Experience Psychology- Chapter 6: Memory: Study Question
The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _______ memory.
Prospective
_______ is the memory process where information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.
Retrieval
When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?
Sensory
Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory?
Sharing personal experience creates social bonds, it provides us with identity, and it allows us to learn from our experiences
In a MRI study, participants viewed pictures while in a MRI scanner. When their memories for the pictures were later tested, the researchers found that greater activation in which brain regions resulted in better memory performance?
The hippocampus and prefrontal lobes
Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. Which of the following brain areas are involved in the release of stress related hormones?
The hippocampus, and the amygdala
According to Palvio's dual code hypothesis:
The image code produces better memory, and memory for pictures is better than memory for words.
Which of the following statements explain why the last several items on a list are remembered?
The items may still be in working memory and items' recency makes them easier to recall.
Which of the following is true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?
The material is easier to remember, and retrieval paths are created.
Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?
This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.
The general term _______ refers to the loss of memory.
amnesia
A special form of episodic memory, is _______ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.
autobiographical
Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that they evolve over time but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _______ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.
autobiographical
People who are allowed to give their full attention to information that they must remember do _______ than people who must divide their attention.
better
According to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integrating information, planning, and organizing is the _______ _______.
central executive
A subtype of implicit memory involves _______ _______, which is the automatic learning of association between stimuli. For example who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.
classical conditioning
The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of _______.
connectionism
Explicit memory is the _______ recollection of information such as facts and events.
conscious
Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and it is sometimes also referred to as _______ memory.
declarative
The _______ _______ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored both as image codes and verbal codes.
dual code
The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds is _______ memory.
echoic
Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of:
elaboration
When _______ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be remembered information meaningful, and has engaged in detailed processing.
elaboration
According to levels of processing, the process of _______ involves three levels.
encoding
The process by which information gets into memory storage is _______.
encoding
Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of _______ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.
episodic
During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at the lecture is _______ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is _______ memory.
episodic; semantic
Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H.M.'s _______ memory was impaired, but his _______ memory was less affected.
explicit; implicit
The two main components of long-term memory, _______ memory consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _______ memory consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.
explicit; implicit
In forensic psychology, most of the interest in _______ _______ focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.
eyewitness testimony
You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic, or very iconic. However, it may be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a _______ memory.
flashbulb
Sperling's class study on sensory memory determined that information held in _______ memory can be forgotten very quickly.
iconic
The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4th sparkler is _______ memory
iconic
In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of the campus map. Kareem used _______ to remember the necessary route.
imagery
When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of:
imagery
The cerebellum is involved in the _______ memory required to perform skills.
implicit
True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location
False
True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.
False
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _______ memory.
long-term
Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory?
General events, event-specific knowledge, and life time periods
Which of the following is a task that would be handled by the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Imagining how your living room would look with the furniture in different places.
_______ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.
Implicit
Craig has returned from the war in Iraq, badly physically injured. When questioned by family and friends, he says he doesn't remember his war experiences because they are too painful. This is an example of:
motivated forgetting
The term used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden
motivated forgetting
From a connectionist network perspective, memories are organized sets of _______ that are routinely activated together.
neurons
Long-term memory is a _______ type of memory that stores information huge amounts of information.
permanent
When considering the effects of serial position, the _______ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.
primacy
There are two aspects of the serial position effect. Better recall for items at the beginning id referred to as the _______ effect and better recall for items at the end is referred to as _______.
primacy; recency
Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and "dog" is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into "dog" than "hog" or "bog" because of the concept known as _______.
priming
If a researcher activates information in participants' minds, and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used _______, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance.
priming
Allison lived in a foreign country for a year and didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _______ memory.
procedural
Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of:
procedural memory
In terms of how we engage with information we are trying to remember, the continuum from shallow, to intermediate, to deep, where deeper levels produce better memory is called levels of _______.
processing
Aaron has elaborate system set up on his computer to remind him of all the thing he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with:
prospective memory
The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in:
prospective memory, retrospective memory, and explicit memory
A multiple choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of an _______ task.
recognition
You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _______.
rehearsal
Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a "little girl," Lee Anne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the _______ _______.
reminiscence bump
Allan seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of the abuse early in his life, he uncovered what psychologist call _______ memory.
repressed
While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a _______ memory.
repressed
Memory _______ is a process that occurs when information that has retained in memory comes out of storage, that is when we recall or otherwise remember something.
retrieval
The memory process involves encoding, storage, and _______.
retrieval
A(n) _______ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.
schema
Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant, be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best description of this is a _______ which is a schema for an event.
script
Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using _______ to help her remember the course concepts.
self-referencing
Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _______.
semantic
The three stages of memory in Atkinson-Shiffrin theory; _______ memory, short-term, and long-term
sensory
You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but as you drive a little farther you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _______-_______ memory.
short-term
_______ is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
short-term memory
The process of retaining information over time is referred to as _______.
storage
When using memory retrieval the information that an individual is searching for comes out of _______.
storage
Information must be encoded and _______ in order to be retrieved later.
stored
Interference occurs when:
the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said
Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and better (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates:
the serial position effect
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _______ systems in memory.
three
In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to _______ events.
traumatic
According to level-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider _______.
what they mean
Baddeley proposed the concept of ________ memory as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.
working
There are _______ levels of autobiographical memory.
3
Short-term memory can retain about _______ pieces of complex information.
5 to 9
Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting?
A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful, and someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma.
Which two of the following are recognition tasks?
A witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs, and a student takes a multiple choice test.
Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?
Amanda never really encoded the material
The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. This memory disorder can:
Be anterograde or retrograde, can affect memories differentially, and can affect the retention of new memories.
Why do some researchers believe that "recovered memories" should instead be called "discovered memories?"
Because at least some recovered memories could be false memories.
Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony?
Bias may be involved, memory can be distorted by new information, memory can fade, and witnesses may share their thoughts.
Megan is listening to music, surfing the web, studying for her biology exam, and sitting outside watching people in a park. This multitasking is called _______ _______ and it deceases encoding.
Divided attention
_______ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.
Interference
Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?
It is a limited-capacity memory system and it can store information longer than sensory memory.
Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?
It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory, it consists of three parts, and it is a mental blackboard
What is the role of the amygdala in memory?
It plays an important role in emotional memory.
Which of the following processes are related to working memory?
Problem solving, decision making, and information comprehension
Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?
Chunk the information
At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?
Deepest level
_______ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.
Memory
Which of the following are involved in problem in the retrieval process?
Other information gets in the way, time has elapsed, and there are personal reasons
Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events?
Stress related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma, they may be subject to deterioration and distortion, and they may be more accurate then memories of nontraumatic events.
True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuospatial workings memory, and the central executive.
True
True or false: When Suzanne mentally "sings" the lyrics to her new favorite song silently in her head, she is using the phonological loop of working memory.
True
Which of the following are explanations for why the primacy effect occurs?
When the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time, the first few items are more elaboratively processed, and the first few items are rehearsed more.
