Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, K & E

Precursors of Vitamin A

Carotenoids Body converts them to Vitamin A when in need

Vitamin A Deficiency

Cause night blindness

Which two fat-soluble vitamins are most toxic? Least Toxic?

Most Toxic Fat-Soluble vitamin A & D Least Toxic Fat-Soluble vitamin E & K

Vitamin E Deficiency

Most deficiency occurs in people with fat mal-absorption and result in breakdown of red blood cells

Vitamin A Toxicity

Overdose can cause: 1. Hyper-vitaminosis A: too much beta-carotene turns the colour of the skin to yellow or orange 2. Birth defects 3. Diarrhoea, nausea, possible damage to the liver and bones

What vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness?

Vitamin A

How does Vitamin K deficiency lead to the inability of form a blood clot?

Vitamin K helps to make blood clotting proteins, deficiency are usually more likely to have bruising and bleeding

Fat Soluble Vitamins

1. Accumulate in the liver and adipose (fat) tissue, where they can be drawn upon in times of need 2. Excessive intake of Vitamin A & D can exceed body's storage capacity with toxic effect

Vitamin E Functions

1. Anti-oxidant 2. Essential for Cell membrane 3. Essential for Lung activities 4. Essential for DNA 5. Reduce the chance of heart vessel harden

Vitamin A Functions

1. Anti-oxidant agent 2. Cell differentiation 3. Reproduction 4. Growth 5. Immunity

Vitamin K Toxicity

1. Body excretes much more rapidly than other fat-soluble vitamins 2. Excessive dose may cause breakdown of red blood cells and liver damage

What are the main role of Vitamin A in the body?

1. Bone growth, tooth development 2. Reproduction, cell division 3. Regulation of the immune system 4. Important anti-oxidant

Vitamin D Functions

1. Consider as a hormone 2. Regulate blood calcium level 3. Essential in promoting calcium absorption in the gut 4. Essential for bone growth

List 3 characteristics of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

1. Fat-soluble vitamins will not be lost when the foods that contain them are cooked 2. The body does not need these vitamins every day and stores them in the liver and adipose (fat) tissue when not used. 3. Excessive dose may cause toxicity

Food sources of Vitamin D

1. Flesh of fish, such as Salmon, Tuna, mackerel and fish liver oil 2. Small amount also found in beef liver, cheese & egg yolks

Food sources of Vitamin E

1. Green leafy vegetables 2. Corn, nuts, olives 3. Vegetable oils 4. Sunflower seeds

Vitamin K Deficiency

1. High risk for new born babies as lack the intestinal bacteria to produce vitamin K2 2. Prolonged use of antibiotics may cause the same problem 3. Megadose of Vitamin A hampers intestinal absorption 4. Megadose of Vitamin E decrease Vitamin K dependent clotting factor 5. People with vitamin K deficiency are usually more likely to have bruising and bleeding.

Vitamin D Toxicity

1. Hyper-calcemia 2. High concentration of Calcium in blood 3. Affect numerous tissues in our body 4. Constipation, nausea, weight loss, heart rhythm abnormalities

Vitamin K Functions

1. Promote blood clotting 2. Assist bone formation 3. Helping to produce proteins for blood, bones, and kidneys

Vitamin E Toxicity

1. Relatively non-toxic 2. Large dose may counter Vitamin K's blood clotting mechanism

What are the toxicity and deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E

1. Relatively non-toxic 2. Large dose may counter Vitamin K's blood clotting mechanism 3. Deficiency usually only occur in premature infants and in those unable to absorb fats and result in breaking down of red blood cells

Vitamin D Deficiency

1. Rickets in children 2. Osteomalacia in adults 3. Osteoporosis for older adults 4. Bones can become thin, brittle or misshapen

List 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins by their general names and specific active Forms

1. Vitamin A - Retinol 2. Vitamin D - Calcitriol 3. Vitamin E - alpha-tocopherol 4. Vitamin K - phylloquinone

Food sources of Vitamin A

Animal sources: Eggs, meat, milk, dairy products, liver, kidney, cod and fish (with saturated fat & cholesterol) Plant sources: Carrots, pumpkin, broccoli, spinach, apricots and other dark green leafy vegetables (cholesterol & fat free)

What anti-oxidant is responsible for yellow orange colour of carrot?

Beta-carotene

Form what precursor can vitamin D be synthesised?

Sunlight

Which fat-soluble vitamin is considered a hormone? What organs do this affect?

Vitamin D It affect our bone growth & Calcium level in our blood