm floor today.

Priming can be perceptual when? semantic? Automatic and implicit? (non dec mem)

red prime then id red. Prime is related to target. Activates sensory experience. Automatic and implit because you cannot stop it.

remember/know procedure what is difference and what did we find?

remember is suppoaed to be episodic memory with a sense of recollection (memory of grading). If know then semantic with familiarity (memory of girl I've seen before). Older adults remmber, know, don't know about public events asking about 10 years or less or 40-50 years ago. Know was if no specific association, remember is actuallg know. Result was don't know increases with time. Remember or epi memory declines a lot while semantic stays constant. (george washinton, more semantic now, no recall)

remember/know procedure what is difference and what did we find?

remember is suppoaed to be episodic memory with a sense of recollection (memory of grading). If know then semantic with familiarity (memory of girl I've seen before). Older adults remmber, know, don't know about public events asking about 10 years or less or 40-50 years ago. Know was if no specific association, remember is actually know. Result was don't know increases with time. Remember or epi memory declines a lot while semantic stays constant. (george washinton, more semantic now, no recall)

Sensory memory are the briefest form of memory based on direct sensory stimulation. It essentially is what lets me ____________________ even though she has moved on. There are different sensory modalities that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called Iconic memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes

Can priming be cross modal? (non dec mem) (Chen and Spense 2011)

see picture before mask? 13 milisecond, 50% no picture. Of trails that have image had a sound before the picture which was congruent with image 25%, another 25% didn't match. Naturallistic sounds found that sound really helped.

Mental imagery is (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

seeing in the absence of visual stimulation. You can also remember tactile, sound, and taste. Though by in large most of the lecture focuses on imagery

The modal model assumes that memory works in a series of structures. Input is first processed in the _______ and then is moved to the short term memory and eventually will be stored in long term memory . Memory can be in short term memory with processes such as rehearsal. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

sensory memory

Sensory memory are the briefest form of memory based on direct sensory stimulation. It essentially is what lets me replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes even though she has moved on. There are different __________ that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called Iconic memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

sensory modalities

The _________ tries to get around this by asking people to identify as many letters as they can when flashed something like a 5 by 5 table of random letters. This gets past the previous issue because guessing would not useful. What it found was that people only got about a quarter correct which demonstrates the apparent limit of sensory memory (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

whole report condition