Exams 1-6: Final Study Questions

e) S1 and C6

A child was in a diving accident. When brought into the emergency room, the doctor used sharp and blunt objects to determine if there was any sensation on the bottom of the foot and the lateral aspect of their palm. The child stated they could not feel the stimulus in either area. What nerves were most likely damaged? a) L3 and C8. b) L5 and C6 c) S2 and T1 d) C7 and L4 e) S1 and C6

a) A

Anosmia may result from head injuries in which the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is fractured. This condition results in impaired function of which cranial nerve in the diagram? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

TRUE OR FALSE: Motor neuron output only involves skeletal muscle contraction.

False

c) multiploar, bipolar, unipolar

From left to right, what is the correct order of the type of neurons listed below? a) unipolar, multipolar, bipolar b) bipolar, unipolar, multipolar c) multiploar, bipolar, unipolar d) pseudounipolar, unipolar, bipolar

d) A and B

In the diagram, where do graded potentials occur? a) A b) B c) C d) A and B e) A, B, and C

b) B

In this diagram injury to which area would affect sensory impulses reaching the cerebral cortex? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e) E

In this diagram, which structure electrically insulates the axon of a neuron to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

a) A

Respiratory distress can occur if damage occurs to which group of spinal nerves? a) A b) C c) E d) F e) H

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? a) The somatic nervous system contains sensory neurons that collect information from somatic and special senses receptors. b) The autonomic nervous system is voluntary and carries information from receptors located primarily in viscera to the central nervous system. c) The ENS is involuntary and monitors activity of the gastrointestinal tract. d) All of the choices are correct

The autonomic nervous system is voluntary and carries information from receptors located primarily in viscera to the central nervous system.

d) I

The synaptic end bulb is represented by letter _____. a) F b) G c) H d) I

a) B

The trigger zone is located just after letter _____. a) B b) D c) G d) H

b) there is one motor neuron in the pathway d) because the effector is a skeletal muscle

What statements support that this diagram represents a somatic motor pathway and not an autonomic motor pathway? Select all that apply (Yes, really. Select all that apply). a) neuron cell body is in anterior root b) there is one motor neuron in the pathway c) because the motor neuron is myelinated d) because the effector is a skeletal muscle e) the neuron exits the anterior root

b) Parasympathetic has a long preganglionic neuron and sympathethic has a short preganglionic neuron.

What statements support that this diagrams represents only one specific division of the autonomic nervous system? Select all that apply. a) Only sympathetic division has two motor neurons in the pathway. b) Parasympathetic has a long preganglionic neuron and sympathethic has a short preganglionic neuron. c) Effectors in both divisions are involuntary. d) The preganglionic neuron axon in both exits the anterior root.

c) B, D, I

Where are tracts located? Select all that apply. a) B, C, J b) C, D, E c) B, D, I d) E, F, H

b) B

Where is a node of Ranvier? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e) H

Where would somatic motor nuclei be located? a) B b) C c) E d) F e) H

c) G

Which area is continuous with the 4th ventricle of the brain? a) A b) B c) G d) J e) I

c) C

Which diagram represents a reverberating circuit? a) A b) B c) C d) D

e) I

Which layer is the thickest protective covering? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

e) E

Which major portion of the brain is used to monitor movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e) dendrites

Which of the following structures is labeled A in the diagram? a) axon terminal b) trigger zone c) cell body d) peripheral process e) dendrites

c) D

Which of the nerves in this diagram only have anterior and posterior rami branches and do not form plexuses? a) A b) B c) D d) E e) G

c) C

Which of the structures in this diagram would be included in a ganglion? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) brachial plexus

Which plexus arises from the structure labeled B in the diagram? a) cervical plexus b) brachial plexus c) thoracic nerves d) lumbar plexus e) sacral plexus

e) G

Which structure contains nerve roots that arise from the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal region of the spinal cord? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G

e) E

Which structure would be produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) Acetylcholine; depolarization

_____ is the neurotransmitter used by the pathway shown in the diagram and it causes ____. a) Norepinephrine; depolarization b) Acetylcholine; depolarization c) Epinephrine; depolarization d) Norepinephrine; hyperpolarization e) Acetylcholine; hyperpolarization

Hyperpolarization is represented by ________. a) -70mV > -90mV b) -55mV > +30mV c) +30mV > -70mV

a) -70mV > -90mV

Sensory information travels to the brain via a) Ascending tracts b) Descending tracts c) Integration tracts d) Anterior roots e) Direct motor pathways

a) Ascending tracts

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain? a) Brainstem b) Cerebrum c) Cerebellum d) Diencephalon e) Dura mater

a) Brainstem

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for the ability to form words? a) Broca's area b) Primary visual area c) Common integrative area d) Primary olfactory area e) Primary somatosensory area

a) Broca's area

The ______________ are networks of capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid and are found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain. a) Choroid plexuses b) Lateral apertures c) Interventricular foramina d) Secondary brain vesicles

a) Choroid plexuses

This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons. a) Diverging circuit b) Converging circuit c) Reverberating circuit d) Parallel after-discharge circuit e) Simple series circuit

a) Diverging circuit

Which type of central nervous system tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells? a) Gray matter b) White matter c) Nissl bodies d) Ganglia

a) Gray matter

Which portion of the ventricular system is located in the cerebral hemisphere? a) Lateral ventricle b) aqueduct of the midbrain c) Fourth ventricle d) Third ventricle

a) Lateral ventricle

The cell bodies of the neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are structurally classified as ____________. a) Sensory b) Motor c)Integrative

a) Sensory

Hearing your cell phone ring in an quiet lecture hall is an example of which nervous system functions? a) Sensory function b) Integrative function c) Motor function

a) Sensory function

The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves is called a) a dermatome. b) a microtome. c) perineurium. d) a fascicle. e) an epitome.

a) a dermatome.

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed from processes of many_____. a) astrocytes b) ependymal cells c) oligodendrocytes d) Schwann cells

a) astrocytes

The spinal cord ends a) between L1 and L2 b) at T12 c) at S5 d) at L5 e) between T9 and T10

a) between L1 and L2

Interoceptors can detect what sensation? a) blood gas levels b) an ant walking on your arm c) grilled steak aroma d) taste of chocolate

a) blood gas levels

Inability to abduct or adduct fingers or loss of sensation in the pinky finger would occur from damage to the ____________. a) brachial plexus b) cervical plexus c) coccygeal plexus d) lumbar plexus sacral plexus

a) brachial plexus

Which of the following lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order? a) endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium b) endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium c) perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium d) epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium

a) endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Facial movement is primarily controlled by ____nerve, while sensation from the face is primarily determined by ____nerve. a) facial; trigeminal b) trigeminal; facial c) glossopharyngeal; trigeminal d) glossopharyngeal; facial e) accessory; facial

a) facial; trigeminal

Integration of information will occur in the __________ of the spinal cord and brain. a) gray matter b) white matter c) meninges d) plexuses

a) gray matter

Blood flows to the brain through the _____ arteries and away from the brain through the _____ veins. a) internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular b) external carotid and vertebral; external jugular c) internal jugular and vertebral; internal carotid d) internal carotid and axillary; internal jugular e) external jugular and axillary; external jugular

a) internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular

The nerves that supply the thigh and calf of a leg emerge from the a) lumbar enlargement b) filum terminale c) cauda equina d) conus medullaris e) cervical enlargement

a) lumbar enlargement

A postganglionic neuron in the ANS a) releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell. b) is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway. c) has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord. d) has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves. e) carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

a) releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to a) remove a neurotransmitter b) stop a spatial summation c) continue a temporal summation d) inhibit a presynaptic potential e) excite a presynaptic potential

a) remove a neurotransmitter

Depolarization is represented by _______. a) -70mV > -90mV b) -55mV > +30mV c) +30mV > -70mV

b) -55mV > +30mV

This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body. a) Multipolar neuron b) Bipolar neuron c) Unipolar neuron d) Purkinje cell e) Pyramidal cell

b) Bipolar neuron

The periosteal and meningeal layer are part of the a) Spinal dura mater b) Cranial dura mater c) Spinal arachnoid mater d) Cranial arachnoid mater e) Cranial pia mater

b) Cranial dura mater

A lesion on which structure would affect the acoustic "startle reflex" ? a) Superior colliculus b) Inferior colliculus c) Pontine nucleus d) Medial lemniscus e) Inferior olivary nucleus

b) Inferior colliculus

All of the following statements are true for which type of cell? has a charge imbalance across its membrane. includes most cells of the body. exhibits a membrane potential. inside is more negative relative to outside. a) Nonpolarized cell b) Polarized cell c) Neutral cell d) Electrogenic cell

b) Polarized cell

A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to enter the integrating center? a) Anterior root of spinal nerve b) Posterior root of spinal nerve c) Tectospinal tract d) Gray commissure e) Lateral reticulospinal tract

b) Posterior root of spinal nerve

The left cerebellar hemisphere receives information from the ___cerebral hemisphere. This type of input is considered _____. a) Right, ipsilateral b) Right, contralateral c) Left, ipsilateral d) Left, contralateral

b) Right, contralateral

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would involve the posterior root ganglion? a) Integrating center b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Interneuron

b) Sensory neuron

What event must occur for the creation of an action potential? a) Neurotransmitters must be released into the synaptic cleft. b) Threshold at the trigger zone. c) Summation of hyperpolarizing graded potential. d) Glycine attaches to a ligand gate.

b) Threshold at the trigger zone.

A synapse between an axon and a body cell is called a ________________ synapse. a) axoaxonic b) axosomatic c) axodendritic d) axomoronic

b) axosomatic

The ____________ separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum along the ___________ section or plane. a) falx cerebri, frontal b) falx cerebri, sagittal c) falx cerebelli, lamdoid d) falx cerebelli, coronal e) tentorium cerebelli, sagittal

b) falx cerebri, sagittal

Schwann cells a) form myelin sheaths around axons in the central nervous system. b) form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system. c) wrap around multiple parts of several axons forming nodes of Ranvier

b) form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system.

A depolarizing graded potential a) makes the membrane more polarized. b) makes the membrane less polarized. c) occurs on the axon.

b) makes the membrane less polarized.

An individual suffers a stroke and looses control over their left arm. The individual is affected with__________paralysis. a) diplegia b) monoplegia c) paraplegia d) hemiplegia e) quadriplegia

b) monoplegia

Which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) unipolar neuron d) pseudounipolar

b) multipolar neuron

Which electrical signal can allow for rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system? a) resting potential b) nerve action potential c) muscle action potential d) graded potential

b) nerve action potential

The pituitary gland rests in the sella turcica. This feature is part of which bone? a) ethmoid b) sphenoid c) maxilla d) frontal e) occipital

b) sphenoid

Repolarization is represented by _______. a) -70mV > -90mV b) -55mV > +30mV c) +30mV > -70mV

c) +30mV > -70mV

There are ______ cranial nerves. a) 10 b) 11 c) 12 d) 13

c) 12

Electrical excitability is seen in which cell? a) Muscle cells b) Neurons c) Both a and b d) Neither a nor b

c) Both a and b

Which division of the peripheral nervous system only innervates the gastrointestinal tract's wall? a) Somatic nervous system b) Autonomic nervous system c) Enteric nervous system d) Parasympathetic nervous system e) Sympathetic nervous system

c) Enteric nervous system

__________open and close in response to physical stimuli. a) Leak channels b) Schwann cells c) Mechanically gated channels d) Voltage-gated channels

c) Mechanically gated channels

Which organelle in neurons plays a role similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in cells that are not neurons? a) mitochondria b) nucleus c) Nissl body d) Golgi apparatus e) nucleolus

c) Nissl body

Sensory input is to _______________ as motor output is to _________________. a) afferent, efficient b) efficient, affected c) afferent, efferent d) efferent, afferent

c) afferent, efferent

A postsynaptic neuron responds to acetylcholine neurotransmitter by creating a) EPSP b) IPSP c) either EPSP or IPSP d) neither EPSP or IPSP

c) either EPSP or IPSP

The pineal gland is located in the ________________. a) thalamus b) hypothalamus c) epithalamus d) frontal lobe

c) epithalamus

The junction between the two hemispheres of the thalamus is the ____________. a) cerebral aqueduct b) fourth ventricle c) interthalamic adhesion d) reticular adhesion

c) interthalamic adhesion

In an action potential, the electric current that flows is generated by the movement of _____ across the membrane. a) electrons b) protons c) ions d) chemicals e) neutrons

c) ions

Which of the following is not considered one of the four major regions of the adult brain? a) brainstem b) cerebellum c) mesencephalon d) diencephalon e) cerebrum

c) mesencephalon

Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by1. increasing activities in effector tissue.2. decreasing activities in effector tissue.3. allowing bidirectional conduction across synapses. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1 and 2 e) 1, 2, and 3

d) 1 and 2

__________ occur on myelinated axons. __________ occur on cell bodies and dendrites. ____________ occur over short or long distances on myelinated axons. __________ occur when ligand or mechanically-gated channels open. (Choose the correct order of responses) Answer choices: 1) Action potentials 2) Graded potentials a) 2, 2, 1, 2 b) 1, 2, 2, 1 c) 1, 1, 2, 2 d) 1, 2, 1, 2 e) 2, 1, 2, 1

d) 1, 2, 1, 2

Place the reflex arc components in order from detecting a stimulus to response. 1. motor neuron 2. effector 3. sensory neuron 4. integration center 5. sensory receptor a) 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 b) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 c) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2 d) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 e) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5

d) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2

Which is not a function of the nervous system? a) Sensory function b) Integrative function c) Motor function d) Contractility

d) Contractility

Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus? a) Cerebellum b) Brain stem c) Cerebrum d) Diencephalon e) Dura mater

d) Diencephalon

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would be represented by the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle or the radial iris muscles? a) Sensory receptor b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Integrating center

d) Effector

Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green. She stops suddenly as a truck runs the red light and is only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which effect would you NOT expect to see in Jennifer's body? a) Increased heart rate b) Airway dilation c) Increased pupil diameter d) Increased secretion of digestive juices e) Increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

d) Increased secretion of digestive juices

Which structure is not part of a neuron? a) an axon b) a dendrite c) a Nissl body d) a sarcolemma

d) a sarcolemma

Which lobe of the cerebrum is found deep to the other four lobes and thus cannot be observed from the surface? a) occipital b) temporal c) parietal d) insula e) frontal

d) insula

Cholinergic receptors include a) nicotinic and adrenergic receptors b) muscarinic, alpha, and beta receptors c) adrenergic and nicotinic receptors d) nicotinic and muscarinic receptors e) alpha, beta, and nicotinic receptors

d) nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Which cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball? a) optic (II) nerve, oculomotor (III) nerve, and trochlear (IV) nerve b) olfactory (I) nerve, trigeminal (V) nerve, and vagus (X) nerve c) oculomotor (III) nerve, glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, and trigeminal (V) nerve d) oculomotor (III) nerve, trochlear (IV) nerve, and abducens (VI) nerve e) vagus (X) nerve, accessory (XI) nerve, and hypoglossal (XII) nerve

d) oculomotor (III) nerve, trochlear (IV) nerve, and abducens (VI) nerve

If these structures were severed, the nerve impulses from pain and stretch receptors would not reach the CNS. a) white columns b) gray horns c) anterior root of spinal nerves d) posterior root of spinal nerves e) rami communicantes

d) posterior root of spinal nerves

Excitation of the quadriceps femoris group and inhibition of the hamstring group is termed _______ innervation. (HINT: Think in terms of a reflex arc.) a) antagonist-effector b) ipsilateral c) crossed-extensor d) reciprocal e) Intersegmental

d) reciprocal

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into a) somatic and sympathetic divisions. b) somatic and parasympathetic divisions. c) enteric and somatic divisions. d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. e) voluntary and involuntary divisions.

d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Parasympathetic innervation of the liver occurs through a) oculomotor (III) nerve b) facial (VII) nerve c) glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve d) vagus (X) nerve e) pelvic splanchnic nerve.

d) vagus (X) nerve

Which of the following describes a function of cerebrospinal fluid? 1. Maintain optimum ionic environment 2. Maintain pH homeostasis 3. Provide circulation for exchange of nutrients/wastes 4. Serve as a shock-absorbing fluid system of spinal cord 5. Provide buoyancy of the brain a) 1, 2, 3 b) 1, 4, 5 c) 1, 3, 5 d) 2, 3, 4, 5 e) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

e) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Cerebrospinal fluid passes through what structure in the midbrain as it moves from the third to the fourth ventricle? a) Lateral ventricle b) Septum pellucidum c) Third ventricle d) Fourth ventricle e) Aqueduct of the midbrain

e) Aqueduct of the midbrain

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic? a) Sensory receptor b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Integrating center

e) Integrating center

Damaging which cranial nerve could decrease gastrointestinal secretions? a) Oculomotor b) Trigeminal c) Spinal accessory d) Facial e) Vagus

e) Vagus

The autonomic nervous system is involved in controlling what effectors? a) exocrine glands b) cardiac muscle c) smooth muscle d) endocrine glands e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Which ion channels are used in the production of electrical signals in neurons? Select all that apply a) Leak channel b) Voltage-gated channel c) Ligand-gated channel d) Mechanically gated channel e) all of the above

e) all of the above

a) E

which structure is the conus medullaris? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I