examen 4 psy

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

. Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences.

In which of the following does each participant have an equal chance of being placed in each group?

. Random assignments

In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware?

. Vegetative

A person is usually described as 'gifted' if he or she has an IQ in the range of __________.

A. 130-140

. Adults move through about ________ different cycles of non-REM and REM sleep every night, with each cycle lasting roughly ________ minutes.

A. 4-6; 90

the inferences one makes about the causes of other people's behavior.

A. Abstractions

Who is credited with developing the first test of intelligence?

A. Alfred Binet

refers to a selfless concern for and giving of aid to others.

A. Altruism

Who coined the term 'operant' to refer to behavior that acts—or operates—on the environment to produce specific consequences?

A. B. F. Skinner

Who is credited with developing the first theory of intelligence?

A. Charles Spearman

are photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light.

A. Cones

memories are the ones that require conscious effort for retrieval

A. Explicit

Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

A. Hallucination

Which of the following refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in her or his surroundings?

A. Inattentional blindness

People in Western cultures are more concerned with how their behavior will affect their personal goals. Which of the following dimensions reflects this personality?

A. Individualism

______ can be defined as a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge.

A. Intelligence

Which of the following is a form of mental training that can be used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of the present moment?

A. Meditation

Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings?

A. Melatonin

The ____________ is used by psychotherapists to assess the degree and kind of a person's psychiatric personality traits, such as depression, paranoia, or psychopathic deviance.

A. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Which of the following is a powerful stimulant that is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue?

A. Nicotine

a kind of conformity that occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure.

A. Obedience

is the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience.

A. Perception

______ can diagnose disorders of technology use but also use the same technologies to help treat people with various kinds of disorders.

A. Personality psychologists

are ways of knowing that affect how one views his or her social world.

A. Schemas

Mike thinks that women should not be promoted to managerial positions because he feels that women lack management skills. His thinking is an example of ________________.

A. Sexism

Which of the following is an attentional process that helps determine the contents of consciousness at any given moment in time?

A. Sustained attention

Which of the following are the key structures in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress responses?

A. The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems.

A. circadian rhythm

James has received training in medicine and has an MD degree; in addition to offering therapy he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a:

A. clinical psychologist.

The vibrations on the oval window send movement through the fluid-filled cavity of the _______.

A. cochlea

The last process of the scientific method is to ___________.

A. communicate

Replication of a study is important to:

A. confirm the results of the study.

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______.

A. confirmation bias

Sigmund and Anna Freud described psychological ____________ as strategies that the mind develops to protect itself from anxiety-provoking desires, thoughts, and memories.

A. defense mechanisms

If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):

A. depressant.

When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us. This attitude is known as __________.

A. intellectual honesty

The ______________ is the statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value.

A. mode

In terms of the nature-nurture debate, psychologists' contemporary view is that human behavior is:

A. mostly a product of biology, inborn tendencies, and genetically based traits.

Alisha believes that human behavior is solely the result of genetic coding. Her point of view is referred to as the ______________ view.

A. nature-only

Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the pills that do not contain any active ingredients are said to be __________.

A. placebos

A subset of a population is called a ___________.

A. sample

Cognitive science focuses on the scientific study of _____________.

A. thought

What is the mean of the following set of numbers: 10, 15, 20, 35, and 55? A. 20

B. 27

Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance

B. Addictions

can be best defined as the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought.

B. Biological psychology

Which of the following words is used by psychologists to refer to mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge?

B. Cognition

______________ is the study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems.

B. Cognitive psychology

Which of the following is commonly known as the stress hormone?

B. Cortisol

Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the scientific method

B. Creating

__________ refers to the ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments, and solve problems.

B. Critical thinking

______________ psychology is a blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice.

B. Forensic

How many stages are there to non-REM sleep?

B. Four

According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to the ability to perceive other people's intentions?

B. Interpersonal intelligence

Who discovered classical conditioning?

B. Ivan Pavlov

Which of the following can be classified as an opioid?

B. Morphine

Which of the following is the first basic process of the scientific method?

B. Observe

___________ refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact do not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions.

B. Pseudoscience

Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged?

B. Retrieval

_______ is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world.

B. Sensation

is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain.

B. Sensory memory

occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards.

B. Social loafing

can be best defined as the study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.

B. Social psychology

Christopher is three years of age. Which of the following will hold true in the context of his brain development?

B. The brain reaches about 80 percent of adult size.

The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as:

B. awareness.

A(n) _____________ can be defined as a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time.

B. case study

The two types of conditioning are ___________.

B. classical and operant

The ____________ layer of consciousness is what one is aware of at any given moment in time

B. conscious

Vocabulary tests are measures of __________.

B. crystallized intelligence

If a pregnant lady drinks excessively, her child runs the risk of having ______.

B. fetal alcohol syndrome

The _______, a spot on the back of the retina, contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina.

B. fovea

John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John's brain would reveal that he has a damaged:

B. frontal lobe.

Salim likes to have coffee. He has begun to consume several cups of coffee even when he has nothing much to keep himself busy. He says that coffee keeps his spirits up by alleviating boredom. This indicates that Salim

B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee.

A ____________ is a specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition

B. hypothesis

Freud developed the notion that the human mind has three distinct "provinces," or regions, that involve control and regulation of impulses. On the basis of this notion, the ____________ is the seat of impulse and desire and is usually developed in infancy

B. id

The _______________ structures are important in emotion and motivation.

B. limbic system

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______.

B. link between two events in the environment

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________.

B. observational learning

Spanking a child for repeatedly breaking glass showpieces is a form of ___________.

B. positive punishment

In the context of social relations, _________________ is action that is beneficial to others.

B. prosocial behavior

After entering through the cornea, light passes through liquid until it reaches a hole called the _______.

B. pupil

Kamal often takes illicit drugs recreationally. Even though he knows it is illegal and potentially deadly, he says to himself, "I only do it once in a while, and I won't get caught or become addicted!" In order to reduce cognitive dissonance, Kamal is engaging in ________________.

B. rationalization

The ________ is a thin layer of nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye.

B. retina

Abraham Maslow's concept of ____________ refers to people's inherent drive to realize their full potential.

B. self-actualization

combines problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.

B. social support

Psyche, the root word of "psychology," comes from the Greek for _____________.

B. soul

Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong are known as

B. stereotypes

In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, none of the witnesses to her stabbing came to her aid. Psychologists later called this phenomenon ________________.

B. the bystander effect

Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence is known as __________.

B. the g-factor theory

According to Carl Rogers, ____________ is the ability to respect and appreciate another person irrespective of their behavior.

B. unconditional positive regard

What are the three stages of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

C. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

can be best defined as the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior

C. Behavioral neuroscience

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following?

C. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

Which of the following refers to a mental grouping of objects, events, or people?

C. Concept

occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms.

C. Conformity

psychologists treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interests.

C. Counseling

Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct a research on how reasoning skills or emotional skills change with age?

C. Developmental psychologist

memory is one's memory for the experiences one has had.

C. Episodic

are the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation and are also regarded as standards of right and wrong.

C. Ethics

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?

C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

is a disorder on the X chromosome, resulting in the abnormal development of a gene involved in neural development.

C. Fragile X syndrome

Which of the following theorists theorized that intelligence consists of eight distinct capacities?

C. Howard Gardner

memories are retrieved without conscious effort.

C. Implicit

Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS?

C. Marijuana

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?

C. Modeling

the cells that process and transmit information throughout the nervous system.

C. Neurons

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning?

C. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others.

Which of these statements is most likely to be made by psychologist B. F. Skinner?

C. People are more likely to repeat a behavior that has been rewarded.

What does REM stand for?

C. Rapid eye movement

With regard to personality assessment methods, supporters of the ____________ test claim that responses from the assessment can help them diagnose various psychological disorders, such as depression, suicidal thoughts, pedophilia, post-traumatic stress disorder, or anxiety disorders.

C. Rorschach Inkblot Test

entails collecting observations, or data, from the real world and evaluating whether those data support our ideas or not.

C. Science

plays a role in dreaming and in controlling emotional states such as anger, anxiety, and depression.

C. Serotonin

Which of the following psychologists founded the movement known as psychoanalysis?

C. Sigmund Freud

occurs when the presence of others improves our performance

C. Social facilitation

the retention of memory over time, is the third stage of long-term memory formation.

C. Storage

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

C. The cocktail party effect

Which part of the eye is responsible for bending light rays so that light can be focused on the retina?

C. The cornea

An IQ test predicts academic achievement better for a particular ethnic group compared to another. What does this suggest about the test?

C. The test is biased.

Which of the following layers of consciousness is the level at which most thoughts, feelings, motives, and images reside and is considered the most important in Freud's theory of psychoanalysis?

C. The unconscious

In Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral stimulus that was presented to the dog was:

C. a bell sound.

Stress occurs when

C. a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation.

The ___________ regulates almost all of our major drives and motives, including hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual behavior.

C. amygdala

When we experience situations as stressful, physiological changes occur in our bodies most notably due to the interaction of the:

C. autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and brain interact

The _______________ serves the involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands. A. autonomic nervous system

C. central nervous system

The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 1774, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier.

C. chunking

Of the following, ____________ is the first processing stage in long-term memory.

C. encoding

The quantitative trait loci approach looks for the location of specific bits of DNA on particular genes that might be associated with particular traits. These specific bits of DNA are also known as ___________ of behavior.

C. genetic markers

Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. This phenomenon is called

C. group decision-making

When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into:

C. implicit memory.

When a person shows positive feelings toward people in his or her own culture and negative feelings toward those in other cultures, the person is displaying ________________.

C. in-group/out-group bias

Nathan is a budding lawyer experiencing troubled sleep. Let alone the occasional disturbed sleep, he takes not less than two hours to fall asleep. Even though he has been getting sleep at times since the last three weeks, he complains of not feeling rested after a night's sleep. Nathan's symptoms suggest that he suffers from:

C. insomnia

In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to ______ the results and determine whether they are significant and whether they closely fit the prediction.

C. interpret

The colored part of the eye, which is called the _______, adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye.

C. iris

Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in:

C. long-term memory.

The _____________ is the middle score, which separates the lower half of scores from the upper half.

C. median

People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:

C. minimally conscious.

Chan Lee, an Asian primatologist, studied different groups of gorillas over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the subtropical forests of Africa to understand their mating and reproductive habits. Based on her observations, Chan found that male gorillas are ready to mate when they are 15 years of age. In this scenario, descriptive method of research used by Chan can be best termed as a(n) ___________.

C. naturalistic observation

Information is transmitted between neurons by means of chemicals called ___________.

C. neurotransmitters

In the __________ and ____________ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their expectations as a theory.

C. observation; prediction

The _______________ is known as the master gland of the body.

C. pituitary gland

a biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like

C. prejudice

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the ego operates on the ____________ principle.

C. reality

The trichromatic theory of color vision states that all colors humans experience result from a mixture of:

C. red, blue, and green

Psychology is most accurately defined as the _____________.

C. scientific study of thought and behavior

Money, grades, and peer approval are ____________ reinforcers

C. secondary

The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others is termed as:

C. selective attention

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.

C. shaping

According to Freud, the last part of the human mind that develops around age 2 or 3 is the ___________.

C. superego

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of:

C. syntax and grammar.

According to the concept of personality, the ____________ of a person is the disposition to behave consistently in a particular way.

C. trait

The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC.

D. 0.08

A child can form adultlike sentences at around:

D. 4.5 years of age.

are step-by-step formulas or procedures for solving problems.

D. Algorithms

the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at odds with one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person

D. Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following refers to the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive?

D. Cognitive psychology

Which of the following dimensions of personality reflects how people in Asian cultures tend to be more concerned about the impact of their behavior on their family, friends, and social groups?

D. Collectivism

refers to anything people do to deal with or manage stress or emotions.

D. Coping

is a clear, hard covering that protects the lens.

D. Cornea

Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________.

D. Down syndrome

Which psychologist coined the term preconscious?

D. Freud

Which of the following types of cells is responsible for controlling acquired immunity?

D. Lymphocytes

is the ability to store and use information.

D. Memory

requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it.

D. Metacognitive thinking

The outcome of which of the following response mechanisms determines whether an emotional response might occur in an individual?

D. Primary appraisal

refers to the science of how psychological factors relate to immune changes

D. Psychoneuroimmunology

Which of the following best describes Arthur Jensen's conclusions regarding IQ?

D. Racial and ethnic characteristics do not have any influence on IQ.

as a defense mechanism, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening or disturbing thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness.

D. Repression

________ are photoreceptors in the retina that play a key role in night vision, as they are most responsive to dark and light contrast.

D. Rods

Patrick has been tested to have an IQ of 32. But, he plays the piano exceptionally well. Patrick suffers from ______.

D. Savant syndrome

What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it?

D. Short-term memory

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, what was the automatic response?

D. The dogs started salivating.

Martha is taking a test which requires her to solve problems through inductive and deductive reasoning. Which part of the brain will she use the most?

D. The frontal lobe

Who is considered the founder of American psychology?

D. William James

The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences.

D. amygdala

Social psychologists define _________________ as a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, idea, or person.

D. attitudes

A savant is most likely to suffer from __________.

D. autism

Buddy knows that when his owner Sally picks up his leash, she is likely to take him for a walk. Therefore, he runs to the door. Sally started ringing a bell just before picking up Buddy's leash for a few days. She presented the bell along with the leash to Buddy over and over again; Buddy ran to the door. Then she tried presenting the bell alone to see if Buddy might now link the bell with the leash. Buddy salivated to the bell alone. Learning theorists would say that Buddy is ______.

D. conditioned

In research analysis and reports, data are never directly aligned with an individual respondent, thereby protecting his or her identity. Thus, ____________ is maintained.

D. confidentiality

Punishment involves:

D. decreasing the frequency of a behavior by adding or removing a stimulus.

Among the three provinces of the human mind derived by Freud that control and regulate impulses, the ____________ is the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world.

D. ego

In the ___________ system, glands secrete chemicals called hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs all over the body and regulate body functions

D. endocrine

According to Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence, ___________ involves how fast you learn new things.

D. fluid intelligence

Children and teenagers act more impulsively than adults partially because their ______ are not fully developed.

D. frontal lobes

Sam was regularly bullied in school by a senior named Jeremy. As a result, whenever he meets a person named Jeremy his palms start to sweat and his heart races, even though he is now an adult. Sam's behavior is an example of ___________.

D. habituation

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that:

D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

The ____________ is the arithmetic average of a series of numbers. A. range

D. mean

When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, he/she is in a(n) ________ state.

D. moderately conscious

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting.

D. negative punishment

According to Carl Sagan, ____________ is the second attitude of science.

D. open skepticism

Psychologists use the term ____________ when they are referring to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual

D. personality

Among the three provinces of the human mind as derived by Freud, the id is founded on the ____________ principle.

D. pleasure principle

The humanistic movement was rekindled in the 1990s and relabeled ___________.

D. positive psychology

The ____________ layer of consciousness is just below the surface of awareness

D. preconscious

According to the author, the first attitude of science is __________.

D. questioning authority

When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________.

D. reinforced

Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n)

D. self-serving bias

With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that:

D. sleep changes throughout the night.

Alfred Adler disagreed with Freudian theory, suggesting that ____________ is the major motivator of all behavior.

D. striving for superiority

The _______________ play an important role in the sensation and perception of touch.

D. temporal lobes

Anna and Johanna visit their hometown after a long time. They are disappointed to find the old local library razed to erect a mall. Johanna remarks that she still has such fond memories associated with the library that she vividly remembers how the librarian greeted them on every visit, and how she used to look forward to the arrival of new books every month. This is an example of:

D. visual imagery.