Exam1 EVR
In addition to latitude, altitude is a controlling factor of temperature. What is the primary July temperature range associated with the portion of the Rocky Mountains in northern Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana (2000-3,999 m)?
15 to 17° C
6. How many times greater is the total density of oysters on high-relief reefs compared to the total density on the unrestored bay bottom?
170
Compare the belowground C for the Control group and the Fertilized group. What is the difference in C between the two groups?
2,500 g C/m2
Most effective plan: 1. Require farmers to implement measures to reduce fertilizer and manure runoff. 2. ? 3. Enact air quality legislation that would reduce atmospheric nitrogen. 4. Require yearly inspections of septic tanks to reduce leakage. Least effective plan
2. Increase water quality standards for municipal and industrial wastewater effluent.
Most effective plan: 1. Require farmers to implement measures to reduce fertilizer and manure runoff. 2. Increase water quality standards for municipal and industrial wastewater effluent. 3. ? 4. Require yearly inspections of septic tanks to reduce leakage. Least effective plan
3. Enact air quality legislation that would reduce atmospheric nitrogen.
The two main sources of urban pollution illustrated in the graphs are municipal and industrial wastewater and urban/suburban runoff. Approximately what percentage of the total pollution for each nutrient can be attributed to urban sources?
30%
5. How many times is the total density of oysters on high-relief reefs compared to the total density on low-relief reefs?
4
Most effective plan: 1. Require farmers to implement measures to reduce fertilizer and manure runoff. 2. Increase water quality standards for municipal and industrial wastewater effluent. 3. Enact air quality legislation that would reduce atmospheric nitrogen. 4. ? Least effective plan
4. Require yearly inspections of septic tanks to reduce leakage.
If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year?
70
Insolation is the primary energy input for Earth's climate system. What is the insolation range (watts per square meter) associated with July temperatures ranging from 3 to 5° C?
80 to 99 W/m2
As a researcher, you have been asked to analyze trends in the decline in lead use in U.S. gasoline over time. Based on the data in the graph, by what percentage did the amount of lead used in gasoline decrease between the years 1970 and 1985?
80%
Assimilation is indicated by the letter(s) _____.
A
Natural selection: Camouflage Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence: 1. Environmental Change
A drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown
Some species are less tolerant of human disturbance than others. As human impacts in an area increase, these species are more likely to suffer. Which of the following hypothetical species might be most at risk?
A large mammal that lives only in alpine areas
Flower-Rich Habitats Increase Survival of Bumblebee Families (03/15/2017): A new colony of bumblebees is established near your home. Which of the following was the founder of this colony?
A queen
Pretend you are a public health official giving a presentation to the local community about the dangers of lead exposure. As you show data from the graph in the previous part, what is the most important "take home" message you might share with audience, based on the relationship between the amount of lead in gasoline and blood lead concentration in children between the years 1970 and 2010?
A sharp drop in the amount of lead used in gasoline was followed by a similarly sharp decline in blood lead concentrations in children between 1970 and 1990, suggesting that lead use in gasoline was strongly correlated to lead exposure, and the ban on lead had a major impact on reducing exposure in the United States.
Powerful New Map Depicts Environmental Degradation Across Earth (11/19/2018): Which of the following people would likely find this map the most useful?
A soil scientist studying the shifts in land use across Africa.
Flower-Rich Habitats Increase Survival of Bumblebee Families (03/15/2017): You wish to attract bumblebees to your acreage. Which of the following would likely be best for you to plant for their long-term survival?
A variety of flowers.
How did this molecule form?
A water molecule gained an hydrogen ion from another water molecule.
Gone Fishing: The Fight To Save One Of The World's Most Elusive Wild Cats (The Guardian, 2/17/2021): You work for the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a listing expert. Which of the following feline species has the same status as the fishing cat?
African golden cat, listed as vulnerable
According to Clinton Jenkins, the real reasons humans choose to protect biodiversity include:
Attachment to places or animals that have emotional appeal.
Nitrification is indicated by the letter(s) _____.
B
Microorganisms have the ability to degrade a variety of substances. In addition microbes can:
Bind and accumulate heavy metals.
________ gives inherent value to certain living things or to the biotic (living) realm of the earth in general; both human and nonhuman lives have ethical standing.
Biocentrism
The initial test results of an EPA study in 1989 and 1990 were not conclusive about the value of biostimulation of indigenous microbes and about the use of exogenous bacteria for remediation. In contrast, a later field study in Delaware reached the following conclusions:
Biostimulation can accelerate hydrocarbon removal.
Based on this data, which statement is most accurate regarding the change in lead use in gasoline and average blood lead concentration in children over time?
Both lead use in gasoline and blood lead concentration in U.S. children declined most rapidly between 1975 and 1985.
Natural selection: Camouflage Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence: 3. Change in Population
Brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. The brown allele increases in frequency.
Which of the following is a compound?
CO2
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
Cellulose
Current Climate Change Unparalleled Over the Last 100 Million Years? (10/26/2017): If this research is correct, which of the following is true?
Climate change is more intense than previously thought.
As Wind Power Lifts Wyoming's Fortunes, Coal Miners Are Left in the Dust (06/19/2016): Which of the following is least likely to support the Clean Power Plan?
Coal-mining company BHP Bilton
Flower-Rich Habitats Increase Survival of Bumblebee Families (03/15/2017): A new subspecies of bumblebee is discovered with a similar life cycle to bumblebees found in the United Kingdom. Which of the following is true?
Colonies live less than one year.
Current Climate Change Unparalleled Over the Last 100 Million Years? (10/26/2017): Which of the following had generally been accepted as true, but this new study questions?
Compared to today, ocean temperatures were warmer 100 million years ago.
Adaptive radiation is rapid, branching speciation under conditions in which there is little ___________.
Competition
Which of the following has been an effect of ecotourism in Hawaii?
Conservation efforts have become more financially feasible because of increased tourist dollars.
David Suzuki promotes the idea of protecting "latent hotspots." His justification is that "latent hotspots":
Contain species that are currently stable but face high risks in the near future.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria is(are) indicated by the letter(s) _____.
D and E
In the Chesapeake Bay and other bodies of water, what is a result of phytoplankton population increases?
Dead zones as the result of hypoxia through the decomposition of dead phytoplankton by bacteria
As Wind Power Lifts Wyoming's Fortunes, Coal Miners Are Left in the Dust (06/19/2016): Your uncle is the CEO of CONSOL Energy. Who is in charge of the law preventing him from opening a new coal mine on federally-owned land?
Department of the Interior
Current Climate Change Unparalleled Over the Last 100 Million Years? (10/26/2017): A new research team decides to study this phenomenon by replicating fossilization of foraminifera in the lab. Which of the following can they expect?
During sedimentation, temperatures will increase.
'Spiderman' Worm-Snails Discovered on Florida Shipwreck (04/05/2017): Which of the following is true in the Florida Keys?
Ecologists are concerned that worm snails will colonize the artificial reefs.
__________ is the visitation of natural areas for enjoyment, often in areas near less-affluent communities that economically benefit from conserving the natural area.
Ecotourism
Which of the following statements best describes energy?
Energy is the capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter.
What approach would be best for you to consider, as a farmer, to further reduce nutrient runoff from your fields into the Bay?
Enhanced nutrient management programs (NMP)
'Racism Dictates Who Gets Dumped On': How Environmental Injustice Divides the World (The Guardian, 10/21/2019): You discover your city's water is contaminated with high levels of nitrates. Which federal agency is responsible for ensuring this is handled?
Environmental Protection Agency
________ is a basic understanding of Earth's physical and living systems and how we interact with them.
Environmental literacy
__________ is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from the undesirable changes brought about by human actions.
Environmentalism
Imagine that biostimulation is used on a widespread scale for a bioremediation project. Which of the following ecosystem changes represent a potential side effect of the cleanup efforts?
Eutrophication (degradation due to increased production of organic matter) of nearby rivers
The equilibrium theory of island biogeography predicts that large islands close to the mainland will have more species than small islands that are distant from the mainland. Which of the following factors does not contribute to that prediction?
Evolution occurs more rapidly on large islands, thereby increasing species diversity.
Agriculture is a more significant source of nitrogen than phosphorus.
False
Atmospheric deposition is an important source of nitrogen and phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay.
False
True or False. In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones.
False
Urban and suburban fertilizer runoff contributes a smaller percentage of the total pollution compared to municipal and industrial wastewater.
False
Turning Human Waste Into Plastic, Nutrients Could Aid Long-Distance Space Travel (08/22/2017): Why is photosynthesis a critical part of this process using Yarrowia lipolytica?
For carbon fixation.
Powerful New Map Depicts Environmental Degradation Across Earth (11/19/2018): If you study this map, which of the following is seen most frequently?
Forests changing to agricultural land over time.
Turning Human Waste Into Plastic, Nutrients Could Aid Long-Distance Space Travel (08/22/2017): You are a bioengineer. Which of the following would likely be most beneficial to add to this research?
Get the yeast to boost output.
Who is credited for articulating the conservation ethic and for founding the U.S. Forest Service?
Gifford Pinchot
Gone Fishing: The Fight To Save One Of The World's Most Elusive Wild Cats (The Guardian, 2/17/2021): Your friend is a volunteer for the goat bank in West Bengal. What will she do with the goats in the bank?
Give them to locals as needed.
On the basis of the data, will warming tundra soils decrease atmospheric CO2 and create a negative feedback to climate change or increase atmospheric CO2 and act as positive feedback?
Increase atmospheric CO2 because the total C uptake by Fertilized plants is lower than total uptake by Control plants
Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters:
Increased by approximately 100%.
Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?
Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.
According to the figure, which of the following is true?
Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.
Which of the following is true?
Species on Earth today are just a fraction of all species that ever lived.
'Spiderman' Worm-Snails Discovered on Florida Shipwreck (04/05/2017): Which of the following is likely the best place to find adult worm snails?
Stuck on an oil rig.
Why isn't this insect drowning?
Surface tension.
Clinton Jenkins and David Suzuki would likely agree that we have enough knowledge about threats to biodiversity to begin conservation efforts. Which statement below describes a likely follow-up comment from one of the authors?
Suzuki—"We have biodiversity knowledge, but we are not applying our knowledge in a cost-effective manner."
'It's Cultural Genocide': Inside The Fight To Stop A Pipeline On Tribal Lands (The Guardian, 2/19/2021): You work for a non-profit organization calculating greenhouse gas emissions for oil companies. Which of the following information will you have to disclose to these companies?
Tar sands produce more greenhouse emissions than crude oil.
'Spiderman' Worm-Snails Discovered on Florida Shipwreck (04/05/2017): Which of the following do worm snails use to excrete their slime?
Tentacles
The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years?
The answer cannot be determined from this graph.
What caused the economic demise of Deal Island and other bayside towns during the 20th century?
The decline of oyster fisheries
In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923?
a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase
Powerful New Map Depicts Environmental Degradation Across Earth (11/19/2018): Assuming they are equal size, which of the following will absorb the most carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
a forest
The number of species on an island is at equilibrium when the rate of immigration is equal to the rate of extinction. This is shown on the graph by the points where each green and red line cross. What kind of island is likely to have the highest number of species?
a large island close to the mainland
'It's Cultural Genocide': Inside The Fight To Stop A Pipeline On Tribal Lands (The Guardian, 2/19/2021): Which of the following people is most likely to support the work of the water protectors?
a member of MN350
Glycogen is _____.
a polysaccharide found in animals
What kind of island has the highest rate of extinction?
a small island
Which of the following populations would be most vulnerable to extinction?
a small, endemic population
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
a space station orbiting Earth
A hypothesis is ________.
a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question
Gone Fishing: The Fight To Save One Of The World's Most Elusive Wild Cats (The Guardian, 2/17/2021): The San Diego Zoo has a small population of fishing cats and is creating a new habitat for them. To best replicate their natural habitat, what should it look like?
a wetland
6. Shorter wings are a(n)__________ in this population. Alleles for shorter wings were _______________ in the general population.
adaptation ; already present
Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.
adaptive radiation
The appearance of an evolutionary novelty often promotes _____.
adaptive radiation
The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.
adaptive radiation
According to the graphs, which of the following sources contributes the largest share of nitrogen and phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay?
agriculture
The greatest source of both nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay is ________.
agriculture
Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere?
algae
A(n) __________ is an example of an ecosystem with high primary productivity, while a __________ is an example of an ecosystem with low primary productivity.
algal bed; desert
Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.
all of these
Proteins are polymers of _____.
amino acids
Which of the following has the lowest concentration of H+ ions?
ammonia
Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.
ammonium ... nitrites
Scientific inquiry is based on ________.
an expanding knowledge based on observation, questioning, testing and discovery
On what kind of island would new species be most likely to arrive?
an island that is close to the mainland
If someone says, "Earth and all of its contents were created for the betterment of human beings, so as long as something is good for humans, it is good for the whole earth," what ethical perspective would he or she hold?
anthropocentric
Quantitative data ________.
are data that are expressed as numbers and can be tested using statistics
Ecosystem services ________.
are economically valuable services provided by natural systems
Ecosystems that rapidly convert solar energy to biomass __________.
are said to have high primary net productivity
A(n) ________ is the smallest component of an element that still maintains the chemical properties of the element.
atom
Some organisms, such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, produce their own food by absorbing the sun's radiation. These organisms are referred to as ________.
autotrophs or producers
Decline of Pollinators Poses Threat to World Food Supply, Report Says (02/26/2016): You are a biologist studying the impacts of the loss of mammalian pollinators. Which of the following will be included in your study?
bats
Decline of Pollinators Poses Threat to World Food Supply, Report Says (02/26/2016): Presently, neonicotinoids seem to have the most harmful effects on which of the following?
bees
A review process is in place to make sure that no ______ has skewed the results of an experiment.
bias
Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?
birth rate
To determine your specific impacts on the environment, you can ________.
calculate your ecological footprint
People in 37 developed and developing countries were surveyed to determine their level of life satisfaction. Their ratings were then compared to recent changes in the per capita GDP of their countries. Note that this study did not include individuals from the 50 poorest countries in the world. Can you interpret this graph to answer these questions?: Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Improving the average wealth of people in very poor countries would not improve their overall life satisfaction.
cannot be determined from the graph
What element is found in all organic compounds?
carbon
Where do plants get the carbon they use to make organic molecules?
carbon dioxide
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
cellular respiration
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
cellulose
When you burn a log in your fireplace, you are converting ________.
chemical energy to thermal (heat) energy
Gone Fishing: The Fight To Save One Of The World's Most Elusive Wild Cats (The Guardian, 2/17/2021): You work for the US Fish and Wildlife Service and are interested in applying the same techniques being used for the fishing cat to protect the ocelot in the US. Which of the following groups should you focus on educating?
children
'Racism Dictates Who Gets Dumped On': How Environmental Injustice Divides the World (The Guardian, 10/21/2019): Your friend is part of #ThisIsZeroHour. What is she primarily interested in?
climate change
When the organisms of a particular population seek habitats or resources that are unevenly spaced, the distribution of the individuals in the population tends to be ________.
clumped
As Wind Power Lifts Wyoming's Fortunes, Coal Miners Are Left in the Dust (06/19/2016): Immediately ceasing all use of which of the following would have the greatest impact on climate change?
coal
Water purification, nutrient cycling, and plant pollination are all examples of Earth's __________.
ecosystem services Submit
The transitional zone between ecosystems is called a(n) __________.
ecotone
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.
electronegativity
"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
In all ecosystems, energy is eventually lost to the environment via ________.
heat from metabolism
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
heat, carbon dioxide, and water
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is ________.
helping conservation biologists study habitats and study biodiversity
Pablo and Johanna have to do a yearlong study for their biology course. After some discussion, they decide to try comparing their dogs and the diet that they feed them. Each has a dog from the pound, and both dogs are less than one year old. Pablo feeds his shepherd-mix dog a special diet of wet and dry foods from the local vet, while Johanna uses generic dry kibble from the supermarket for her bulldog. They want to see which diet results in bigger, healthier, faster-growing dogs. According to the information given, one dependent variable in this study will be ________.
how much the dogs grow
The sixth mass extinction event is likely being caused by __________.
human-induced events
Which of these bonds is weakest?
hydrogen bond
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
hydrogen bonds
What is the arrow pointing to?
hydrogen ion
In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.
hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions
What name is given to this molecule?
hydronium ion
What is the arrow pointing to?
hydroxide ion
What name is given to this molecule?
hydroxide ion
A ________ is a testable statement that proposes an explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by an experiment.
hypothesis
The largest percentage of fresh water today is located in:
ice sheets and glaciers.
The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph: Graph 6
There was a flaw in the experimental design.
A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection?
There will be less genetic variation from sexual recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.
As Wind Power Lifts Wyoming's Fortunes, Coal Miners Are Left in the Dust (06/19/2016): If the transition from coal to wind happens as predicted in Wyoming, which of the following will be true?
There will be less jobs.
The graphs show the main sources of nutrient pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. By what mechanism do most of the nutrients end up in the bay?
They are transported by water.
Septic systems contribute a small amount of nitrogen to the Chesapeake Bay.
True
Some of the phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay is from natural sources.
True
Which of these sampling protocols would you use to obtain the most representative data of oyster growth on the three reef types?
Use a random sampling approach to select sites on different reef types from several of the reef complexes.
What is the primary way that nitrogen and phosphorus end up in bodies of water like the Chesapeake Bay?
Water in runoff and streamflow transports nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer into the body of water.
'Racism Dictates Who Gets Dumped On': How Environmental Injustice Divides the World (The Guardian, 10/21/2019): You wish to replicate the study by Dr. Robert Bullard that launched the environmental justice movement to learn if things have changed today. Which of the following do you analyze and compare to the percentage of black neighborhoods?
Where waste is being disposed of.
Flower-Rich Habitats Increase Survival of Bumblebee Families (03/15/2017): This study most strongly suggests which of the following?
Wild pollinators are more likely to survive in an agricultural setting if the edge habitat is diverse.
Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
Wind rotating a turbine
'Spiderman' Worm-Snails Discovered on Florida Shipwreck (04/05/2017): How are worm snails different from most other snails?
Worm snails are stationary, most other snails are mobile.
Density-dependent factors ________.
include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community
High population density can ________.
increase disease transmission and food scarcity
Where do plants get the energy to make organic molecules?
light
The ____________ is the rock and sediment beneath our feet, the planet's uppermost mantle and crust.
lithosphere
Organisms that are closely related have a recent common ancestor. Of the following organisms shown in the figure, which choice lists organisms that are most closely related to each other?
lizards and crocodiles
Types of population growth Drag the correct label under each graph to identify the type of population growth shown. a.?
logical growth
Can you interpret this graph about population growth to answer these questions?: What does the orange graph line represent?
logistic growth
3. In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were _______ than the wings of swallows found in the population at large.
longer
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.
microevolution
Which of these is a source of lactose?
milk
Which of these is NOT an organic molecule?
minerals
Powerful New Map Depicts Environmental Degradation Across Earth (11/19/2018): As the climate continues to change due to human activity, which of the following is most likely?
more desertification worldwide
The major force(s) causing the genetic divergence of the two isolated fruit fly populations is/are ________.
mutation and natural selection
A pharmaceutical company wishes to study a possible new headache medicine. They are doing human trials with 1000 volunteers and need to ________.
randomly assign each person to either the treatment group or control group
If we ignore the effects of migration when determining population growth rates, we would calculate the population's __________, which equals __________.
rate of natural increase; (birth rate) - (death rate)
The conservation ethic suggests that __________.
resources should be used from natural areas in a responsible way such that they are not depleted
Scientists use a general process known as the _______ to ask and answer questions about natural phenomena.
scientific method
Which of the following is the major reservoir for phosphorus in the phosphorus cycle?
sedimentary rock
Which of the following is considered a community?
several interacting species living in the same area
4. Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with ______ wings have a survival advantage.
shorter
Earth's largest pool of nitrogen is ________.
the atmosphere
Which of the following is the broadest (most all-encompassing) level of ecological organization?
the biosphere
Earth's oceans hold:
the bulk of all of the water found on Earth.
What process occurs within Box B?
the citric acid cycle
In a controlled experiment, __________.
the effects of all of the variables are controlled except the one whose effect he or she is testing
Assuming the populations of fruit flies are the same size, the length of time necessary for significant divergence to take place in the populations depends on ________.
the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats
The logistic growth curve can be said to appear similar to __________.
the letter S
Can you interpret this graph about population growth to answer these questions?: The y-axis to the right represents ___________.
the level of resources available per capita
Although 78% of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen, nitrogen is limited in most ecosystems because __________.
the natural conversion of atmospheric nitrogen occurs via only lightning and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Plants release water vapor through their leaves via a process called ________.
transpiration
Shulte chose several areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay as his experimental sites. At each site, he constructed artificial reefs of two different heights. He also left portions of each site unrestored to serve as points of comparison. Oysters were allowed to colonize the reefs and the unrestored bay bottom safe from harvesting. His hypothesis was that oysters would survive better in the plankton-rich upper waters -- away from the smothering sediments and hypoxic waters of the bay bottom. Drag the labels to the diagram to identify the components of Shulte's experiment. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all: High-relief reef
treatment
Shulte chose several areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay as his experimental sites. At each site, he constructed artificial reefs of two different heights. He also left portions of each site unrestored to serve as points of comparison. Oysters were allowed to colonize the reefs and the unrestored bay bottom safe from harvesting. His hypothesis was that oysters would survive better in the plankton-rich upper waters -- away from the smothering sediments and hypoxic waters of the bay bottom. Drag the labels to the diagram to identify the components of Shulte's experiment. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all: Low-relief reef
treatment
A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if they are published in journals which ________.
use the peer review process
A _______ is a factor that is either manipulated or measured in an experiment.
variable
The entire area of land that a river drains is called its __________.
watershed
Decline of Pollinators Poses Threat to World Food Supply, Report Says (02/26/2016): Which of the following crops is least likely to be impacted by the decrease in pollinators?
wheat
'It's Cultural Genocide': Inside The Fight To Stop A Pipeline On Tribal Lands (The Guardian, 2/19/2021): Which of the following foods important to the Ojibwe will be most impacted if Line 3 moves forward as planned?
wild rice
1. The reef types used in Shulte's experiment are shown on the _______. The mean density of oyster per square meter is shown on the _______.
x axis ; y axis
2. Adult oysters are represented by ____, spat are represented by ___, and the total of these groups is represented by _____.
yellow bars ; blue bars ; red bars
A researcher wants to determine if water runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides affects the hatching success of frog eggs in nearby ponds. What experiment could the researcher conduct to address her question? Observation:
"I've seen that frog eggs in ponds that receive runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides hatch at lower rates than those in unaffected ponds"
A researcher wants to determine if water runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides affects the hatching success of frog eggs in nearby ponds. What experiment could the researcher conduct to address her question? Prediction:
"If frog eggs are exposed to elevated levels of herbicides, the hatching success of the eggs will decrease."
A researcher wants to determine if water runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides affects the hatching success of frog eggs in nearby ponds. What experiment could the researcher conduct to address her question? Hypothesis:
"The hatching success of frog eggs is affected by exposure to herbicides."
Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time. The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag group 1 labels (blue) to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag group 2 labels (pink) to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance: Row 4
(Blue) The population became LESS heat tolerant over time. (Red) The hypothesis is NOT supported.
Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time. The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag group 1 labels (blue) to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag group 2 labels (pink) to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance: Row 1:
(Blue) The population became MORE heat tolerant over time. (Red) The hypothesis is STRONGLY supported.
Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time. The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag group 1 labels (blue) to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag group 2 labels (pink) to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance: Row 2
(Blue) The population became SLIGHTLY MORE heat tolerant over time. (Red) The hypothesis WEAKLY supported.
Calculate the total C pool (above- and belowground C) for the Control group.
10,125 g C/m2
In which year was the density of birds greatest?
105
If a population of 1000 individuals has an annual growth rate of 5%, how many individuals will be in the population one year later?
1050
After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species?
14
What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?
1-
What name is given to the process(es) seen in this animation?
dehydration synthesis
Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time. The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag group 1 labels (blue) to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag group 2 labels (pink) to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance: Row 3
(Blue) There was NO CHANGE in the population's heat tolerance over time. (Red) The hypothesis is NOT supported.
Scientific method: Testing hypotheses Drag the labels of group 1 onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the labels of group 2 to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data. Hypothesis: 1. Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population.
(Blue) a. The wing shapes of swallows killed on roads differ from those of the general population. (Red) b. yes, additional data may be needed
Scientific method: Testing hypotheses Drag the labels of group 1 onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the labels of group 2 to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data. Hypothesis: 2. The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time.
(Blue) c. The total number of cliff swallow nests near roads increased during this time. (Red) d. no, probably not a factor
Scientific method: Testing hypotheses Drag the labels of group 1 onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the labels of group 2 to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data. Hypothesis: 3. Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.
(Blue) e. Avian scavengers did not increase during this time, and terrestrial scavengers probably did not increase. (Red) f. no, probably not a factor
Scientific method: Testing hypotheses Drag the labels of group 1 onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the labels of group 2 to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data. Hypothesis: 4. The number of cars driving on these roads has decreased over time.
(Blue) g. Car traffic stayed the same or increased during this time. (Red) h. no, probably not a factor
Which of the following best represents the overall growth rate of a population?
(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)
Most effective plan: 1. ? 2. Increase water quality standards for municipal and industrial wastewater effluent. 3. Enact air quality legislation that would reduce atmospheric nitrogen. 4. Require yearly inspections of septic tanks to reduce leakage. Least effective plan
1. Require farmers to implement measures to reduce fertilizer and manure runoff.
For what it costs to remove 1 pound of nitrogen from Bay waters by using enhanced nutrient management programs (NMP), approximately how many pounds of nitrogen could be kept out of waterways by restoring the wetland that once existed on the site?
15
People in 37 developed and developing countries were surveyed to determine their level of life satisfaction. Their ratings were then compared to recent changes in the per capita GDP of their countries. Note that this study did not include individuals from the 50 poorest countries in the world. Can you interpret this graph to answer these questions?: Find the dot that represents the country with the greatest increase in per capita GDP. What is the index of life satisfaction for people in that country?
-0.010
Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth? Select all that apply.
-As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly. -When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.
It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas.
-Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. -Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region. Submit
Scientific method: Developing hypotheses Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply.
-Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found. -Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. -The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time.
Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity? Select all that apply.
-The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied. -The birth rate equals the death rate. -The population growth rate equals zero.
In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly?
0 to 20 years
Consider the following processes: respiration, combustion, polymerization, nitrification, industrial fixation of nitrogen, and photosynthesis. How many of these result in the release of oxygen into the atmosphere?
1
What is the charge on a hydronium ion?
1+
4. What is the average number of oysters per square meter supported on high-relief reefs?
1,000
In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985.
1,400
Which of the following landscapes is suitable for biostimulation?
An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are limiting
Powerful New Map Depicts Environmental Degradation Across Earth (11/19/2018): If trends continue, which of the following will happen over the next 25 years?
An increase in urbanization in the U.S., China and Europe.
What is the key lesson learned from Easter Island?
An island population must learn to live within its means.
A researcher wants to determine if water runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides affects the hatching success of frog eggs in nearby ponds. What experiment could the researcher conduct to address her question? Results:
Analysis of experimental data concludes that herbicide levels affect hatching rates.
The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph: Graph 4
Ants from urban locations tolerate heat LESS than ants from rural locations.
The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph: Graph 1
Ants from urban locations tolerate heat MORE than ants from rural locations.
The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph: Graph 3
Ants from urban locations tolerate heat SLIGHTLY LESS than ants from rural locations.
The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph: Graph 2
Ants from urban locations tolerate heat SLIGHTLY MORE than ants from rural locations.
Scientists grew a population of yeast cells in a flask to which they provided a constant supply of nutrients. As the population of yeast cells increased, competition for the nutrients also increased. This caused the population to grow more slowly, until the rate at which the yeast cells used the nutrients was equal to rate at which the nutrients were supplied to the flask. Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population?
Graph A
A pair of coyotes colonized a large island where rodents (their prey) were abundant. At first the number of coyotes increased. But as the coyote population increased, competition for prey also increased and the coyote population grew more slowly. In some years, weather conditions killed many of the rodents, causing some coyotes to starve. In other years, weather conditions were favorable for the rodent population, allowing the coyotes to thrive, reproduce, and raise many pups. Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population?
Graph B
A female darkling beetle laid her eggs in a sack of corn meal. The corn meal was an excellent source of food for the beetle larvae (mealworms), and the beetle population quickly increased. After four months, the beetles had eaten all of the corn meal, and the adult beetles flew away to find new food sources. Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal?
Graph C
Natural selection: Camouflage Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence: 2. Selective Pressure
Green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles.
Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?
H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH-
Later in his life, pioneering environmental philosopher Aldo Leopold would have most likely agreed with which one of the following statements?
Humans are members of the land-community.
Land-water heating differences are also an important control over temperature. Factors that contribute to these differences include differences in specific heat, evaporation differences, surface transparency differences, and differences in mobility and mixing. Which of the following climate types is predominately found adjacent to warm ocean currents?
Humid subtropical, moist all year
A researcher wants to determine if water runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides affects the hatching success of frog eggs in nearby ponds. What experiment could the researcher conduct to address her question? Test (experiment):
IN the laboratory, raise frog eggs in pond water with varying concentrations of herbicide, and measure hatching success rates.
Imagine a natural area near your hometown that has been identified as a latent hotspot. Considering the comments of both authors, which of the following public media approaches might succeed in convincing the public to protect the area?
Identify a large, charismatic mammal within the area as the reason for protecting the area.
Which of the following would be the most appropriate prediction for the hypothesis that Poodles are smarter than Dalmatians?
If Poodles are smarter, then Poodles will learn to obey commands more quickly than Dalmatians.
Adult oyster density is a ______.
dependent variable
Spat density is a _____.
dependent variable
Phylogenetic trees ________.
depict the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms
The Chesapeake Bay is a delicate system of interacting organisms, including marine animals, plankton, and microbes. In recent decades, nutrient pollution has posed a major threat to this system, resulting in dead zones where oxygen levels drop too low to support life. This process is known as eutrophication. If reef restoration efforts based on Shulte's experiment are implemented throughout the bay, increased oyster populations may help to restore the ecosystem. The flowchart below shows how oysters can affect other components of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Drag each statement to the appropriate location in the flowchart: e.
Increased oyster population feeds on increased phytoplankton population.
Which of the following events could NOT be caused by a population bottleneck?
Increased population size
The Chesapeake Bay is a delicate system of interacting organisms, including marine animals, plankton, and microbes. In recent decades, nutrient pollution has posed a major threat to this system, resulting in dead zones where oxygen levels drop too low to support life. This process is known as eutrophication. If reef restoration efforts based on Shulte's experiment are implemented throughout the bay, increased oyster populations may help to restore the ecosystem. The flowchart below shows how oysters can affect other components of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Drag each statement to the appropriate location in the flowchart: d.
Insufficient oxygen suffocates marine animals, forming a dead zone.
Which of the following terms best describes the practice of environmental science?
Integrative and interdisciplinary
'Racism Dictates Who Gets Dumped On': How Environmental Injustice Divides the World (The Guardian, 10/21/2019): A large chemical company wishes to build a new manufacturing plant. Why is it more likely to be located in an area populated by minorities?
It is less expensive.
Which of the following statements about the amoeba population described at the end of the tutorial is true?
It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation.
How many citizens of Mexico does it take to equal the ecological footprint of the average citizen of the United States?
It takes just over three Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
'It's Cultural Genocide': Inside The Fight To Stop A Pipeline On Tribal Lands (The Guardian, 2/19/2021): If President Biden takes the same action on Line 3 as he took on the Dakota Access pipeline, which of the following will happen?
It will be canceled.
The Chesapeake Bay is a delicate system of interacting organisms, including marine animals, plankton, and microbes. In recent decades, nutrient pollution has posed a major threat to this system, resulting in dead zones where oxygen levels drop too low to support life. This process is known as eutrophication. If reef restoration efforts based on Shulte's experiment are implemented throughout the bay, increased oyster populations may help to restore the ecosystem. The flowchart below shows how oysters can affect other components of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Drag each statement to the appropriate location in the flowchart: b.
Large amounts of dead phytoplankton are decomposed by bacteria.
According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila?
Laysan Finch
Turning Human Waste Into Plastic, Nutrients Could Aid Long-Distance Space Travel (08/22/2017): Which of the following is key for yeast to do to allow them to produce plastics?
Link monomers together.
Based on the pie chart, which of the following approaches would likely yield the biggest benefits for reducing nitrogen inputs into the Chesapeake Bay?
Local governments work with farmers to implement strategies to minimize nitrogen runoff from farm fields.
Which one of the following scenarios would be an example of allopatric speciation?
Members of a population of meadowlarks living in central North America become separated into two isolated populations during an ice age. After being isolated for thousands of years, the two populations meet up again after glaciers retreat at the end of the ice age, but the members of the two populations can no longer interbreed.
'Spiderman' Worm-Snails Discovered on Florida Shipwreck (04/05/2017): You create an artificial habitat for worm snails in a lab for further study. Which of the following will you need to provide as a food source?
Microorganisms
As Wind Power Lifts Wyoming's Fortunes, Coal Miners Are Left in the Dust (06/19/2016): Which of the following is currently true?
Most electricity in the United States comes from nonrenewable resources.
Which of the following is true of the hydrologic cycle?
Most of the water that falls on the continents is derived from the oceans.
Flower-Rich Habitats Increase Survival of Bumblebee Families (03/15/2017): The United States Department of Agriculture wishes to replicate this study in the Midwest United States. Which of the following do they identify, map and track?
Mother, daughter and sister bumblebees
___________ is the only process that can change a gene's DNA and therefore give rise to new variations of the gene.
Mutation
Which one of these is a nitrite?
NO2 -
Which one of these is a nitrate?
NO3 -
'Racism Dictates Who Gets Dumped On': How Environmental Injustice Divides the World (The Guardian, 10/21/2019): Which of the following groups is most likely to suffer from the effects of uranium mining in the United States?
Native Americans
Which of the following are substances and energy sources taken from our environment that we rely on to survive?
Natural resources
Types of population growth Drag the correct label under each graph to identify the type of population growth shown. c.?
Neither exponential growth nor logistic growth
_____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere.
Nitrogen fixation
Do the data support the original hypothesis that the net effect of increased nutrient availability will be to remove carbon from the air and store it in the soil?
No. Belowground C biomass decreased in the Fertilized group as compared with the Control group.
Latitudinal position will also influence the range of temperatures an area experiences diurnally and annually. Which of the following regions has the largest annual temperature ranges?
North-central Asia (e.g. Siberia, Russia)
The Chesapeake Bay is a delicate system of interacting organisms, including marine animals, plankton, and microbes. In recent decades, nutrient pollution has posed a major threat to this system, resulting in dead zones where oxygen levels drop too low to support life. This process is known as eutrophication. If reef restoration efforts based on Shulte's experiment are implemented throughout the bay, increased oyster populations may help to restore the ecosystem. The flowchart below shows how oysters can affect other components of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Drag each statement to the appropriate location in the flowchart: a.
Nutrients drastically increase the phytoplankton population.
What molecule is indicated by the letter D?
Oxygen
Current Climate Change Unparalleled Over the Last 100 Million Years? (10/26/2017): This study suggests which of the following is true?
Oxygen-18 levels in foraminifera tests change over time.
________ are the primary, water-insoluble components of cell membranes.
Phospholipids
__________ is the number of individuals in a population per unit area.
Population density
Decline of Pollinators Poses Threat to World Food Supply, Report Says (02/26/2016): You are a farmer. Which of the following would be best for you to do to encourage success for pollinators?
Protect large plots of wildflowers on your land.
Microbes were first considered for bioremediation after Marjory Stephenson observed that they were digesting enormous quantities of waste from a sugar beet factory. The waste was accumulating in:
River water.
In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase.
Sea otter populations would increase.
The Chesapeake Bay is a delicate system of interacting organisms, including marine animals, plankton, and microbes. In recent decades, nutrient pollution has posed a major threat to this system, resulting in dead zones where oxygen levels drop too low to support life. This process is known as eutrophication. If reef restoration efforts based on Shulte's experiment are implemented throughout the bay, increased oyster populations may help to restore the ecosystem. The flowchart below shows how oysters can affect other components of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Drag each statement to the appropriate location in the flowchart. c.
The microbial decomposer population increases and consumes more oxygen.
The Chesapeake Bay is a delicate system of interacting organisms, including marine animals, plankton, and microbes. In recent decades, nutrient pollution has posed a major threat to this system, resulting in dead zones where oxygen levels drop too low to support life. This process is known as eutrophication. If reef restoration efforts based on Shulte's experiment are implemented throughout the bay, increased oyster populations may help to restore the ecosystem. The flowchart below shows how oysters can affect other components of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Drag each statement to the appropriate location in the flowchart: f.
The microbial decomposer population remains stable and does not use more oxygen.
Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years?
The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined.
A leaf falls from a tree and lands on the ground. Through time, bugs and bacteria consume the leaf. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is true?
The nutrients from the leaf have been recycled and released back into the soil.
'It's Cultural Genocide': Inside The Fight To Stop A Pipeline On Tribal Lands (The Guardian, 2/19/2021): If Line 3 is completed as planned, how will it cross the rivers in its path?
The pipeline will go under rivers.
How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?
The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left.
The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph: Graph 5
There is little to no difference in the heat tolerance of ants from each type of location.
In ecology, a ________ is made up of interacting populations of different species that inhabit the same area.
community
A scientific experiment often involves both a treatment and a ______ , which are alike except for the variable that the experiment is designed to test.
control
Shulte chose several areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay as his experimental sites. At each site, he constructed artificial reefs of two different heights. He also left portions of each site unrestored to serve as points of comparison. Oysters were allowed to colonize the reefs and the unrestored bay bottom safe from harvesting. His hypothesis was that oysters would survive better in the plankton-rich upper waters -- away from the smothering sediments and hypoxic waters of the bay bottom. Drag the labels to the diagram to identify the components of Shulte's experiment. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all: Unrestored by bottom
control
A ________ is a quantitative relationship between variables.
correlation
Detritus is composed of _____.
dead organic matter and excreted wastes
What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere?
decomposition
1. From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally ______.
decreased.
Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately owned farms in the lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several-fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined, and the lake became murky, while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. The murkiness (turbidity) of the water was analyzed and found to have several major sources, including ________.
erosion from deforested hillsides, sediments produced from poorly treated wastewater discharge, and sediments produced from the increased plant biomass of the lake
Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately owned farms in the lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several-fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined, and the lake became murky, while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. The symptoms of the lake suggest ________.
eutrophication
Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________.
exponential growth
Types of population growth Drag the correct label under each graph to identify the type of population growth shown. b.?
exponential growth
Which of these provides your body with energy?
fats
Turning Human Waste Into Plastic, Nutrients Could Aid Long-Distance Space Travel (08/22/2017): You engineer Yarrowia lipolytica to produce omega-3 fatty acids in an economically efficient way. Which of the following would likely be most interested in your yeast?
fish farmer
Current Climate Change Unparalleled Over the Last 100 Million Years? (10/26/2017): As this team continues this research, which of the following will they be analyzing?
foraminifera shells
Each water molecule can join to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.
four ... hydrogen
1. What process is illustrated by this animation?
gene flow
Which of the following represent the reactants (ingredients) necessary for cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
All of the following are macromolecules EXCEPT:
glucose.
What process occurs in Box A?
glycolysis
Most extinction is ________.
gradual, generally occurring when species cannot adapt genetically to changes in environmental conditions
In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. The removal of the livestock and predators and the cessation of hunting in 1907 ________.
increased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer
In comparison with the Control group, the Fertilized group had _________ plant growth and _______ belowground C biomass.
increased, decreased
2. During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally ________.
increased.
As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________.
increases
What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60?
increasing number of bird habitats
Gone Fishing: The Fight To Save One Of The World's Most Elusive Wild Cats (The Guardian, 2/17/2021): Which of the following would benefit the fishing cat the most?
increasing the amount of habitat that is protected
Reef type is the _____.
independent variable
People in 37 developed and developing countries were surveyed to determine their level of life satisfaction. Their ratings were then compared to recent changes in the per capita GDP of their countries. Note that this study did not include individuals from the 50 poorest countries in the world. Can you interpret this graph to answer these questions?: What information is provided on the y-axis?
index of life satisfaction, according to a numeric scale
A population's age structure ________.
indicates the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population
A population is a group of ________.
individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area
Atoms of iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) form iron sulfide (FeS) when the iron atom donates electrons to the sulfur atom. The type of bond formed would be a(n) __________.
ionic bond
Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately owned farms in the lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several-fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined, and the lake became murky, while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. If a water quality expert were to check the level of dissolved oxygen in the lake water, s/he would find that it ________.
is near normal on the surface but extremely low near the bottom sediments
2. What process is illustrated by this animation?
natural selection
5. The data suggest that, over time, __________ resulted in the evolution of shorter wings in the cliff swallow population.
natural selection
Decline of Pollinators Poses Threat to World Food Supply, Report Says (02/26/2016): Bird species critical for pollination feed on which of the following?
nectar
Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.
nitrates ... nitrogen gas
Turning Human Waste Into Plastic, Nutrients Could Aid Long-Distance Space Travel (08/22/2017): You genetically engineer a strain of Yarrowia lipolytica to produce Vitamin C. Which of the following will be needed for the yeast to produce this vitamin?
nitrogen and carbon
3. What is the total number of oysters growing on high-relief reefs?
not shown in graph
People in 37 developed and developing countries were surveyed to determine their level of life satisfaction. Their ratings were then compared to recent changes in the per capita GDP of their countries. Note that this study did not include individuals from the 50 poorest countries in the world. Can you interpret this graph to answer these questions?: Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Overall life satisfaction increases as a country's wealth increases (as indicated by per capita GDP).
not supported
DNA is composed of units called ________.
nucleotides
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Bird Populations During Old-Field Succession: What does the left y-axis of the graph represent?
number of breeding pairs per 100 acres
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Bird Populations During Old-Field Succession: What does the blue graph line represent?
number of species
The average footprint per person has increased from 2.2 to 2.9 since 2008, and the footprints of many developing nations, such as India and China, have also increased. This means that ________.
our collective lifestyle is even more unsustainable than before
A __________ occurred when scientists determined that the earth is round rather than flat.
paradigm shift
The process by which several researchers review another researcher's manuscript prior to publication to ensure research quality is referred to as ________.
peer review
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
peptide
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.
peptide bonds
People in 37 developed and developing countries were surveyed to determine their level of life satisfaction. Their ratings were then compared to recent changes in the per capita GDP of their countries. Note that this study did not include individuals from the 50 poorest countries in the world. Can you interpret this graph to answer these questions?: Find the left-most dot representing a country where people had the highest index of life satisfaction. How did the GDP in that country change in recent years?
per capita GDP decreased by about 0.5%
People in 37 developed and developing countries were surveyed to determine their level of life satisfaction. Their ratings were then compared to recent changes in the per capita GDP of their countries. Note that this study did not include individuals from the 50 poorest countries in the world. Can you interpret this graph to answer these questions?: What information is provided on the x-axis?
percent change in a country's gross domestic product divided by the number of people in that country
The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.
polar
In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?
polar covalent
Aquifers are ________.
porous rock formations located underground that store groundwater
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
potential
River water held behind a dam is a form of ________.
potential energy
A _______ describes specific results that can be expected if a hypothesis is true.
prediction
The equilibrium theory of biogeography states that the number of species on an island is determined by two key factors: the size of the island and its distance from the mainland. The relationship between these factors is illustrated in this graph. Can you interpret the graph to answer these questions?: What does the top red graph line represent?
the rate at which new species immigrate to an island that is close to the mainland
The equilibrium theory of biogeography states that the number of species on an island is determined by two key factors: the size of the island and its distance from the mainland. The relationship between these factors is illustrated in this graph. Can you interpret the graph to answer these questions?: What information is presented on the y-axis?
the rate of immigration or extinction
A _______ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.
theory
A __________ is widely accepted and has been extensively validated by a great amount of research.
theory
During photosynthesis, ________.
there is net consumption of water and carbon dioxide
How do plants contribute to the water cycle?
through the process of transpiration
