Experimental Psychology- Chapter 2
Standards for research deception
(1) Must be justified, (2) Must not cause physical pain/ emotional distress, and (3) Must be feasible and permit subjects to withdraw their data.
Public process safeguards
(1) Reviewed by editors of research journals and several experts before publishing, (2) Replication of the published findings (mostly if they are novel & important)and (3) Competitive nature of academic psychology working against fraud
Minimal risk research
A study on a proportion of population that uses soap and water in public hand washing through observation of public behavior through anonymous questionnaires is an example of ____.
Ethical Reports
According to the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, psychologists take responsibility and credit including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed.
APA Standards: Humane care for animals in research
Acquire, care, and use animals in compliance with universal and local laws, Experienced psychologists in care of laboratory animals must supervise, Must receive instruction in research methods, Minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects, May subject them to pain, stress, or privation only when alternative procedures are unavailable, Surgical procedures with anesthesia, and When animal's life must be terminated, it must proceed rapidly.
Responsible research
Aimed at advancing our understanding of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in ways that we ultimately benefit humanity.
Taub
Animal research contributed a lot, specifically, in the treatment of psychological disorders, development of new drugs, and knowledge of human behavior. One excellent example is ____'s study on human limb movements after stroke-induced paralysis where the bad limb was used when the good limb was restrained. It lead to therapeutic techniques in stroke patients.
Animal Welfare Act of 1966
Animal treatment in research is regulated by ____.
Animal Welfare Act of 1966
Animal treatment in research is regulated by the ____.
Reporting in research
Both a necessary and an ethical part of the scientific process.
Assent
Consent must be obtained in writing, and subjects must receive copy. Concerning minors/ cognitively impaired, consent is obtained from legal guardian. Still, explanation is given to the subjects and be allowed to refuse. An ____, which is the approval of minors/ cognitively impaired, is also required.
not influence participant's willingness to participate.
Deception must ____.
Animal welfare
Enriching animal environment by allowing them to interact with objects, same-species animals, and caregivers and allowing them to socialize
institutional review board (IRB)
Ensures that each subject at risk was given informed consent to participate. (safeguarding individual rights)
reversed
Experimental effects cannot always be ____. There are unavoidable negative consequences.
Animal welfare
Humane care and treatment of animals; amended to include psychological well-being of animals.
Nuremberg Code of 1947
In international trials, ____, a code for ethical standards for scientific research was created. A commission was also created.
APA Ethical Standards
It applies to psychologists and students who assume the role of psychologists in engaging in research or practice. It includes informed consent and experimental treatment.
Informed Consent
It includes nature of experiment, overview of procedures, duration, potential risks and benefits, and their required participation.
WWII experiments
Nazi doctors' experiments on Jewish prisoners: 7,000 prisoners exposed to cruel and inhumane trials.
Animal rights
Transferring a healthy baboon's heart to a dying new born baby and cloning animals whilst animals in shelters are killed are ethical questions of ____.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Personal health information and medical records are now protected by the ____.
Peer review
Procedure of allowing editors and several experts to review your paper before publishing; assessing merit of submission, intricate reviewing, and looking for problems and suggesting improvements. (first line of defense)
Replication
Producing a number of copies to disseminate information (second line of defense)
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Protecting the privacy of research participant through code numbers and fictitious names.
Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
Psychologists take responsibility and credit including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed where research advisors must contribute substantially, other contributions may be cited in the acknowledgement section, and researchers do not take credit for the same research more than once.
Plagiarism
Representing someone else's ideas, words, or written words as your own, without giving proper credit. It is common kind of fraud
Justice
The Tuskegee Syphilis study, where poor rural black men were used to test the effects of untreated syphilis and they have never been treated, even though penicillin was found to be the cure, emphasizes what principle of the Belmont Report?
outweighed by
The amount of deception must be ____ the knowledge to be gained.
Treating subjects ethically and responsibly.
The researchers' foremost concern must be ____.
balance
There must be ____ between the importance of research participants and search for knowledge.
True
True/ False: All possible alternatives to animal research must be considered before it is approved.
False
True/ False: Including the hypothesis in the informed consent is necessary and ethical. It will not confound with results.
Belmont Report
____ is a statement of government policy on research involving human subjects. It contains three basic ethical principles.
institutional review board (IRB)
a review committee to evaluate proposed studies before they are conducted. Its primary duty is to ensure the safety of research participants.
Singer's Animal Revelation
___ chronicled numerous cases of animal abuse.
Nuremberg Code of 1947
___ is a code for ethical standards for scientific research was created where commission was also created.
Coile and Miller
___ reviewed 608 articles, 0.0% of most research literature reported extreme animal abuse. It showed very little percentage of food deprivation and shocks and was not of idle curiosity.
APA Ethical Standards
____ applies to psychologists and students who assume the role of psychologists in engaging in research or practice.
Haney and Zimbardo
____ conducted a prison experiment where young men were assigned to play roles of police or guard in a laboratory prison. Though reviewed by IRB, it posed unforeseen results. Thus, it was cut short. Guards became abusive and showed aggressive behaviors. Some prisoners experienced stress disorders. The experimenter himself realized that he became the superintendent. There were debriefing sessions.
Animal Welfare
____ includes enriching animal environment by allowing them to interact with objects, same-species animals, and caregivers and allowing them to socialize.
Informed consent
____ includes nature of experiment, overview of procedures, duration, potential risks and benefits, and their required participation.
Anonymity and Confidentiality
____ includes protecting the privacy of research participant through code numbers and fictitious names.
Consent
____ must be clear and understandable. It must fit the reading level of the participants. Allowing subjects to read consent forms are not enough. Researchers need to verbally reinforce important information to the subjects.
Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty
____ studied on classical conditioning using a traumatic event. They used a drug that stimulates temporary paralysis and cessation of breathing in subjects.
Brady
____ studied rhesus monkeys in restraining chairs which caused them ulcers mostly due to electric shocks.
Data Falsification
a breach of the ethical principle (in APA standards) stating "Psychologists do not fabricate data"
Informed Consent
acknowledges that the subject agrees to participate after having been fully informed about the nature of the study.
Singer's Animal Revelation
chronicled numerous cases of animal abuse. (e.g. Brady's rhesus monkeys in restraining chairs; caused ulcers mostly due to electric shocks)
Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald
collected more than 2 ½ million responses in test of attitudes which showed ethical problems in online research.
Minimal risk
is a risk that is no greater in probability and severity than that ordinarily encountered in daily life or during performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.
The Belmont Report
is a statement of government policy on research involving human subjects. It contains three basic ethical principles.
Debriefing
is explaining the true nature and purpose of the study. It is the important full disclosure at the end of the experiment.
Animal rights
is the idea that all sensate species, particularly those that feel pain, are of equal value and have equal rights. (e.g. Transferring a healthy baboon's heart to a dying new born baby and cloning animals whilst animals in shelters are killed.)
March for Animals rally
most wanted to totally ban the use of animals in research
Subject at risk
one who is more likely to be harmed in some way by participating in the research.
Rosenthal
provided 3 reasons why a responsible research must be made
Beneficence
refers to an obligation to minimize risks of harm and maximizing possible benefits to individuals and society. Potential risks to individual must be weighed against possible benefits for society.
Justice
refers to fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research.
Coile and Miller
reports alleviating animal abuse; reviewed 608 articles, 0.0% of most research literature reported extreme animal abuse. Very little percentage of food deprivation and shocks. (not of idle curiosity)
Fraud in science
researchers publishing false data
CARE
stands for Committee on Animal Research and (no longer Experimentation, but) Ethics
Confederate
student/ research accomplice
Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty
studied classical conditioning using a traumatic event; used a drug that stimulates temporary paralysis and cessation of breathing in subjects.
Minimal risk study
study on proportion of population that uses soap and water in public hand washing through observation of public behavior. Anonymous questionnaires, and etc. is an example of ____.
Risk/ Benefit Analysis
used to determine whether any risk is outweighed by potential benefit/ knowledge.
Tuskegee Syphilis study
where poor rural black men were used to test the effects of untreated syphilis. They have never been treated, even though penicillin was found to be the cure.
Haney & Zimbardo's Prison Experiment
where young men were assigned to play roles of police or guard in a laboratory prison. Though reviewed by IRB, it posed unforeseen results. Thus, it was cut short. Guards became abusive and showed aggressive behaviors. Some prisoners experienced stress disorders. The experimenter himself realized that he became the superintendent. There were debriefing sessions.
Respect for persons
which maintains that every human being is autonomous with rights to his/ her own decisions. It provides extra protection to vulnerable populations (economically/ educationally disadvantaged/ prisoners/ pregnant women) and individuals with diminished capacity (children/ cognitively impaired) whilst respecting their self-determination.
Paraphrasing
without proper credit is still plagiarism.
