EXP3604 :Exam 1

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the:

inverse projection problem

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that

it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for:

localization of function.

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

make a decision about the stimulus.

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called __________.

neural networks

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

operant conditioning.

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual

organization

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention.

overt

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

pragnanz

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage.

Entering a classroom and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the instructor's podium would be perceived as a violation of

scene schema

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.

selective

Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as

structuralism

From the textbook section: "Why Can't Machines Perceive Like Humans?" what were the primary reasons noted why machine perception is a difficult problem to tackle?

All of these are correct

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B. F. Skinner

Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?

Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?

A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?

Because he used behavior to infer mental processes

What does the field of neuropsychology study?

Behavior of people with brain damage

Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?

Connectome

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain?

Consistent

Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?

Default mode network

What does the principal of neural representation state?

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.

Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?

Hierarchical processing

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

Inattentional blindness

In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?

Information processing model

What types of neurons respond while a subject watches an action being performed in the same way as if the subject was performing the action?

Mirror neurons

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.

Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon?

Neurotransmitters

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

Object discrimination problem

Which of the following statements is correct?

Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?

One sends information and the other receives information.

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following?

People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?

Sensory memory

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT

Short-term memory.

In the textbook's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

Simplicity

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?

Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem"?

The mind as problem solver

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?

The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word 'platypus'

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?

Wilhelm Wundt

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements

are determined primarily by the task.

Action potentials occur in the:

axon

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

binding

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.

bottom-up

The key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, dendrites, and axons.

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a

choice reaction time task.

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map.

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as

cognitive neuroscience.

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli.

You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed

in different parts of the brain.

Brain imaging has made it possible to:

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as:

dichotic listening

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed representation.

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.

divided attention; distraction

Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?

dorsal, where, action

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called

feature detectors

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.

fixation

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.

high-saliency

If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?

the cake

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed.

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

A synapse is:

the gap that separates two different neurons.

What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?

the source of information

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that

there are limits to the human ability to process information.

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of:

top-down processing

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

what; where