Experiencing the Lifespan Ch. 6

shame

a feeling of being personally humiliated

prosocial behavior

sharing, helping, and caring actions

hostile attribution bias

the tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign

moral disengagement

rationalizing moral or ethical lapses by invoking justifications such as "He deserved that."

self esteem

evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people

bully-victims

exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized

working memory

In information-processing theory, the limited-capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time. The material in this system is either processed for more permanent storage or lost.

sacrificing

In non-Western cultures, specific kinds of prosocial behaviors such as __________ for one's parents are more of a norm

Accurate self perceptions

To promote realistic self-esteem we need to enhance children's self-efficacy and encourage _________________________.

childhood obesity

A body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the U.S. norms established for children in the 1970s.

c.

All are important purposes of play EXCEPT: a. helping children cope with stress. b. allowing children to practice adult roles. c. helping children learn to be creative. d. helping children learn to get along with each other.

without

Altruism refers to the desire to do good or act prosocially (with/without) getting an external reward.

relational

Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister's boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sara is showing ______ aggression.

preschool; elementary school

Gender segregated play begins in ________, but really gets going in ___________.

2 and a half.

Peter is at the life peak age for physical aggression. Peter is most likely around age:

bullied

Socially anxious, relatively unpopular children, and who don't fight back tend to get __________most often.

emotion regulation

The capacity to manage our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life is called:

empathy

feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing

guilt

feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior

frontal lobes

the area at the front uppermost part of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions.

internalizing

Although Tim just turned 6-years old, he tends to hide behind his mother's legs every time he is in a social situation. His intense anxiety is sparked whenever others are around. Tim suffers from ______ tendencies.

externalizing

Children who act on impulse and act aggressively have ______ tendencies.

externalizing tendencies

Children who act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively have:

have internalizing tendencies

Children who are incredibly anxious, timid, and frightened:

learned helplessness

Children who believe they are powerless to affect their fate, and so give up, feeling that they should not try to succeed, have developed:

small

During childhood girls' play is defined or characterized by cooperating and collaborating in (small/large) groups.

reactive

Five-year-old Matthew kicked Jason when Jason threatened to take Matthew's snack. Matthew is showing ______ aggression.

modest; take credit

Japanese children may be more _____, or less likely to ___________for prosocial acts than U.S. children.

learned helplessness; low self-efficacy; internalizing issues

Jason believes he is a failure at everything he does. He is timid, anxious, and has given up trying, even when he could succeed. Jason is suffering from ________, _________, and _______.

initiative; industry

Jason, a three-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning he has to work for what he wants. Pick the Eriksonian psychosocial stages that fit each boy. Jason: _______ and Josh ________.

a.

Sally is using induction in disciplining her child. After witnessing her daughter teasing a playmate, she will say: a. "Think of how terrible that child feels being teased." b. "Don't tease them that's not nice."

self-awareness; concrete operation stage.

Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference, while being able to reflect on her own inner feelings. Samantha is showing ______ and is probably in ______.

stick to their own gender

Sarah, a new third grade teacher, wants her male and female students to play together and have best friends of the opposite sex. Sarah needs to be told that boys and girls can play together sometimes, but they typically ___________________________ for best friends.

withdraw from others (and behave more aggressively).

Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, causes us to want to:

empathy; sympathy

Tara feels incredibly frightened when she sees a highway crash. Tonia feels terrible for the people who were hurt, and rushes to help. Pick the label for each girl's response. Tara: _______ Tonia: _________

older children; internal

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are most likely ______, and she describes their friendships in terms of ______ qualities.

concrete operations; peers

Why does self-esteem tend to decline during elementary school? We have reached _______ and can realistically compare our abilities to our____ .

reactive aggression

a hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt

relational aggression

a hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships

proactive aggression

a hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal

selective attention

a learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information

rehearsal

a learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory

externalizing tendencies

a personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively

internalizing tendencies

a personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression

bullying

a situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse

sympathy

a state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help

learned helplessness

a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying

executive functions

abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and control our immediate impulses

Agression

any hostile or destructive act

Cyberbullying

systematic harassment conducted through electronic media

self awareness

the capacity to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state

Induction

the ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder/ADHD

the most common childhood learning disorder in the United States, disproportionally affecting boys; characterized by inattention and hyperactivity at home and at school.

body mass index/bmi

the ratio of a person's weight to height; the main indicator of overweight or underweight

middle childhood

the second phase of childhood, comprising the ages from roughly 7 to 12 years.