Exam_3

The Hamstrings consist of three muscles the

Biceps Femoris muscle, the Semitendinosus muscle, and the Semimembranosus muscle. These muscles combined are primarily responsible for the flexion of the knee joint (bending of the knee) as well as assisting the extension of the thigh (moving the upper leg backwards).

What are the ligaments of the hip joint

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral

The three muscles involved with hip flexion are

Iliopsoas, sartorius, ectus Femoris

The piriformis

Innervation: Nerve to piriformis (S1, 2). Anterior surfaces of the sacrum by three or four slips off the portions of bone between the foramina of the sacrum, the ilium near the posterior inferior iliac spine, the capsule of the sacro-iliac joint, and occasionally the upper part of the sacrotuberous ligament. (Assists with lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh)

The Rectus Femorismuscle is the fourth muscle making up the Quadraceps occupying the middle of the thigh covering most of the other three muscles making up the quadriceps.

It has two tendons with origin attachment points from the anterior inferior iliac spine as well as from just above the Acetabulum. These two origin points merge as a aponeurosis. The insertion attachment point is at the superior edge of the patella.

Quadriceps group

Its innervation is carried by the femoral nerve (L2-4). In detail the quadriceps consists of: Rectus femoris muscle: has two origins at the anterior inferior iliac spine of the pelvis and the upper margin of the acetabulum.

Piriformis

O: Anterior Sacrum I: Greater Trochanter / Femur A: Abducting And Lateral Rotation J: Hip L: Most Superior of the Group * if Piriformis is Hypertonic or over contracted it can impinge the sciatic nerve causing shooting pain, numbeness or tingling down the leg (piriformis syndrome)

Obturator externus

O: External Surface of Obturator I: Greater Trochanter /Femur A: Laterally Rotates J: Hip L: Inferior to Gemellus Inferior

Gemellus Inferior

O: Inferior to the ischial spine I: Greater Trochanter / Femur A: Laterally rotates J: Hip L: Inferior to Obturator Internus

Obturator Internus

O: Internal surface of the obturator Foramen I: Greater Trochanter / Femur A: Laterally Rotates J: Hip L: Inferior to Gemellus Superior

Gemellus Superior

O: Ischial Spine I: Greater Trochanter/ Femur A: Lateral Rotation J: Hip L: Inferior to Piriformis

Quadratus Femoris

O: Ischial Tuberosity I: Greater Trochanter A: lateral rotation, adduction J: Hip L: most inferior of the group

Vastus intermedius GROUP: Quadriceps

ORIGIN: femur (anterior lateral shaft); INSERTION: patella, tibia (tuberosity, condyles); ACTION: extend knee

Vastus lateralis GROUP: Quadriceps

ORIGIN: femur (greater trochantor, linea aspera); INSERTION: patella, tibia (tuberosity, condyles); ACTION: extend knee, anchor patella

Vastus medialis GROUP: Quadriceps

ORIGIN: femur (linea aspera); INSERTION: patella, tibia (tuberosity, condyles); ACTION: extend knee, anchor patella

Rectus femoris GROUP: Quadriceps

ORIGIN: ilium (anterior inferior spine), acetabulum (superior margin), hip joint capsule; INSERTION: patella, tibia (tuberosity, condyles); ACTION: extend knee, flex thigh at hip, flex trunk on hip

Flexion

Produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. The popliteus muscle facilitates this movement by unlocking the fully extended knee joint.

Extension

Produced by the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group of muscles.

Femoral triangle

Superior border - Formed by the inguinal ligament, a ligament that runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubis tubercle. Lateral border - Formed by the medial border of the sartorius muscle. Medial border - Formed by the medial border of the adductor longus muscle. The rest of this muscle forms part of the floor of the triangle. (also has floor and roof) Anteriorly, the roof of the femoral triangle is formed by the fascia lata. Posteriorly, the base of the femoral triangle is formed by the pectineus, iliopsoas and adductor longus muscles.

Semimembranosus Muscle

The Semimembranosus muscle has an origin attachment point from just in front of the Semitendinosus muscle on the Ischial Tuberosity region and has five insertion attachment points the main one on the posterior portion of the medial condyle of the tibia a second insertion point is the fascia which covers the Popliteus muscle and the remainder insert joining the Tibial Collateral ligament of the joint and the fascia of the leg.

Semitendinosus Muscle

The Semitendinosus muscle has an origin attachment point from the Ischial Tuberosity region of the pelvis as a tendon shared with the biceps femurs. and has an insertion attachment point on the upper shaft of the tibia.

Iliopsoas

The iliopsoas muscle group consists of two muscles: the psoas muscle and the iliac muscle. These muscles work together to help the hip flex. The psoas muscle connects to the lumbar vertebrae L1 through L5. The other end of the psoas muscle connects to the tendon on femur bone.

Rotation

The knee joint allows for slight rotation when flexed, which is produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, and sartorius.

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

The ligament that gives stability to the inner knee.

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

The ligament that gives stability to the outer knee.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

The ligament, located in the center of the knee, that controls backward movement of the tibia (shin bone).

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

The ligament, located in the center of the knee, that controls rotation and forward movement of the tibia (shin bone).

During plantar flexion of the soleus the antagonist

The major antagonist is the tibialis anterior, or the shin muscle. The posterior tibialis and the medial, or inner, gastrocnemius work to neutralize the force during plantar flexion of the ankle. The fibularis muscles stabilize the ankle during plantar flexion.

Bicep Femoris Muscle

The origin attachment point of the Biceps Femoris muscle arises as two heads from the Ischial Tuberosity region of the pelvis as a tendon which is shares with the Semitendinous muscle. Another shorter head arises from the outside edged of the Linea Aspera. The fibers of the short head merge into those of the long head, which then have an insertion attachment point on the head of the fibula.

On the posterior surface of the knee, the anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular veins unite to form the popliteal vein

The popliteal vein enters the thigh via the adductor canal.

Rectus femoris

The rectus femoris is one of the four quadriceps muscles -- the quadriceps are the major muscle group of the front of the upper leg. The rectus femoris attaches to the anterior inferior -- the part toward the feet -- portion of the iliac crest and runs to the base of the patella, also known as the knee.

Sartorius

The top of the sartorius muscle attaches to the anterior superior iliac crest. Anterior is the portion toward the front of the body, superior is the part toward the head, and iliac crest is the top border of the ilium. The muscle crosses the upper leg to attach to the tibia, also known as the shin bone.

Iliopsoas function

This is the primary hip flexor muscle.

The transverse tarsal joint is the designation for the irregular plane which extends from side to side across the foot and is composed of the talonavicular articulation medially and the calcaneocuboid joint laterally.

This joint allows inversion and eversion of the foot.

The interosseous membrane

This ligament extends through the fibula and tibia's interosseous crests and separates the muscles in the back of the leg from the muscles located in the front of the leg.

The Quadriceps are a group of four muscles that sit on the anterior or front aspect of the thigh which are

Vastus Medialis, Intermedius and Lateralis and finally the Rectus Femoris.

The Achilles tendon is a

a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone (calcaneus). The Achilles tendon is also called the calcaneal tendon.The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles (calf muscles) unite into one band of tissue, which becomes the Achilles tendon at the low end of the calf. The Achilles tendon then inserts into the calcaneus. Small sacs of fluid called bursae cushion the Achilles tendon at the heel

The tensor fasciae latae assists (acts as a synergist) two other muscles in what movement of the hip joint?

abduction

hip adduction

adductor mangus, longus & brevis agonist: adductor mangus, longus & brevis antagonist: tensor fasciae latae & gluteus medius

The ligament designed to prevent forward displacement of the tibia off the distal end of the femur is the _____ ligament

anterior cruciate

The ligament designed to prevent forward displacement of the tibia off the distal end of the femur is the _____ ligament.

anterior cruciate

Adductor magnus muscle is one of the biggest muscles of the human body. It originates

at the inferior pubic ramus, the ischial ramus and the ischial tuberosity and inserts both at the linea aspera ("fleshy insertion") and the medial epicondyle ("tendinous insertion").

The femoral vein leaves the thigh by running underneath the inguinal ligament

at which point it is known as the external iliac vein.

When the knee joint moves into extension, which muscle becomes the external rotator of the lower leg?

biceps femoris

Which of the following muscles is considered the lateral hamstring muscle? semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, or rectus femoris?

biceps femoris

The femur is the only bone located within the human thigh. It is

both the longest and the strongest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee.

The Vastus Laterals is also on the medial side (on the inner part)of the femur

but on the opposite side to the Vastus Medialis. It's origin attachment point is just beneath the Greater Trochanter of the femur and half way along the lateral side of the linea aspera and curl around in almost a mirror image of the Vastus Medialis. The Vastus Laterlis insertion attachment points are the large Quadricep tendon which is an aponeurosis which covers about half of the lower shaft of the femur and merges into the supra patella(knee cap) tendon as well as the lateral borders of the patella(knee cap) assisting in enclosing the patella.

Which of the following is not considered a fundamental movement of the hip joint? flexion, circumduction, extension, adduction

circumduction

Adductor minimus muscle

describes the inconstant cranial separation of the adductor magnus which is found in many people. It extends from the inferior pubic ramus to the linea aspera.

The sciatic nerve supplies sensation to the skin of the foot, as well as the

entire lower leg (except for its inner side). Sensation to skin to the sole of the foot is provided by the tibial nerve, and the lower leg and upper surface of the foot via the common fibular nerve. The sciatic nerve also innervates muscles.

The main artery of the lower limb is

femoral artery.

The external iliac becomes the femoral artery when it crosses under the inguinal ligament and enters the

femoral triangle.

Once the popliteal vein has entered the thigh, it is known as the

femoral vein. It is situated anteriorly, accompanying the femoral artery.

The gastrocnemius muscle originates on the_____

femur

The menisci of the knee are two pads of

fibrocartilaginous tissue which serve to disperse friction in the knee joint between the lower leg (tibia) and the thigh (femur).

The adductors of the hip are part of the inner hip musculature and range from

from the lower pelvic bone to the femur and knee region.

The iliotibial band consists of the comined tendons from the tensor fascia lata and the _____

gluteus maximus

The iliotibial tract consists of the combined tendons from the tensor fascia lata and the _____

gluteus maximus

The posterior muscle group is made up of the muscles that extend (straighten) the thigh at the hip. These muscles include the

gluteus maximus muscle (the largest muscle in the body) and the hamstrings group, which consists of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles. Climbing stairs, standing, walking, and running are all activities that require strong contractions from the posterior muscle group to extend the leg.

Which of the following muscles is not an adductor of the hip joint? gracilis, gluteus maximus, pectineus, or gluteus medius?

gluteus medius

Which of the following hip adductor muscles also crosses the knee joint? pectineus, adductor magnus, gracilis, or adductor longus?

gracilis

A joint defined as triaxial, ball and socket joint of the lower extremity is the ____

hip joint

The hip flexor muscles are attached to the

hip joint to allow the femur, which is the upper leg bone, to flex onto the pelvis region.

The posterior compartment

holds the large muscles that we know as the calf muscles: the gastrocnemius and soleus. This compartment also contains plantaris muscle. The gastrocnemius is shorter, thicker and has two inner and outer attachments. It is the most visible of the calf muscles. The soleus lies underneath. These three muscles attach to the Achilles tendon, and they all aid with plantarflexion.

The femoral triangle is a

hollow area in the anterior thigh. Many large neurovascular structures pass through this area, and can be accessed relatively easily. Thus, it is an area of both anatomical and clinical importance.

which of the following muscles of the hip joint does not attach to the pubic bone? pectineous, adductor brevis, gracilis, or iliacus?

iliacus

The ligament of the hip often referred to as the Y-ligament is the _____ ligament

iliofemoral

Which of the following structures attaches to Gerdy's tubercle on the proximal anterior lateral aspect of the tibia? quadriceps tendon, lateral collateral ligament, lateral meniscus, or iliotibial band ligament?

iliotibial band ligament

The tensor fasciae latae contracts the

iliotibial band of fibrous connective tissue that helps to stabilize the femur, tibia, and thigh muscles.

The adult os coxae, or hip bone, is formed by the fusion of the

ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

The anterior compartment

in the front of the shin, holds the tibialis anterior, the extensor digitorum longus, the extensor hallucis longus and the peroneus tertius muscles. These muscles pull the toes and feet upward, a process known as dorsiflexion. The tibialis anterior also assists in turning the foot inward. You can feel these muscles contract by placing your hand just to the outside of the tibia and pulling your foot up.

The medial meniscus is on the

inner side of the knee joint.

The lateral compartment

is along the outside of the lower leg. It contains the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles. These muscles pull the toes and feet outward. They also help with pointing the foot, or plantarflexion. To feel these muscles contract, place your hand on the outside of your shin and turn your foot out.

Vastus Medialis

is on the medial side (on the inner part)of the femur. It's origin attachment points are a narrow band from just beneath the Greater Trochanter and along the medial side of the Linea Aspera. and the insertion attachment points are are the large Quadricep tendon which is an aponeurosis which covers about half of the lower shaft of the femur and merges into the supra patella tendon as well as the laurel borders of the patella.

The large tuberosity on which the hamstrings originate is part of the _____

ischium

A joint defined as a modified hinge joint of the lower extremity is the _____ joint.

knee

The popliteus muscle at the back of the leg unlocks the

knee by rotating the femur on the tibia, allowing flexion of the joint.

The medial meniscus is the central band of cartilage attached to the tibia, or shinbone. The band goes around the

knee joint in a crescent-shaped path and is located between the medial condyles of the shin and the femur, or thighbone.

The greater trochanter of the femur is located where in relation to the hip joint?

lateral

the bone on the outside of the ankle joint it is on the end of the fibula bone of the leg.

lateral malleolus

The medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula form a cup surrounding the rounded tarsus to prevent

lateral movement at the ankle joint.

The deep posterior compartment

lies deep within the back of the lower leg. It includes the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucus longus. The tibialis posterior pulls the foot inward, the flexor digitorum longus flexes the toes the and flexor hallucus longus flexes the big toe. All three aid in plantarflexion.

Which of the following ligaments has deep fibers attaching to a meniscus? medial collateral, lateral collateral, anterior cruciate, or posterior cruciate?

medial collateral

The most distal aspect of the femur bone is the _____

medial condyle

The interosseous membrane of the leg is also referred to as the

middle tibiofibular ligament.

The main venous structure of the foot is the dorsal venous arch, which

mostly drains into the superficial veins. Some veins from the arch penetrate deep into the leg, forming the anterior tibial vein.

Three sets of muscles (popliteus, quadriceps and hamstrings) allow for

movement, balance, and stability at the knee joint.

Adductor brevis muscle

originates at the inferior pubic ramus and inserts at the linea aspera.

The lateral meniscus is on the

outside of the knee.

main function of the hip adductors is the adduction of the hip joint. Furthermore it supports the

outward rotation (pectineus, adductor minimus, brevis and magnus), inward rotation (tendinous insertion of the adductor magnus), flexion (all) and extension (tendinous insertion of the adductor magnus

Which of the following muscles, although considered weak flexor of the knee, is really of little significance in human anatomy? popliteus, plantaris, biceps femoris, or sartorius?

plantaris

Which of the following muscles crosses only the knee joint? sartorius, biceps femoris, rectus femoris or popliteus?

popliteus

Flexion of the knee requires some slight rotation of the tibia, which is provided by the contraction of the

popliteus muscle.

The popliteal space is found on what aspect of the knee joint?

posterior

The six deep external rotators of the hip joint are located on the _____ aspect of the joint.

posterior

Which of the following ligaments is responsible for preventing posterior displacement of the proximal tibia off the distal end of the femur? anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, medial collateral, or lateral collateral?

posterior cruciate

The fibula is united to the bones of the foot on the lateral side of the ankle by the anterior and

posterior talofibular ligaments and the calcaneofibular ligament. On the medial side, the wide deltoid ligament binds the tibia to the tarsal bones of the foot.

The tiny articularis genus muscle elevates the suprapatellar bursa and capsule of the knee joint to

prevent pinching of this soft tissue during extension of the leg at the knee.

n the femoral triangle, the

profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery. It travels posteriorly and distally, giving off three main branches:

Which of the following muscles is absent on one or both sides in approximately 50% of human beings? psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus, or iliopsoas?

psoas minor

Which of the following muscle groups contains the largest sesamoid bone in the body within its tendon of insertion? iliopsoas, quadriceps, hamstrings, or adductors?

quadriceps

Which of the following muscles is not considered a primary flexor of the knee? semitendinosis, semimembranosus, rectus femoris, or biceps femoris?

rectus femoris

Which of the following muscles is not considered one of the six deep external rotators of the hip joint? quadratus femoris, rectus femoris, piriformis, or internal oburator?

rectus femoris

Which muscle crosses both the knee and hip joint

rectus femoris which originates at the iliac crest (pelvis) and inserts on the tibia (lower leg)

Gracilis muscle

runs from the inferior border of the pubic symphysis to the medial surface of the tibia, where it inserts as the superficial pes anserinus. Its tendon is easy to palpate in the inguinal region - together with the tendon of the adductor longus muscle.

Which of the following muscles is not part of the muscle group known as the iliopsoas? iliacus, sacroiliac, psoas major or psoas minor?

sacroilac

Which of the following ligaments is not considered a ligament of the hip joint? iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, or sacroiliac?

sacroiliac

is the joint between the sacrum and the ilium bones of the pelvis, which are connected by strong ligaments. In humans, the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side.

sacroiliac

large wedge shaped vertebra at the inferior end of the spine. It forms the solid base of the spinal column where it intersects with the hip bones to form the pelvis.

sacrum

Which of the following muscles is the longest muscle in the human body? sartorius, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, or tensor fascia lata?

sartorius

Which of the following hamstring muscles is part of the structure known as the pes anserinus? semitendinosis, semimembranosus, rectus femoris, or biceps femoris?

semitendinosis

The menisci - the medial meniscus and lateral meniscus - are crescent-shaped bands of thick, rubbery cartilage attached to the shinbone (tibia). They act as

shock absorbers and stabilize the knee.

Adductor longus muscle has its origin at the

superior pubic ramus and the pubic symphysis and insertion at the linea aspera.

The Vastus Intermedius lies in between

the Vastus Lateralis and the Vastus Medialis and it's origin attachment points are from the front and the lateral side of the upper two thirds of the femur's shaft and it's insertion attachment points are the large quadricep tendon which is an aponeurosis which covers about half of the lower shaft of the femur and merges into the supra patella tendon as well as the laurel borders of the patella.

The knee, also known as the tibiofemoral joint, is a synovial hinge joint formed between three bones

the femur, tibia, and patella.

Important features of the femur include the

the head, medial and lateral condyles, patellar surface, medial and lateral epicondyles, and greater and lesser trochanters.

The lower leg is divided into four compartments

the interosseous membrane of the leg, the anterior intermuscular septum, the transverse intermuscular septum and the posterior intermuscular septum

The hip joint is the articulation of

the pelvis with the femur, which connects the axial skeleton with the lower extremity.

As the femoral artery descends through the thigh, it enters the popliteal region in the posterior of the knee and becomes known as

the popliteal artery.

On the plantar aspect of the foot, medial and lateral plantar veins arise. These veins combine to form

the posterior tibial and fibular veins. The posterior tibial vein accompanies the posterior tibial artery, entering the leg posteriorly to the medial malleolus.

The psoas major and psoas minor muscles originate on the _____

thoracic and lumbar spine

The medial and lateral menisci are attached to the _____

tibia

The ankle joint is an articulation between the

tibia, fibula and talus. It is a synovial hinge joint with only two movements possible, dorsiflexion (extension) or plantarflexion (flexion).

The ligament attaching the anterior horns of the medial and lateral meniscus to prevent meniscal distortion during knee extension is the _____ ligament?

transverse

Which of the following muscles is found beneath the rectus femoris muscle? vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, or vastus femoris?

vastus intermedius

The tibia is the only

weight bearing bone

Pubofemoral ligament

which attaches the most forward part of the pelvis known as the pubis to the femur

Ischiofemoral ligament

which attaches to the ischium (the lowest part of the pelvis) and between the two trochanters of the femur.

Iliofemoral ligament

which connects the pelvis to the femur at the front of the joint. It keeps the hip from hyper-extension