Exam Three: Chapter 6-9

Religion, the education system, the health care system, government, economy, the military, science, mass media, and law enforcement are___.

A. Total institutions B. Unnecessary C. Social institutions D. Latent functions C

________ describes a religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings, like animals, plants, and objects of the natural world.

A. Totemism B. Atheism C. Animism D. None of the above C

The phrase boys will be boys is often used to justify behavior such as pushing, shoving, or other forms of aggression from young boys. The phrase implies that such behavior is___.

A. a generalized response. B. an erroneous stereotype. C. unchangeable and natural. D. deviant and not tolerated. C

Though experts in IQ testing claim that bias has been eliminated from tests, ________ maintain that this is impossible and argue that these tests are another way in which education does not provide opportunities, but instead maintains an established configuration of power.

A. all psychologists B. structural functional theorists C. symbolic interaction theorists D. conflict theorists D

Social scientists today maintain that when it comes to racial categories___.

A. They can be scientifically categorized by skin color. B. They do not have an important impact on social inequalities. C. Not talking about race is the best way to end racism. D. They are not biologically identifiable, and racial categories have been arbitrarily assigned. D

According to Lewis Wirth, "any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination" would be called a(n)___.

A. Agnostic B. race. C. ethnicity. D. minority. D

________ hold that an ultimate reality, such as God, is unknowable.

A. Agnostics B. Atheists C. Animists D. All of the above A

________ is the second largest religion in the world, and has over 1.5 billion followers.

A. Buddhism B. Christianity C. Judaism D. Islam D

________ encourage followers to lead a moral life by accepting the four Noble Truths: 1) life is suffering, 2) suffering arises from attachment to desires, 3) suffering ceases when attachment to desires ceases, and 4) freedom from suffering is possible by following the middle way.

A. Confucianism B. Taoism C. Buddhism D. Shintoism C

________ believed religion created social change by studying heavily Protestant societies that were the most highly developed capitalist societies. He called this the Protestant work ethic.

A. Emile Durkheim B. Karl Marx C. Max Weber D. Al Kinsey C

________ refers to a system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources.

A. Gender stratification B. Genderism C. Gender stereotypes D. Gender identity A

Which theory suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes when we examine the advantages and disadvantages of race?

A. Intersection theory B. Interaction theory C. Functionalist theory D. Rational choice theory A

The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad was underway in the 1800s, and the Central Pacific section hired thousands of migrant ________ men to complete the laying of rails across the rugged Sierra Nevada mountain range.

A. Japanese B. Korean C. Slovenian D. Chinese D

___defines a family as "a group of two people or more, one of whom is the householder, who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and are residing together.

A. Jayson, 2010 B. The U.S. Census Bureau C. Powell, 2010 D. Marx, 1870 B

Because of the focus on funding criteria, ________ has led to the educational practice of teaching to the test which describes when teachers and curriculum focus on equipping students to succeed on standardized tests, to the detriment of broader educational goals and concepts of learning.

A. No Child Left Behind B. The Coleman Report C. Title XI D. None of the above A

________ refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group while ________ refers to actions against a group of people.

A. Racial steering; colorism B. White privilege; stereotypes C. Angst; strategy D. Prejudice; discrimination D

________is a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender.

A. Sex B. Social control C. Gender identity D. None of the above C

___people are less likely to marry and less likely to stay married.

A. Single B. Cohabiting C. Poor D. Rich C

________ is most likely to focus on religion's role as an institution that helps maintain patterns of social inequality.

A. Social conflict theorists B. Rational choice theory C. Symbolic interaction theory D. Functionalist theory A

________ aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols and meaning in human interaction.

A. Social conflict theory B. Structural functionalism C. rational choice theory D. Symbolic interaction theory D

From a ________ point of view, the purpose of encouraging sexual activity in the confines of marriage is to intensify the bond between spouses and to ensure that procreation occurs within a stable, legally recognized relationship.

A. Structural functionalist theorist B. Social conflict theorist C. Symbolic interaction theorist D. Cognitive psychologist A

An example of ________ would be the establishment of internment camps for anyone with as little as one-eighth Japanese ancestry, forced to leave their homes for up to four years during WWII, despite the fact that there was never any evidence of collusion or espionage among this group.

A. assimilation B. expulsion C. Genocide D. Multiculturalism B

Because we grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice, ________ highlights how easy it is to project our stereotyped impressions onto groups in the manner in which we have seen them portrayed by the media without ever understanding the extent to which this may have influenced our thought processes.

A. culture of discrimination B. culture of prejudice C. cultural ethnicity D. cultural imperialism B

The United States is considered to be ________, meaning it assumes sexual orientation is biologically determined and unambiguous.

A. heteronormative B. heterogeneous C. heterodeterminative D. Agatha heterodyne A

Durkheim defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to the ______.

A. illegal B. sacred C. unknown D. practical B

The________ refers to the type of nonacademic knowledge that students learn through informal learning and cultural transmission.

A. institutionalized embodiment B. manifest functions C. hidden curriculum D. anti-intellectualism C

Educators may believe that students do better when ________ students into these groups because they are with students of similar ability and may have access to more individual attention from teachers, conflict theorists feel that this process leads to self-fulfilling prophecies in which students live up (or down) to teacher and societal expectations.

A. manifesting B. institutionalizing C. tracking D. capitalizing C

Conflict theorists point to ________, a formalized sorting system that places students on advanced versus low achiever groups that perpetuate inequalities.

A. manifesting B. tracking C. institutionalizing D. stereotyping B

The most common form of child abuse is___.

A. physical abuse. B. sexual abuse. C. neglect. D. abandonment C

The term ethnicity describes___.

A. physical characteristics. B. numerical minority. C. shared culture or heritage. D. a generational cohort like 'Boomers' or 'Gen X.' C

Because ________ study one-on-one, everyday interactions between individuals, a scholar using this approach might ask questions focused on the interaction between religious leaders and practitioners, the role of religion in the ordinary components of everyday life, and the ways people express religious values in social interactions.

A. structural functional theorists B. social conflict theorists C. symbolic interaction theorists D. chaos theorists C

According to the ________, men are the dominant group and women are the subordinate group.

A. structural functionalist theory B. symbolic interactionist theory C. social conflict theory D. rational choice theory C

Research at Stanford University suggests that people who identify as white ________ to help maintain a positive image of themselves and to continue to benefit from structural inequalities.

A. thoughtfully adapt B. communicate amongst themselves C. cite personal hardships D. dismantle structural barriers C

Divorce is much less prevalent among those___.

A. who are poor B. who have been married less than 10 years C. who marry younger in life. D. with a college education. D