f. Chapter 5 part 1

most dangerous aspect of hurricanes.

coastal flooding

tornadoes ____ strike the same place twice.

do

cold, heavy downdrafts form as rainfall and hail drag air downward as they fall.

downdrafts

the trade winds of the tropics flow from ______ to _______.

east; west

tornadoes are ranked using the _______ ________ ________.

enhanced Fujita scale (EF scale)

hurricanes present two basic hazards: _______ and _________ __________ _________.

flooding; sustained high winds

lightening is too distant for thunder to be heard, resulting in silent flashes of what is often called ________ _________.

heat lightning

North American name for a tropical cyclone with sustaining winds of 74 mph or greater.

hurricane

North and Central America use _________.

hurricane

an electrical discharge that all thunderstorms produce.

lightening

two oppositely charged regions develop an electrical connection causing ________.

lightening

________ experiences the most thunderstorms and tornadoes per year.

Florida

the ____ provides the instability that allows a hurricane to develop.

ITCZ

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a hurricane ranking system based on measured wind speeds, to describe five categories of hurricane intensity.

Saffir- Simpson scale

multicell thunderstorms often produce ________ weather.

severe

the strong winds and low atmospheric pressure of a hurricane cause a rise in sea level called a ______ ______.

storm surge

least common type of thunderstorm

supercell thunderstorm

the air around a lightning bolt becomes superheated and expands explosively, creating an acoustic shock wave called _______.

thunder

most localized storm systems

thunderstorms

Australia uses _______ ________.

tropical cyclone

An _______ in a thudnerstorms tilts the cylinder to vertical.

updraft

warm, moist air flows upward into the cloud.

updrafts

Each day there are _________ thunderstorms worldwide. _______ thunderstorms are in progress somewhere in the world.

40,000; 2,000

The United States experiences about ________ tornadoes each year.

1,200

_______ _________ are necessary component of many meteorological processes, particularly thunderstorms.

air masses

_________ _________ is a large region of air, extending over thousands of kilometers, that is uniform in temperature and humidity.

air mass

they differ from single-cell thunderstorms in that they persist longer and form mainly along ___________ between ________ called _______ rather than within air masses.

boundaries; air masses; fronts

continental arctic consists in the polar high and is very cold and dry.

cA

continental polar consists in the polar high and is very cold and dry (forms in winter).

cP

continental tropical consists in the subtropical high and is hot and dry.

cT

hurricanes rotate __________ around a region of ______ barometric pressure.

counterclockwise; low

a cumulonimbus clouds forms in warm, upward- flowing currents of air called updrafts. Air in updrafts rises and cools to its dew point. As condensation occurs, latent heat is released into the cloud, warming the interior and causing it to rise more vigorously.

cumulus stage

countries bordering the Indian Ocean use _________.

cyclone

following the mature stage, downdrafts and net evaporation cause the storm to weaken. The falling downdrafts block the updrafts that feed moisture to the cloud. Once updrafts are weakened, the cloud quickly evaporates.

dissipating stage

when the heat of lightening fuses silica in sand into a glassy hollow tube called ________.

fulgurite

a rotating column that descends from a cumulonimbus cloud but is not in contact with the ground.

funnel cloud

single-cell thunderstorms typically experience a predictable sequence of ______, ______, and ______.

growth, maturation, dissipation

the downdrafts cause a cold surge of air at ground level called a ______ ________. If the wind exceeds 59 mph over 250 miles swath, the gust front is called a __________.

gust front; derecho

main meterological killer.

hurricanes

hurricanes bring two types of flooding: ___________ and __________.

inland flooding from rivers over-flowing; costal flooding from storm surges.

where hurricanes make ______ depends on the steering influence of the Bermuda high.

landfall

The ______ _______ positive feedback in hurricanes results in high winds and extraordinary amounts of precipitation.

latent heat

maritime polar consists in the polar high and sub polar low and is cold and humid

mP

maritime tropical is in the ITCZ and the subtropical high and is warm and humid.

mT

maritime-tropical air mass forms over an ocean in the tropics and is humid and warm.

mT

single-cell thunderstorms form with ______ air masses where wind shear is _________.

mT; weak

strong updrafts develop, and rain drags air downward as it falls, forming downdrafts. The upper regions of the clouds are so cold that the liquid cloud droplets become glaciated and freeze into ice. At this stage, lightning, thunder, heavy rain and hail are possible.

mature stage

The rotating air creates a _______. The _____ itself is not a tornado, although it may cause tornado to form.

mesocyclone

refers to the rotating cylindrical updraft within the supercell.

mesocyclone

multicell thunderstorm systems are arranged in clusters called ______ ________ or linearly in squall lines.

mesoscale convective

form under conditions of moderate wind shear with wind speeds of about 40 to 65 km/h or 23 to 40 mph.

multicell thunderstorms

new cells form at the leading edge of the thunderstorm as warm air rises over the approaching gust front. In time, these will grow into new thunderstorms and replace the older cells.

new thunderstorms

multicell thunderstorms are sometimes severe and typically last _______ ________.

several hours

relatively mild, short-lived thunderstorms that last up to an hour.

single-cell thunderstorms

Storm systems derive their energy from _________ _________ of Earth's surface and the ______________ of water vapor in the atmosphere.

solar heating; condensation

a line of multicellular thunderstorms cells that typically forms along a cold front on a midlatitude cyclone.

squall line

_______ thunderstorms form over land where there is humid air and strong wind shear.

supercell

almost all tornadoes are produced by _______ __________.

supercell thunderstorm

most powerful thunderstorms that contains a rotating cylindrical updraft.

supercell thunderstorm

cumulonimbus clouds that produce lightning and thunder

thunderstorms

cyclonic systems that have sustained winds between 39 to 73 mph.

topical storms

issued when a tornado or funnel clouds has been seen and reported or is detected by Doppler radar.

tornado warning

issued hours in advance of a possible storm to help people prepare.

tornado watch

most ________ form in supercell thunderstorms, but they can also form in hurricanes and cold fronts.

tornadoes

violently rotating column of air that descends from a cumulonimbus cloud and touches the ground.

torndo

a cyclonic storm with sustained winds of 74 mph or greater

tropical cyclone

meteorologists refer to hurricanes as ________ _________.

tropical cyclones

as winds flow across Northern Africa they develop ripples called ______ ______.

tropical waves

southeastern Asia uses _________.

typhoon

The _____ ______ has the highest frequency off tornadoes and the strongest tornadoes in the world.

United States

Lightning is formed as cumulonimbus clouds develop a separation of electrical charges. As rain, ice crystals, and hail within the cloud collide, friction creates negative and positive charges within these particles. Larger particles become negatively charged and smaller particles become positively charged. With the assistance of air turbulence, lighter ice crystals with a positive charge migrate upward in the cloud, and heavier particles, such as rain and hail, with a negative charge migrate to the lower parts of the cloud.

What causes lightening?

a cylindrical cloud that protrudes from the base of the mesocyclone.

wall cloud

for a hurricane to persist and strengthen, it must have an ample supply of ______ _______ that readily evaporates.

warm seawater

main fuel for hurricanes.

warm seawater (80 degrees Fahrenheit)

The strength of a hurricane depends on how much _______ _______ condenses to liquid.

water vapor

_____ _______ creates a horizontal rolling cylinder of air near the ground.

wind shear

changes in wind speed and direction with altitude

wind shear