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Example Questions PUBLIC HEALTH

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the goal of any diagnostic or screening test is to have _________% sensitivity and _________% specificity

100 100

Head Start primarily serves children of what age?

Is the logic model easy or hard to understand?

easy

basic and fundamental to all epidemiological principals

epidemiologic triangle

measures the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis.

fluorosis index

what evaluation helps point out problems and identify opportunities to make improvements; similar to dental hygiene process of care to evaluating instrumentation technique and deposit removal during the scaling appointment during individual patient are

formative evaluation

gingival Index

The context of people's lives determines their health. Individuals are likely to be able to control many of the determinants of health directly.

he first statement is true; the second statement is false.

Data collected specifically for use in a program are referred to as ___________ _______

Primary Data

Name the Target Groups

*At risk Groups:* pre-school and school age children low income minority expectant mothers

what are the components of an educational plan?

*Educational Goal: * nonspecific statement that serves as foundation to which develop all subsequent plans *Instructional objectives:* describe what the learner is expected to be able to do, know, or think differently about once the lessons content has been presented and mastered *Subject content:* should be organized

Levels of Focus in Health Education

*Intrapersonal Focus*: Individual *Interpersonal Focus:* Group *Community Focus:* community behaviors (economy, politics, other factors within the community on behavior)

Explain the acronym Learn

*Listen* to the other person's point of view or beliefs *Explain* why treatment recommended is necessary *Acknowledge* they might have a different belief system or idea about "western medicine" *Recommend* treatment plan *Negotiate* a plan that is acceptable to both provider and patient

what are the 4 types of media formats?

*Mass Media* *No tech Media*: chalk boards and whiteboards, display boards, story boards, real objects, samples *Low Tech Media:* posters and charts, overhead transparencies *High Tech Media:* Slides and Videos, computer generated, electronic presentations

What is the SMART formula?

*Specific :* focus and precision *Measurable:* easily assessed to gauge progress *Appropriate: * needs of the population group should be the focus *Realistic/Related:* achievable, yet challenging/directly related to expected outcomes *Time Bound:* specific time frame

What are the barriers to healthcare?

*Structural* - shortage of healthcare providers and lack of facilities in a community *Financial* - related to a patient's ability to afford care, lack of insurance or underinsurance *Personal barriers* - sexual orientation, language and education (women seek health care more often than men)

The Kleinman explanatory model assists with the gathering of information by:

Asking the client questions

Community Periodontal Index (CPI)

To screen and monitor individual or group periodontal needs

Name the codes of CPI/CPITN 0 1 2 3 4

0= healthy perio tissues 1= bleeding after gentle probing 2= supra or sub calculus or defective margin of filling or crown 3= 4 or 5 mm pocket 4= 6 mm pocket or deeper

Matching: a. the agent b. host factors c. Factors in the environment 1. influence exposure and may indirectly affect susceptibility as well. 2. the cause of the disease (for infectious disease) Causative factors 3. affect an individuals susceptibility to a disease (important behavioral lifesyle factors like smoking

1. C 2. A 3. B

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: Which need 1. basic survival needs include oxygen food, water, and rest 2. dominant and most powerful need 3. These needs must be satisfied before any others can become relevant 4. Love and social belonging needs include needs for affectionate relationships and a place within one's culture group or family 5. human requirements to be safe from harm and for protection against physical or psychological injury. 6. Feeling of self worth, competence achievement, mastery or independence as well as need for gaining respect, status esteem of others. 7. These needs include well organized environment (shelter), economic self sufficiency (job), protection, and freedom from fear and anxiety 8. represents the state of fully achieving one's potential and the ability to control one's needs thatcher than being controlled by them.

1. Psysiologic Need 2. Pysiologic Need 3. psyiologic Needs 4. social needs 5. Security and Safety Needs 6. Self Esteem or Ego Needs 7. Security and Safety Needs 8. Self Actualization or self realization

*State whether it is susceptibility, severity, beneficial, or benefits outweigh barriers to actions:* 1. The individual must believe that the disease will have an impact of at least moderate severity or seriousness on their life. 2. the individual must believe that they are susceptible to a given disease or condition 3. the individual must believe that there are effective actions that can be taken to reduce the risk of, or control, the disease 4. the individual must believe that the benefits of taking the recommended action exceed any difficulties they might encounter 5. There are specific things I can do, such as using the recommended brushing method and following the prescribed home care regimens, which will prevent the disease 6. I could develop periodontitis 7. It is worth the extra time I spend to clean my teeth and mouth to be free of the threat of periodontitis 8. Periodontitis is a serious disease and can lead to bleeding gums, bad breath, and tooth loss which will affect my life.

1. Severity 2. Susceptibility 3. beneficial 4. benefits outweigh barriers to actions 5. beneficial 6. Susceptibility 7. benefits outweigh barriers to actions 8. severity

true or false 1. dental caries is 5 times as common as asthma and seven times as common as hay fever in 5-17 year olds 2. Dental caries affect more than 50% o us children aged 2-5 years old and half of those aged 12-15 years old.

1. True 2. False; 25% not 50%

A survey of parents found that more than ______ were unaware of what sealants were.

1/3

At what frequency does Health People provide national health targets aimed at improving the health of all Americans?

10 year

A city ordinance that prohibits smoking in a public restaurant is an example of which of the following?

A Policymaking Decision that is a Determinant of Health

What population group experiences the highest incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer? A. Black males B. Non-Hispanic white females C. People infected with HPV D. Smokers

A. Black males

Which of the following is thought to have the least impact on health?

Access and use of health care services

Which of the following federal initiatives that provide funding to states administers the Head Start program?

Administration for Children and Families (ACF)

The legislation that has impacted the evolution of the oral health care system is which of the following?

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Biologic or mechanical means of causing disease, illness, injury, or disability is which of the following factors in the epidemiologic triangle?

Agent

Which of the following describes the findings of an assessment?

An assessment should be published and distributed widely to various community members

Which of the following describes the findings of an assessment?

An assessment should be published and distributed widely to various community members.

looks at determinants of disease used to test hypothesis Risk Factors: why do people get the disease

Analytic study

Which of the following is the regular and systematic collection, assemblage, analysis, and communication on the health of the community?

Assessment

which core public health function is addressed through the initial phase of this project?

Assessment

What three core public health functions were identified in an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report in 1998?

Assessment, policy development, assurance

Which three core public health functions specified by the CDCP must health agencies and departments perform in order to protect health, wellness, and quality of life and prevent disease, injury, disability, and death?

Assessment, policy development, assurance

Dean's Classification for Dental Fluorosis

Assigns an individual score based on the two teeth most severely affected by fluorosis

The assessment process should be which of the following?

Evaluated throughout the health assessment process

When determining the necessity of primary data collection, a decision to determine the need for additional data and information should be based on a reevaluation and possible refinement of the assessment goals, an analysis of the findings from the existing data sources, and which of the following?

Available resources to support future assessment activities

As one of the seven basic values of the dental hygiene profession, the precept that "We accept our fundamental obligation to provide services in a manner that protects all clients and minimizes harm to them and others involved in their treatment" is a statement of which of the following principles? A. Beneficence B. Nonmaleficence C. Fairness D. Professionalism

B. Nonmaleficence

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Minority men experience a higher incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancers and increased death rates. B. Oral and pharyngeal cancers are twice as common in women compared with men. C. The 5-year survival rate for oral and pharyngeal cancers has increased. D. Oral and pharyngeal cancers occur more frequently in lower SES groups.

B. Oral and pharyngeal cancers are twice as common in women compared with men.

According to Healthy People 2020, congenitally missing teeth, cancer, and cleft lip are considered examples of which of the following determinants of health?

Biologic and genetic

When it is necessary to collect original data, components for a work plan include objectives, activities, roles, responsibilities, and which of the following?

Budget and timetable

Which of the following is a Healthy People 2010 Objective that experienced regression? A. Decrease in states with systems for recording cleft lips and cleft palates B. Decrease in the proportion of school-based health care with oral care component C. Decrease in proportion of children, adolescents and adults who used the oral health care system within the past year D. Increase in the proportion of adults with moderate to severe periodontitis

C. Decrease in proportion of children, adolescents and adults who used the oral health care system within the past year

Which of the following factors is NOT expected to impact future changes in the composition and size of the dental workforce? A. Changing oral disease patterns B. Barriers to care faced by underserved population groups C. Growth in the number of general dentists D. Growth in the number of dental hygienists

C. Growth in the number of general dentists

Which of the following statements about cleft lip and cleft palate is TRUE? A. Of all possible birth defects, cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) is uncommon. B. Cleft lip and/or cleft palate always occur as part of a syndrome or with another developmental disorder. C. There is no national surveillance of orofacial clefts, data to track trends is not available. D. There are no known risk factors.

C. There is no national surveillance of orofacial clefts, data to track trends is not available.

What is used in public health for perio status, gingival bleeding, calculus, period pocket?

CPI

Promotes overall periodontal health of the community, promoted by WHO, evaluates BOP, calculus and perio pockets, but does not evaluate clinical attachment loss

CPI (community periodontal Index Status)

The science and art of preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting dental health through organized community efforts is the definition of which of the following?

Curriculum of dental hygiene

Determines total caries experience past and present by recording tooth surfaces involved. Evaluates status of Adults

DMFS/Decayed Missing and Filled Surfaces

Decayed missing filled teeth determines total dental caries experience past and present usually excludes third molars, counts number of teeth with the history of caries Each tooth is recorded once either D, M, F or T Based on ________ teeth

DMFT 28 teeth

Name the two most common fluorosis index.

Dean's Fluorosis index Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis

Dental caries experience for the primary/deciduous teeth ________ teeth evaluated What does deft/defs stand for?

Deft and Defs 20 decayed need for extraction Filled teeth/surfaces

Which of the following is the federal government's principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans?

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

A mathematical model is used to calculate relationships among quantitative variables in order to accomplish which of the following?

Determine statistical significance

Which of the following is the next phase of the community oral health improvement process after the assessment is complete?

Development of an oral health improvement plan

what is the primary goal of health education?

Disease prevention

Which of the following factors contribute to the burden of oral disease in the United States? A. Unhealthy lifestyles B. Limited oral health promotion efforts C. Both A & BD. Lack of community dental public health programs E. All of the above

E. All of the above

EIBI

Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index Insert wooden wedge gently to depress papilla 1-2 mm insert horizontally insert 4 times recored presenceof absence of bleeding within 15 seconds for each area calculations can be made for entire mouth, quadrants, maxillary vs mandibular teeth

True or False: The collection of primary data prior to collecting secondary data will save time and money depending on how well the data fit the information needs.

False Collect secondary data firs, it is inexpensive, readily available, and may enhance existing data

True or False To start a program without necessary resources is better than doing nothing at all.

False To start a program without necessary resources is worse than doing nothing at all, the recognized unmet needs could result in frustration and mistrust... it can be more difficult to obtain funding for an existing program

Which of the following is the most equitable, cost-effective, and cost-saving method of providing fluoride to the community?

Fluoridation of the public water supply

What is the leading oral health indicator for Healthy People 2020 and a measure of access to oral health care?

Frequency of dental visits

GBI

Gingival Bleeding Index is used for the presence of gingival inflammation uses unwaxed dental floss floss inter proximally, move up and down for one stroke wait 30 seconds count number of bleeding areas

What is the most common used indice for gingival bleeding?

Gingival Index

Address identified needs and are more specific than mission statement. To + directional statement + *Need area* + target population

Goals

CPITN/CPI after scoring, patients are then classified into treatment needs according to ____________ recorded score True or False CPI/CPITN can be sued to identify high and low priorities for treatment in a community.

Highest True

Which of the following is true of host factors when studying epidemiology?

Host factors relate primarily to susceptibility and resistance to disease

The "epidemiologic triangle" depicts disease as the outcome of the interactions among which of the following?

Host, agent, and environmental factors

Which of the following is considered to be a physical rather than social determinant of health?

Housing

New Cases Incidence Time Describing what it is specific period Incidence or prevalence

Incidence

the main tool of epidemiological studies in dental disease to measure prevalence, incidence, and severity

Indices

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

Information from personal interviews

Quantitative data refer to which of the following?

Information that is objective and measurable

Focuses on groups as the targets of change microsocial referred to as *"people helping people"* Example: families, neighbors, peers, work groups try to achieve behavioral change

Interpersonal focus

a type of health education that uses social networks to influence change. focuses on groups as the targets of change referred to as people helping people strategies between families, neighbors, peers, work groups try to achieve behavioral changes Ex: Cehmical dependency support group

Interpersonal focus

focuses ont he individual as the target of change uses behavior modification techniques to effect change in knowledge, attitues, or beliefs ex: one on one chairside instruction

Intrapersonal focus

Which of the following is true of a case control study?

It compares persons with a disease or condition with another group of people from the same population without the disease or condition.

based on the concept that people learn in a linear series of sequential steps Also Known as the decision making continuum. (from ignorance to toward acquisition of info and on to the adoption of new behavior) this starts from lowest to how the person learns

Learning Ladder Continuum

LEARN stands for

Listen, explain, acknowledge, recommend, negotiate

custom designed plan to address various health issues and identified risk factors.

Logic Model

a concise way to show how a program is designed and will make a difference for a program's participants and a community

Logic Models

what model shows the relationship between the program's ultimate aim and the strategies and activities used to accomplish it, together with an outline of how progress will be measured along the way

Logic Models

Which of the following was established in 2005 to ensure that graduates from schools and programs of public health accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) have mastered the knowledge and skills relevant to contemporary public health?

National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE)

The Certified Health Education Specialist certification is offered by which of the following organizations?

National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc.

Does CPI/CPITN evaluate attachment loss?

Nope

Designed to meet goals are are more specific than goals because they guide interventions designed to address needs and reasons for needs To + directional statement + *change in client or enviornment* + target population

Objectives

Which of the following is important in data collection?

Organizing an inventory of the information.

which one of the major agencies within the DHHS would have the most possibilities for funding the programs you select to conduct?

PHS (public health service)

a disease or infection occurring world wide over a very wide area, Example: AIDS

Pandemic

what is GBI used for?

Patient education

assess the thickness of biofilm at the gingival margine

Plaque Index

What does PSA stand for?

Public Service Announcement

Which of the following functions does a community health assessment provide in regard to disparities and inequities among population groups?

Quantify

Six teeth used for screenings 3, 9, 12, 19, 25, 28 *Used for epidemiological studies for perio disease* Name this indie

Ramfjord Teeth

Information from secondary sources must be carefully compiled by which of the following systems?

Recording, processing, and organizing

A research design that uses the review of past events is which of the following?

Retrospective

Is Gingival Index Reversible or irreversible?

Reversible

Which of the following is the first step in planning a community oral health project?

Select a target population

Which of the following is the first step in planning a community oral health project?

Select a target population.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the planning process for a community oral health project?

Set up a visit to discuss the project, prepare a written agreement, begin the project as planned

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the planning process for a community oral health project?

Set up a visit to discuss the project, prepare a written agreement, begin the project as planned.

Changing perspectives of health in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries include all except which of the following?

Shift in third-party reimbursement

OHI-S

Simplified oral hygiene index evaluates both supra and sub gingival plaque and calculus of 6 teeth 3, 11, 14, 19, 24, 30 starting to become obsolete because periodontal is focusing on sub and not supra

According tot he overarching goals of the Healthy People 2020 framework, detailing the multiple determinants of health, the innermost circle represents:

Social, family, and community networks

"Diversity involves a variety of factors, not just race and ethnicity...culture is defined only by a person's beliefs."

The first statement is true, the second statement is false

A community oral health assessment is virtually useless unless which of the following occurs?

The information is used to develop and implement evidence-based oral health strategies.

Which of the following is an example of quantitative rather than qualitative data?

The percentage of children with dental sealants

True or false: permanent and primary indices are never added together; one score is given for a permanent index and another score is given for a primary index

True

true or false 2 times as many low income children have untreated decay than high income children

True

true or false: The evaluation answers whether the program was successful in reducing or eliminating the identified need or problem.

True

True or false: females have a slightly higher DFS than males Males have a higer percentage of untreated coronal surface

True True

Assessment outcomes should provide which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

a. A summary highlighting key findings b. An inventory of community assets and resources

Subject areas of the CPH National Certification Examination include which of the following ? (Select all that apply.)

a. Biostatistics b. Epidemiology d. Behavior sciences

The federal government's role in participating in dental health-related activities falls under the jurisdiction of which of the following? a. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) b. Department of the Interior (DOI) c. Institute of Medicine (IOM) d. Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD)

a. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

Which of the following is the federal government's principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans? a. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) b. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) c. National Institutes of Health (NIH) d. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

a. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

Which of the following is true of essential public health services for oral health? a. Describes the roles of a community initiative b. Developed by the environmental protection agency (EPA) c. Used in the development and evaluation of public health activities at the state level

a. Describes the roles of a community initiative

Environmental factors considered in epidemiology are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

a. Housing c. Sociocultural d. Sociopolitical

if the programs that you select are to be effective public health solutions, they will need to have all except one of the following characteristics. Which one is the exception?

attainable by those who can afford it

Disparities in health status, including oral care, are compounded by which of the following? a. Reduced access to care b. Lack of education c. Low socioeconomic status d. High cost of care

a. Reduced access to care

Community health is affected by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

a. Social changes b. Politics d. Changes in technology e. Economics

Principal factors analyzed in epidemiology are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

a. Time c. Distribution d. Occurrences

studies which are carried out when leads about etiology are already available

analytic studies

Many individual county and city health departments have federally funded clinics that offer services on a sliding scale fee schedule and accept clients who receive public assistance through which of the following? a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) d. Workforce development

b. Medicaid

What is considered one of the most cost effective preventive measures available?

community water fluoridation: costing 50 times less than restoring teeth

b. Assessment Correct Rationale: The initial phase of the project is the statewide screening, which describes an assessment activity. Assessment is the core public health function that involves collection and analysis of data for use in planning programs. Incorrect Rationales: a. Assurance is the core public health function that involves the public health agencies acting to ensure that necessary services are provided, either directly, by other entities, or through regulation. This follows the identification of needs through assessment. c. Policy development is the core public health function in which a public health agency develops policies to promote health and prevent disease. This may or may not involve advocating for legislative action or policy adoption by a non-health-related organization such as a school board or state-level education agency. Policy development follows the identification of needs through assessment. d. Planning is the stage of program planning in which goals, objectives, and strategies are developed; it is not a core function of public health. Planning is a necessary step in any of the core functions.

According to Healthy People 2020, congenitally missing teeth, cancer, and cleft lip are considered examples of which of the following determinants of health? a. Environmental b. Biologic and genetic c. Access to care d. Individual behavior

b. Biologic and genetic

Which of the following is the lowest step on the cultural competency continuum? a. Cultural blindness b. Cultural destructiveness c. Cultural incapacity d. Cultural competence

b. Cultural destructiveness

Which of the following has been recognized as one of the top 10 public health measures of the twentieth century? a. Cosmetic bonding b. Fluoridation of water c. Silver dental amalgam d. Porcelain fused to metal crowns

b. Fluoridation of water

Developing goals and objectives during the development of an oral health program in the community is part of which of the following processes? a. Assessment b. Planning c. Implementation d. Evaluation

b. Planning

Culture is which of the following? a. Inherent b. Learned c. Both inherent and learned d. Neither inherent nor learned

c. Both inherent and learned

descriptive, looks at exposure of int. and disease outcome

cross sectional

Public health professionals can belong to many professional disciplines, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

c. Administration d. Laboratory science e. Epidemiology

c. Administrator/manager Correct Rationale: You would be in the role of administrator/manager of the program, managing all aspects of the operation, giving background information, and getting the sealant program started in the school. Incorrect Rationales: a. In the role of clinician, you would place the sealants on the teeth, actually providing treatment. b. In the researcher role, you would collect and analyze data to determine the effectiveness and/or efficiency of the sealant program. d. In the educator role, you would deliver oral health education to school children, parents, and/or administrators in relation to the sealant program.

what is the most common descriptive study

cross sectional or prevalence study

The type of teaching method that encourages active participation is which of the following? a. Discussion b. Discovery learning c. Collaborative and cooperative learning activities d. Discussion, discovery learning, and collaborative and cooperative learning

c. Collaborative and cooperative learning activities

Healthy People 2020 has been designed to redirect attention from health care to which of the following? a. Health marketing b. Health costs c. Health determinants d. Health systems

c. Health determinants

Which of the following is achieved when every individual has the opportunity to attain full health potential? a. Social responsibility b. Full access to care c. Health equity d. Managed care

c. Health equity

Which of the following is true of implementation? a. An organized and systematic approach to identify a target group and to define the extent and severity of oral health needs present b. An organized response to reduce or eliminate one or more problems c. Includes the process of putting the plan into action and monitoring the plan's activities, personnel, equipment, resources, and supplies d. Provides the method of measuring results of the program against objectives developed during the early planning stages

c. Includes the process of putting the plan into action and monitoring the plan's activities, personnel, equipment, resources, and supplies

Which of the following is true of formative evaluation? a. It involves judging the merit or worth of a program prior to the initiation. b. It is an attempt to determine whether a fully operational program is meeting the goals for which it was developed. c. It is an examination of the processes or activities of a program as they are taking place. d. It measures outcomes and objectives.

c. It is an examination of the processes or activities of a program as they are taking place.

Which area of program planning describes how the objectives will be accomplished? a. Program goals b. Program objectives c. Program activities (interventions) d. Program implementation

c. Program activities (interventions)

Advantages of community water fluoridation over a community-based fluoride supplement program include: a. reduced need for compliance. b. lower installation and startup costs. c. decay prevention and oral health benefits for the entire population. d. reduced need for compliance and decay prevention and oral health benefits for the entire population.

c. decay prevention and oral health benefits for the entire population.

What is the disadvantage of precede-procede

cumbersome highly theoretical

2 or more come up with the same answer calibration, interexaminer reliablity, intraexaminer reliability

calibration

adjustment of an instructor, examiner, instrument or it's measurements so that the distribution of measurements match a standard

calibration

the purpose of this is to ensure that each person involved in the assessment is making consistent clinical judgement and to ensure uniform interpretation, understanding, and application of the codes and criteria for the various indices used.

calibration

what are the main topics for preventing disease for public oral health

caries perio disease oral pharyngeal cancer cranial facial injuries

descriptive; association is not the cause classified by disease status shower period in time used more frequently

case control study

study design in which persons with the disease of interest, cases, are compared wtith those without the disease, controls, in terms of exposure to some attribute or risk factor

case control study

factors associated with the development of disease

causative factor

what type of diseases does the epidemiologic triangle refer to

chronic diseases like dental caries

List the steps leading to a program course of action

collection of facts Identification of needs Analyze Needs Prioritize Needs

example of community focus

community organizing social marketing

what is the name used for the comprehensive description of the community that includes comprehensive, detailed community data?

community profile

A city ordinance that prohibits smoking in a public restaurant is an example of which of the following? a. A decision impacting the Social Determinant of Health b. A decision impacting the Environmental Determinants of Health c. A decision impacting the Individual Behavior Determinant of Health d. A Policymaking Decision that is a Determinant of Health

d. A Policymaking Decision that is a Determinant of Health

Which of the following correctly depicts the steps in the planning cycle? a. Implement, evaluate, plan, assess. b. Evaluate, implement, assess, plan c. Plan, assess, implement, evaluate d. Assess, plan, implement, evaluate

d. Assess, plan, implement, evaluate

The correct order for implementing a community oral health assessment is which of the following? a. Determine the need of primary data collection, collect data, communicate and publicize findings, analyze and interpret the data. b. Collect data, determine the need of primary data collection, communicate and publicize findings, analyze and interpret the data. c. Determine the need of primary data collection, collect data, analyze and interpret the data, communicate and publicize findings. d. Collect data, determine the need, communicate and publicize findings, analyze and interpret the data.

d. Collect data, determine the need, communicate and publicize findings, analyze and interpret the data.

An expressed philosophy of viewing and treating all people as the same is a definition of which of the following? a. Cultural incapacity b. Cultural precompetence c. Cultural proficiency d. Cultural blindness

d. Cultural blindness

Patient-centered care is driven by which of the following? a. Productivity b. Scheduling c. Quality of care d. Evidence-based communication

d. Evidence-based communication

The essential strategic planning steps for effective health communication, in correct order, are which of the following? a. Analyze and segment the target audience, set communication objectives, review the background information, and develop a promotion plan. b. Set communication objectives, develop a promotion plan, pretest the message, and conduct an outcome evaluation. c. Develop a promotion plan, analyze the target audience, pretest the message, and conduct an outcome evaluation. d. Review the background information, analyze the target audience, develop and pretest message concepts, and develop a promotion plan.

d. Review the background information, analyze the target audience, develop and pretest message concepts, and develop a promotion plan.

what is the most prevalent childhood disease?

dental caries

during the data collection phase of the community health assessment, all of the following are government resources for health data that the committee could use except one. Which one is the exception?

health and dental records from a private hospital

encourage responsibility for self care: health education or health promotion?

health education

provides the decision making foundations needed to become and stay healthy. Defined as learning opportunities or educational interventions designed to help individuals or groups learn new health information and develop new health behabiors

health education

Health education or Health Promotion: The goal of __________ _______ is to have a positive impact on health through accurate knowledge of health behaviors and lifestyles ____________ ____________ is a broad concept that addresses the general process of advocating health, increasing awareness of health issues, and identifying appropriate strategies to address health issues and prevent diseases are health education and health promotion used interchangably?

health education health promotion Yeppers

the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

health literacy

number of new cases of disease that occur during a specific time period

incidence

the number of new disease cases within a specific time period

incidence

study in which investigators observe the impact or health effect of a factor in a population that is already segregated into groups on the basis of some experience, exposure, o disease.

observational study

the data collection method that would be the most costly and time consuming would be which of the following?

person-to-person interview

what planning model is based on analysis of multiple health and risk factors and is familiar to many professionals

precede-procede

Maslow hierarchy of needs suggest that inner forces, needs, drive a person into action and that some needs take _______________ over others.

precedence

"one point in time" snapshot what percent is affected cases/population x 100 prevalence or incidence

prevalence

describe a group at a certain time; though of like a snapshot rather than a video of an existing condition or measure of disease status

prevalence

the number of disease cases in a population at a given time

prevalence

Formative evaluation is referred to ______________ evaluation and occurs during the _______________ process. Summative evaluation also referred to ___________ evaluation occurs after the _________________.

process implementation outcome intervention

Stages of change model theory is concerned with an individuals ___________ to adopt a behavioral change for a healthy life.

readiness

consistency: reliability or validity

reliability

Plaque index

Assess the thickness of plaque at gingival margin

CPITN/CPI

Community periodontal Index status

Is community focus macro social, or micro social?

macrosocial

Although approximately 90% of all Americans received their household water through a community system in 2012 (vs well water/other), more than ______% still did not have access to optimally fluoridated water.

25%

what is the core science of public health

epidemiology

Data that are already available are referred to as __________ _________.

secondary data

STATE WHICH PART OF THE LEARNING LADDER THIS BELONGS TO: 1. moves to act to test new concepts and practices 2. Receives correct information but has no real sense of personal meaning or desire to act at the time 3. the learner implements new behaviors aimed at solving the problem 4. Ignorance; no information or misinformation 5. desire for action: realized that values are inconsistent with actions, value is strong but behavior is missing, develops urge to act 6. The learner lacks information or has incorrect information about the problem. 7. Balances values and behaviors by making permanent changes that produce a lifelong habit 8. The learner's attitudes and feelings are affected and the desire for knowledge increases 9. the learner recognizes the problem and shows a tentative inclination to act 10. the learner practices new behaviors over time that become part of the lifestyle 11. The learner knows problem can or does exist but does not act on the knowledge 12. New information becomes meaningful, intrinsic drive... realizes that at the information is relevant to self

1. Action 2. Awareness 3. Action 4. Unawareness 5. Involvemnt 6. Unawareness 7. Habit 8. Involvement 9. Interest 10. Habit 11. Awareness 12. Interest

1. What is the same as community analysis in private practice? 2. in private practice treatment plan is the same as ___________ plan in community. 3. In private practice patient consent is the same as ____________ in community? 4. In community the survey (primary data and secondary data) is the same as ____________ in private practice. 5. what are appropriate activities in community? what would this equal in private practice? 6. What equals private practice professional evaluations Tx in community?

1. diagnosis 2. program (program plan) 3. community approval 4. Assessment/Exam 5. water fluoridation, school based program appropriate dental services such as preventive and restorative. 6 Planner evaluates community program

Behavioral Health Model: Matching precontemplation, contemplation, preparation action, maintence, relapse 1. alcholoics is an example: unaware of the health problem, without any thought of need for change 2. aware of the problem and thinking about the possibility of change; example: on the fence of quitting 3. making a plan of change 4. resumption of old behaviors 5. continuing desired health action 6. practicing behaior

1. precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Relapse 5. maintenance 6. Action

which study is used to test hypotheses? Descirptive or analytic

Analytic study

Oral health utilization trends

Blacks & Hispanics have had lower rates of utilization than Whites Age group 35-44 has highest rate of utilization *Females have higher rates of utilization* The higher the level of education, the higher the rate of utilization

Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S)

Assess oral cleanliness by estimating the tooth surface covered with debris and/or calculus6 teeth are used

Which of the following correctly depicts the steps in the planning cycle?

Assess, plan, implement, evaluate

Gingival Index

Assesses severity of gingivitis, based on color, consistency, and bleeding on probing

True or False "The ability to communicate with patient is one of the first steps to delivering culturally competent oral health care. Humans use many modes to communicate."

Both statements are true

True or False: The current dental workforce is unable to meet the present day demand and need for dental care. While the number of dental graduates is expected to increase, the graduation rate will not keep up with the increasing demand.

Both statements are true

screens and monitors individual group periodontal treatment needs similar to PSR Use WHO probe Sextants probing depth and presence of calculus

CPI/CPITN

Which of the following is a public health problem rather than a public health solution?

Chronic diseases of the expanding population of older adults

Which type of epidemiologic study involves a subset of a defined population that can be identified and observed for a sufficient number of person-years to generate reliable incidence or mortality rates?

Cohort study

The correct order for implementing a community oral health assessment is which of the following?

Collect data, determine the need, communicate and publicize findings, analyze and interpret the data.

A type of health education that impacts social cultural and political agencies focuses on the impact of the economy, politics, or other factors within the community on behavior.

Community Focus

Focus on the impact of economy, politics, or other factors within the community on behavior

Community focus

The Minnesota Community Health Assessment and Action Planning (CHAAP),the North Carolina Community Health Assessment Guide, and Community Health Assessment and Group Evaluation (CHANGE) are examples of which of the following?

Community health assessment models

The American Dental Education Association (ADEA) competencies and Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) accreditation standards for dental hygiene place significant emphasis on which of the following?

Community oral health

Embedded into the basic planning cycle is a framework for which of the following?

Community oral health planning

Epidemiology in public health has many uses EXCEPT which of the following?

Dental fee increases by zip code.

At the heart of patient-centered care is __.

Effective communication

the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area; may also refer to as the usual prevalence of a given disease within an area

Endemic

usually high occurrence of disease or the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness clearly in excess of normal expectancy

Epidemic

Which of the following considers the interactions and relationships among the multiple factors that influence health status and health problems?

Epidemiologist

primary factors when assessing the development of disease i. the agent ii. host factors iii. factors in the environment

Epidemiology triangle

A lack of cultural interchange and adaptation could be called __, which is judging other cultures by your own standards consistent with your values, not theirs.

Ethnocentrism

Which of the following is the first step in evaluation of a community oral health program?

Evaluate the measurable outcomes

Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP)

Evaluates the extent of bacterial plaque, material alba, and food debris over tooth surface6 teeth are used

The initial phase of the project you are assigned related to which private practice function?

Examination

what does this explain: what can be done to improve access to care for undeserved populations in a cross cultural setting.

Facilitators to Care

assesses severity of gingivitis based on color consistency and bleeding on probing periodontal probe inserted 2-3 mm and swept not walked around the tooth given a score of 0-3 (name the what 0-3 stands for) selected teeth or entire dentition 4 gingival areas (Distal, Facial, Mesial, Lingual) use mouth mirror and probe

Gingival index 0=normal 1=mild 2=moderate 3=severe

Give some examples of facilitators to care.

Have translators or bilingual staff Flexible appointment times Transportation service Reminder phone calls Child care services Reducing costs Using sliding pay scales Help patients get enrolled into subsidized programs

theories from sociology, education, and psychology that describe learning and behavioral change can help oral health educators in designing and developing educational efforts.

Health Behavioral theories

the __________________________ is useful in predicting the likelihood of an individuals compliance with professional recommendations for preventive behavior.

Health Belief Model

Educational interventions used to help individuals or groups learn new health information and health behaviors a process of communicating evidence based methods or disease prevention and encouraging responsibility for self care

Health Education

Health promotion or health education: general process of advocating health increasing awareness of health issues identifying appropriate strategies to address health issues and prevent disease

Health Promotion

Which of the following is one of the five core areas of knowledge in the national examination written by the National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE)?

Health policy and management

where would you go to look up % of a national average

Healthy People

Where would you get info with past work, and where would you get any kind of statistics?

Healthy people 2010 (descried as health literacy as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decision.

Is stages of change, interpersonal or intrapersonal?

Intrapersonal

this provides a framework for identifying, classifying, and assigning priorities to human needs and values. needs are classified in a pyramid concept

Maslow hierarchy of needs

what suggests that inner forces drive a person into action and that some needs take precedence over others?

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Which of the following factors that influence the health of individuals and populations is considered to be a contributor to well-being rather than a broader determinant of health?

Meaningful work

Public programs covering dental care include which of the following?

Medicaid and CHIP

A program of studies designed to asses the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the US the survey is unique that it combines interviews and physical examinations

NHANES

CDC uses ___________ to asses the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the US

NHANES

Every organization pulls off of what studies?

NHANES

The Certification in Public Health was developed and is administered by which of the following?

National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE)

What does PHP stand for and what is it?

Patient hygiene performance: community oral health uses this biofilm and debris use 6 teeth: 3, 8, 14, 19, 24, 30 facial surfaces of incisors and maxillary molars lingual surfaces of mandibular molars assess 5 sections of the tooth. (0=no debris 1=definitely debris) Total the scores, divide by number of teeth examined ranges from 0-5 Excellent 0 Good 0 - 1.7 fair 1.8 - 3.4 poor 3.4 - 5.0

name what is involved in the pyramid of mallows hierarchy of needs (5)

Physiologic Needs (bottom) Security and Safety Social Needs Esteem or Ego Needs Self Actualization/self realization

Developing goals and objectives during the development of an oral health program in the community is part of which of the following processes?

Planning

PCR

Plaque Control Record: simple method of recording the presence of plaque on individual tooth surfaces, M,D, B, L) Disclosing solution is applied to all exposed surfaces and rinsed. All stained surfaces are charted. The index is calculated by dividing the number of plaque containing surfaces by the total number of available surfaces.

What is PI?

Plaque Index: measures the presence and amount of dental plaque scores the mesial, distal, buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth on a scale from 0-3 based on the *thickness* of plaque at the *gingival margin*

The goals of this model are to explain health related behaviors and to design and evaluate the interventions designed to influence both the behaviors and the living conditions that influence them and their seqeuale

Precede-procede

Name the stages for behavioral health model

Precontemplation: comtemplation preparation action maintence relapse pcp amr

In a ________________ evaluation, the results of the program are compared with the goals and objectives and used to determine the *impact* of the program on the community's health

Summative

what are the belief components of the health belief model?

Susceptibility Severity Beneficial Benefits outweigh Barriers to Actions

describes the rate of development of a disease in a group over time, which included in the denominator, or the rate at which new disease cases occur in a population during specific period; though of like a video (captures series of events or cases of disease during a period usually a year)

incidence

Periodontal Index (PI)

To assess and score the periodontal disease status of populations in LARGE studies

Early Childhood Caries and Severe ECC (ECC & S-ECC)

To determine caries status of children 5 years of age or younger; only visible erupted primary teeth are scored

Which of the following is the most common chronic disease of childhood?

Tooth decay

True or false control groups are the placebo?

True

Name the Learning Ladder Continuum from lowest to highest: 6

Unawareness awareness interest involvement action habit UAI IAH

Root Caries Index (RCI)

Used to assess the extent of root caries experience for an individual and/or a group at risk for root caries

Eastman Interdental Cleaning Index (EIBI)

Used to assess the presence of inflammation in the interdental area (papillary) by the presence or absence of bleeding by utilizing a triangular interdental cleaner

Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR)

Used to assess the state of periodontal health in a rapid and effective measure; screen individual patients in a private practice setting

Plaque free score

Used to determine the location and percentage of "plaque-FREE" surfacesAll teeth are used

Plaque control record

Used to determine the percentage of teeth "with" plaque present, NOT thicknessAll teeth are used

Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)

Used to locate areas go gingival sulcus bleeding upon gentle probing to determine the presence of early inflammatory gingival diseaseAll teeth are used

Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT/dmft)

Used to measure the total past and present caries experience of a population with permanent or primary teeth

Gingival Bleeding Index

Used to record the presence or absence of gingival inflammation (determined by inter proximal gingival sulcus bleeding) by using unwaxed flossAll teeth are used

are experimental studies on humans possible?

Usually not due to ethical considerations with the exception o intervention trials o clinical trials testing a treatment for disease.

When analyzing and interpreting data during an assessment, partners can call upon local community members to enlist their expertise and assistance in which of the following?

Validating impressions and interpretations of the data examined for assessment

The Community Periodontal Index was developed by which organization?

WHO - World Health Organization

Does the learner need to go through each continuum or the long term behavior will not occur.

Yep, that is true

Is it true that anyone who isn't ready to adopt a new behavior today may be ready at a future visit?

Yes

Is CPI the most common community health indice used?

Yes (I wrote it down in my notes, but not 100% sure) Quick and easy overall assessment of comunity

to be valid, it must measure what it is ____________ to measure

intended

The assessment process should be which of the following? a. Evaluated throughout the health assessment process b. Evaluated only when the health assessment process is complete c. Evaluated only as a "look back" when time has proven the validity or lack thereof of the results d. Is not evaluated

a. Evaluated throughout the health assessment process

Which of the following is true for evaluation measures of a community health project? (Select all that apply.)

a. Evaluation measures are to be designed during the planning of the project. b. Evaluation measures should be connected to the project objectives. c. Evaluation will be the means of determining if the project accomplished what it was designed to do. d. Evaluation can include information from questionnaires, pretests and posttests of knowledge, focus groups, numbers of participants, and student reflections.

Which of the following is the first step in evaluation of a community oral health program? a. Examine the specific measurable objectives. b. Evaluate the measurable outcomes. c. Perform pilot testing. d. Review the program goals.

a. Examine the specific measurable objectives.

The student group needs to gather enough information at the initial meeting with the intended site to prepare a written agreement of which of the following project aspects? (Select all that apply.)

a. Goal b. Objectives c. Activities d. Evaluation methods

In your new position as the Oral Health Program Coordinator at the State Health Department, you are asked to conduct a statewide screening project to determine the oral health status of school-age children. After you collect and analyze the data from the statewide survey, you are to determine what oral health programs you would like to plan that will address the needs of children in your state. Once programs are selected and prioritized, you will be involved in planning the programs for local implementation. Question 3: Which one of the major agencies within the DHHS would have the most possibilities for funding the programs you select to conduct? a. PHS (Public Health Service) b. ACF (Administration for Children and Families) c. CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) d. WIC (Women, Infants, and Children)

a. PHS (Public Health Service) Correct Rationale: There are eight operating agencies under the Public Health Service (PHS), including the CDC, NIH, and HRSA that are active in funding prevention programs and research projects that would relate to this program. Also, HRSA is a source of funding for school-based health centers. Incorrect Rationales: b. Although the Administration of Children and Families (ACF) has the potential to fund a program through the Head Start program, it is a single agency under the DHHS. c. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has the potential for funding dental treatment, including preventive treatment (sealants and fluoride varnish). However, it will not fund the educational phase of the necessary programming, and it is also a single agency. d. The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program does not serve school-age children.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the planning process for a community oral health project? a. Set up a visit to discuss the project, prepare a written agreement, begin the project as planned. b. Prepare a written agreement, set up a visit to discuss the project, begin the project as planned. c. Set up a visit to discuss the project, begin the project as planned, prepare a written agreement. (no) d. Begin the project as planned, prepare a written agreement, set up a visit to discuss the project.

a. Set up a visit to discuss the project, prepare a written agreement, begin the project as planned.

Community water fluoridation: a. reaches all people, regardless of socioeconomic status. b. requires several years of application before positive effects can be measured. c. proves to be more of a financial burden than restorative treatment. d. only meets five of the seven characteristics considered to be effective solution to the problem of dental decay.

a. reaches all people, regardless of socioeconomic status.

what professional role is represented by your responsibility for the school-based sealant program?

administrator/manager

Looks at detriments of disease why do people get the diesase

analytic study

examine associations or hypothesized causal relationships, generally concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of certain risk factors

analytic sudies

what is the disadvantage of the logic model?

assumes the user has previous knowledge

A dental hygienist who is working for policy change to address the inequalities of the current oral health delivery system would be acting in which of the following capacities? a. Educator b. Advocate c. Policy maker d. Public health advisor

b. Advocate

Which of the following is the regular and systematic collection, assemblage, analysis, and communication on the health of the community? a. Epidemiology b. Assessment c. The mandala of health d. The planning cycle

b. Assessment

the level to which 2 different examiners agree or get the same scores for the same person being examined

interexaminer reliability

b. Interprofessional collaborative practice Correct Rationale: Interprofessional collaborative practice is the coming together of multiple health workers from different professional backgrounds to work together on a project that affects the various aspects of health of the population. Incorrect Rationales: a. Policy changes for healthier habits could be a long-term goal for this educational campaign, but it is not reflected in the activity described in this question. c. Remote supervision refers to the use of teledentistry for dental supervision and/or collaboration; it does not refer to the interprofessional representation on the work committee. This community case does not describe a situation in which remote supervision would be applied. In some states, the laws allow for remote supervision of dental hygienists and dental therapists for community-based programs that serve underserved populations. d. Secondary prevention refers to interventions that reduce or eliminate current disease. The educational campaign will likely include the need for treatment in addition to primary preventive strategies to promote oral health as critical to overall health. However, this is not the focus of this question.

Which of the following health promotion theories functions at the community level? a. Stages of change theory b. Organizational change: stage theory c. Social learning theory d. Health Belief Model

b. Organizational change: stage theory

According to the social learning theory, what needs to be done to reinforce self-efficacy? a. Provide information and training about action. b. Point out strengths, use persuasion and encouragement, and approach behavioral change in small steps. c. Point out others' experiences and physical changes and identify role models to emulate. d. Involve the individual and relevant others and work to change the environment, if warranted.

b. Point out strengths, use persuasion and encouragement, and approach behavioral change in small steps.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is an operating agency under which of the following? a.National Institutes of Health (NIH) b. Public Health Service c. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) d. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).

b. Public Health Service

Which of the following are indicators of an effective dental index? a. Attribute, validity, specificity b. Reliability, utility, sensitivity c. Acceptability, universality, applicability d. Specificity, sensitivity, reliability

b. Reliability, utility, sensitivity

Which of the following is the first step in planning a community oral health project? a. Contact the intended site. b. Select a target population. c. Set up a visit to discuss the project. d. Prepare a written agreement.

b. Select a target population.

Which of the following is true of the set of core competencies for public health professionals developed by the Council on Linkages between Academia and Public Health Practice? (Select all that apply.)

b. The competencies are divided into eight domains. c. This effort of the council focuses on core competencies as they apply to three different categories of professional positions.

Which of the following is true concerning current conceptual models of the determinants of health?

b. The epidemiologic triangle model has waned. c. The concept of a "web of causation" emerged as multifactorial perspectives grew.

Which of the following is true of an effective health education program? a. The intent of oral health education is to effectively train on-the-job personnel to provide oral self-care instruction to children. b. The participant must be actively involved in the learning process. c. The focus should be on skill acquisition. d. The participant must be actively involved in the learning process, and the focus should be on skill acquisition.

b. The participant must be actively involved in the learning process.

Which of the following is the key to a measurable objective? a. The time frame b. The performance verb c. The condition d. A specific goal

b. The performance verb

According to the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) Basic Screening Survey (BSS) methods, untreated dental caries is generally detected:

by visual inspection

Which of the following describes the findings of an assessment? a. An assessment should be considered privileged information and should not be discussed publicly. b. An assessment should be limited to professional journals and communication. c. An assessment should be published and distributed widely to various community members. d. An assessment should be distributed as an executive summary but not as a full report

c. An assessment should be published and distributed widely to various community members.

In your new position as the Oral Health Program Coordinator at the State Health Department, you are asked to conduct a statewide screening project to determine the oral health status of school-age children. After you collect and analyze the data from the statewide survey, you are to determine what oral health programs you would like to plan that will address the needs of children in your state. Once programs are selected and prioritized, you will be involved in planning the programs for local implementation. Question #5: If the programs you select are to be effective public health solutions, they will need to have all EXCEPT one of the following characteristics. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Not hazardous to life or function b. Easily and efficiently implemented c. Attainable by those who can afford it d. Effective immediately upon application

c. Attainable by those who can afford it Correct Rationale: An effective public health solution will be attainable regardless of socioeconomic status, not just by those who can afford it. Incorrect Rationales: a. Not hazardous to life or function is one of the seven characteristics. b. Easily and efficiently implemented is one of the seven characteristics. d. Effective immediately upon application is one of the seven characteristics.

The conventional method of assessing dental fluorosis is which of the following? a. Ramfjord Teeth b. Dean's Fluorosis Classification c. Community Fluorosis Index d. Who basic oral health survey

c. Community Fluorosis Index

Which of the following is the most cost-effective, most practical, and safest means of preventing tooth decay? a. Dental sealants b. Regular dental visits c. Community water fluoridation d. Fluoride varnish

c. Community water fluoridation

c. Examination Correct Rationale: The oral health survey (statewide screening) is the method used to collect information about the priority group of school-age children in the state to identify and prioritize oral health needs and to plan programs to address those needs. This method is comparable to the examination in private practice, which is used to collect data for use in diagnosis and treatment planning. Incorrect Rationales: a. Diagnosis corresponds to the analysis of data in a community program. b. Treatment corresponds to the program implementation. d. Evaluation corresponds to the program evaluation.

Which theory states that understanding people's perceptions is necessary in order to motivate an individual to take preventive action? a. Social learning theory b. Diffusion of innovations theory c. Health Belief Model d. Organizational change: stage theory

c. Health Belief Model

The social learning theory posits that people learn primarily in four ways: direct experience, vicarious experience (knowledge or information about a skill or behavior derived from seeing the performance of others), inferred knowledge (deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements), and which of the following? a. Social pressure to conform b. Modeling authority figures c. Judgments voiced by others d. Desire for new experiences

c. Judgments voiced by others

Which of the following is true about the actions that foster effective cross-cultural communication? a. Keeps the conversation on track and tries to avoid listening to the client's stories b. Focuses on differences to keep perspective c. Recognizes your own cultural biases d. Reminds the client of the famous saying "When in Rome, do as the Romans do," and implies that his or her differences are unacceptable

c. Recognizes your own cultural biases

Which of the following offers the benefits of fluoride in a structured environment in communities where a public water source is not available or where community water fluoridation is undesired for various reasons? a. Fluoridated salt b. Fluoride supplemented sports drinks c. School-based fluoride mouth rinse programs d. Fluoridated chewing gum

c. School-based fluoride mouth rinse programs

Which of the following is the first step in analyzing and interpreting both primary and secondary data for a community oral health assessment? a. Compare data with other data b. Assess the significance of the data collected c. Synthesize the information and summarize the findings d. Provide direction for future actions to build on community assets

c. Synthesize the information and summarize the findings

c. The first statement is true, the second is false. Correct Rationale: The educational campaign and the sealant program are both primary prevention measures; therefore, the first sentence is true, and the second sentence is false. Although the educational campaign may address the need for secondary preventive treatment, the education itself is a primary preventive strategy. The actual provision of treatment would be an example of secondary prevention. Incorrect Rationales: a, b, and d. Because the first statement is true and the second statement is false, all other answer choices have to be incorrect.

c. The number of elementary, middle, and high schools Correct Rationale: The case specifies that the sealant program will be established in a part of the state that is designated as a dental health professional shortage area (DHPSA). The number of schools is not a factor in determining a DHPSA. Incorrect Rationales: a. The ratio of dental providers to population size is a factor in defining a DHPSA. b. Presence of barriers that cause inadequate access to dental care for the population contributes to the definition of a DHPSA. d. The number of dentists and dental hygienists in the state affects the ratio of dental providers to population; thus, it is important in defining the state as a DHPSA.

In your position as the oral health program coordinator for the Division of Dental Health, State Health Department, you are assigned the task of developing an educational campaign to promote oral health as critical to overall health. You also are in charge of setting up a dental sealant program in a part of the state that is classified as a dental HPSA. You will be responsible for selecting schools to participate in the dental sealant program and for organizing the project, including planning all meetings, ordering supplies, supervising personnel, and arranging the schedule. Question: According to the laws of this state, a dentist must screen the children to approve the teeth for dental sealants before a dental hygienist places the sealants; the dentist does not have to be present at the time that the dental sealants are placed. Which of the following is a correct statement? a. This is an example of direct supervision. b. This is a direct access state. c. This describes general supervision. d. Assessment is within the scope of practice for dental hygienists in this state. Correct Rationale: With general supervision, the dentist needs to authorize the work to be completed prior to services but does not need to be present during treatment. Incorrect Rationales: a. With direct supervision, the dentist would need to be present while the dental hygienist is placing the sealants. b. Direct access gives the dental hygienist the right to initiate treatment based on his or her assessment of a patient's needs without the specific authorization of a dentist. d. If assessment were within the scope of practice, the dental hygienist would be able to accomplish the screening to qualify the teeth for sealants.

c. This describes general supervision. Correct Rationale: With general supervision, the dentist needs to authorize the work to be completed prior to services but does not need to be present during treatment. Incorrect Rationales: a. With direct supervision, the dentist would need to be present while the dental hygienist is placing the sealants. b. Direct access gives the dental hygienist the right to initiate treatment based on his or her assessment of a patient's needs without the specific authorization of a dentist. d. If assessment were within the scope of practice, the dental hygienist would be able to accomplish the screening to qualify the teeth for sealants.

Which of the following is not true of cultural competency? a. continuing developmental process b. the key to reducing health disparities c. it will not aid in access to care d. requires adaptation of health services and promotions

c. it will not aid in access to care

disease status and exposure to risk factors are measured at one point in time; oral health status survey is an example of a cross sectional study

cross sectional study

Which step on the cultural continuum is characterized by acceptance and respect for difference? a. Cultural blindness b. Cultural destructiveness c. Cultural incapacity d. Cultural competence

d. Cultural competence

The major social responsibility of all health care providers is which of the following? a. Assess and quantify oral health needs. b. Develop personal relationships with policy makers. c. Collaborate with partners. d. Educate the public and policy makers regarding how to meet the demand for services.

d. Educate the public and policy makers regarding how to meet the demand for services.

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 main determinants of health in Health People 2020? a. Social Factors b. Biology and Genetics c. Policy d. Geography e. Health services

d. Geography

Who currently has the primary responsibility for ensuring the transfer of personal health information among providers? a. Federal government b. Physician or dentist c. Internet d. Patient

d. Patient

In your new position as the Oral Health Program Coordinator at the State Health Department, you are asked to conduct a statewide screening project to determine the oral health status of school-age children. After you collect and analyze the data from the statewide survey, you are to determine what oral health programs you would like to plan that will address the needs of children in your state. Once programs are selected and prioritized, you will be involved in planning the programs for local implementation. Question 2. All of the following essential public health services to promote oral health EXCEPT one would apply to this situation. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Assess oral health status and implement an oral health surveillance system b. Develop and implement policies and systematic plans that support state and community oral health efforts c. Reduce barriers to care and assure utilization of personal and population-based oral health services d. Review, educate about, and enforce laws and regulations that promote oral health and ensure safe oral health practices

d. Review, educate about, and enforce laws and regulations that promote oral health and ensure safe oral health practices Correct Rationale: The programs described in this scenario (statewide oral health screening of school-age children and planning programs for local implementation) do not relate to laws and regulations that promote oral health and ensure safe oral health practices. Incorrect Rationales: a. The statewide screening is a research method used to assess oral health status. This oral health survey can be designed in such a way that the data can be used for statewide surveillance as well. b. The program development phase will include systematic plans to support community oral health efforts for the children. These plans may also involve developing school policies to support oral health. Local efforts should support state goals. c. Improving utilization of personal and population-based oral health services is an important way to improve oral health status; reducing barriers to care will be a necessary objective to improve utilization.

The LEARN method had helped health providers to: a. improve awareness of cultural issues in medical care b. improve communication between providers and patients c. increase the acceptance of treatment plans d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What is the most important consideration when creating effective public health programs is to: a. have a masters degree in public health b. discuss problems with key stakeholders c. increase public's awareness d. get the community's input prior to planning programs e. hire a program evaluator

d. get the community's input proper to planning programs (Criteria for effective community program development is having the community recognize the need)

Public health problems must meet the criteria that they are a condition or situation that is widespread actual or potential cause of morbidity or mortality and that: a. they have been proven a valid concern by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention b. funding to treat or cure the condition is not available at the local or state level. c. they do not qualify for treatment as an orphan drug. d. there is an existing perception that the condition is a public health problem on the part of the public, the government, or public health authorities.

d. there is an existing perception that the condition is a public health problem on the part of the public, the government, or public health authorities.

which study is used to develop hypotheses? descriptive or analytical

descriptive

defines the extent of the disease; Asks the Questions what is the disease or health outcome? what defines one person having the disease? Who is getting the disease where when used to develop hypothesis

descriptive epidemiology

studies usually undertaken when little is knowns of the epidemiology of a disease Defines the extent of disease

descriptive studies

One overall way to classify epidemiologic studies is into two broad categories, name the categories

descriptive studies analytic studies

Looks at amount and distribution of diesease: who gets the disease and where and when does disease occur

descriptive study

___________ _________ are usually the first step in looking at a disease and often use existing data sources.

descriptive study

Findings from NHANES COMBINED SURVEYS ARE USED TO determine what 2 things

determine the prevalence of major diseases risk factors for disease

many chronic diseases or problems are ___________ in nature (endemic, epidemic, pandemic)

endemic

study how often disease occurs in different population groups and why

epidemiologists

branch of health sciences dealing with the transmission and control of disease

epidemiology

foundation of interventions made in the interest of public health and prevention

epidemiology

study of factors affecting health and illness of populations

epidemiology

study of the amount, distribution, determinant and control of disease health conditions among given populations

epidemiology

science of causes

etiology

an investigator studies the impact of a factor that he or she controls, if an investigator is interested in the health effects of secondhand cigarette smoke on a litter of rats, the investigator can expose one half of the litter to secondhand smoke and not expose the other half.

experimental study

interpersonal focus heath education program focuses on the group as a large to change is based not eh belief that _______________ interactions and _____________ are the forces that initiate and reinforce behavioral change in group members.

interpersonal characteristics

you decide to set up a committee to help develop the "healthy mouth, healthy body" campaign and invite a public health nurse, a nutritionist, a mental health specialist, and a chronic disease health educator to join. this is an example of which of the following?

interprofessional collaborative practice

the level to which an examiner agrees with himself/herself at two different points in time; one examiner should be able to obtain the same score if the same person is examined twice

intraexaminer reliability

a type of health education that uses an individual approach to influence change modification techniques to effect changes in knowledge, attitudes, or beliefs. recipients have the ability and resources to start and maintain the desired behavior on their own

intrapersonal focus

Is DMFT reversible or irreversible?

irreversible

is interpersonal focus micro social or macrosocial

microsocial

Dental caries occurrence of tooth decay is unacceptably high. It affects mostly what 3 groups

minorities low income population 2 times more children american indian/alaskan native occurrence is 3times higher than it is in the US as a whole

single statement expresses broad overarching purpose for programs existence To + directional statement + *quality of life or category of service are* + target group

mission statement

what is the first step the committee should take for the community health assessment?

mobilize the community by forming key partnerships and recruiting participants to collaborate in the community health assessment

Rates of diseases are called ____________ rates Rates of deaths are called ____________ rates

morbidity mortality

who has the highest level of untreated caries

non hispanic blacks, mexican americans,

a study design that does not involve an intervention

observational study

the ability of an index to consistently measure the same level of disease at different times by either the same or different examiners under various conditions

reliability

all of the following essential public health services to promote oral health except one would apply to this situation. Which one is the exception?

review, educate about, and enforce laws and regulations that promote oral health and ensure safe oral health practices

defined as the proportion of those who truly have the disease that are correctly classified as having it

sensitivity

the proportion of those who truly do not have the disease that are correctly classified as not have it

specificity

Which of the following is the first step in analyzing and interpreting both primary and secondary data for a community oral health assessment?

synthesize the information and summarize the findings

oral health education needs to b modified and adjusted to the __________ population

target

give an example of experimental study in dental public health

testgin fluoride varnish for the prevention of dental caries in which one half of the study participants receive the active agent and the other half receive the placebo.

What is the most important purpose for program evaluation?

the contribution of the provision of quality services to people in need

both primary and secondary data can be either qualitative or quantitative in describing a community. Qualitative data are expressed as quantity or amount

the first statement is true, and the second statement is false

the educational campaign would be categorized as a primary prevention measure. The sealant program would be a secondary method of prevention

the first statement is true, the second is false

you will be reviewing all of the following factors except one to determine the location for the sealant program. which one is the exception?

the number of elementary, middle, and high schools

what is the health belief model based on?

theory that behaviors are directed by perceptions and beliefs. It suggests that whether or not a person engages in preventive health action depends on these beliefs

according to the laws of this state, a dentist must screen the children to approve the teeth for dental sealants before a dental hygienist places the sealants; the dentist does not have to be present at the time the sealants are placed. which of the following statements is correct?

this describes general supervision

what are the goals of health education?

to have a positive impact on health through accurate knowledge of health behaviors and lifestyle

True or false: Ethnocentrism can have a negative impact on the delivery of health services

true

True or false: Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority in the U.S.

true

For an index to be useful in a public health practice it must be both __________ and __________.

valid reliable

levels of the index should correspond with the stages of the disease under study

validity

measures what needs to be measured: reliability or validity

validity

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