FBS 153
Of the following types of Mass Murderer, which is the most common?
Family Annihilators
The ANS is most closely related to:
Flight or Fight response
When considering police data on homicide, it's important to consider that arrests do not necessarily result in ______________.
conviction
A hot dog vendor who ground people into meat was discussed as an example of a
cost cutter
Youthful offenders are processed in ________ courts, but sentencing options are typically more lenient for them.
criminal
Commonly known as a risk factor for crime, a _________________ _________________ (two words) is something that increases the likelihood that someone will engage in criminal behavior.
criminogenic factor
The ethological perspective has evolved into what is referred to today as ________ psychology.
evolutionary
In regard to age, adult male CSOs tend to be _____________ than male rapists whose victims are adults.
older
Statistics tell us that, on average, ___________ and ___________ are killed by an intimate partner every day in the US.
one male, four females
Researchers have found evidence that positive ________ models are likely to override violent models on television.
parental
The consensus among experts is that ________ responsiveness, nurturance, and warmth have emerged as critical core determinants of the early parent-child relationship.
parental
The developmental perspective views the life course of all humans as following a ________ that may be littered with risk factors.
pathway trajectory path
Research has consistently suggested that the neurotransmitter ________ may play the most significant role in aggression and violence.
serotonin
Serial killers, on average, prefer more personal methods of killing over using things like guns.
true
Serial murder is usually reserved for incidents in which an individual (or individuals) kills ____________ or more victims in separate events.
two
The typical juvenile is far more likely to be the ________ of a violent crime.
victim
Of the following types of serial killer, which type has the largest number of psychotic people in it?
visionary
The notion that the presence of aggressive stimuli in the external environment increases the probability of aggressive responses is known as the ________ effect.
weapons
The fetus and children less than ________ years of age appear to be the most vulnerable to neurotoxins.
2 two
The average length of time a stalker stalks a particular victim is approxiamtely...
21 months
The leading psychological diagnosis for American children is ________.
ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
The type of aggression that results when the fight or flight response is activated is ____________________ aggression.
Affective Reactive
Which type of empathy, when lacking, is thought to be a criminogenic factor?
Affective empathy
Who is Bobo?
An inflatable clown
The revised frustration-aggression hypothesis was proposed by ________.
Berkowitz
The majority of stalking victims are:
Between 18 and 29 years old
According to the lecture, which disorder is frequently seen to exist among men who commit Domestic Violence and/or murder-suicide involving a spouse or significant other?
Borderline Personality Disorder
A serial killer who kills relatives in order to collect insurance money would most likely fall under what type?
Comfort
The three strongest predictive factors related to whether a stalker will behave violently toward his/her target are:
Drug abuse or dependency, history of violence, and sexual intimacy
Reasoning, Logic, Abstract thinking, Self-control, and Problem-solving are all examples of what type of functions?
Executive
A defendant is determined to be "insane" by a forensic psychiatrist or psychologist
False
When classical conditioning is applied to people, it suggests that they can ________ if they have been rewarded or punished for behavior.
Learn
What is the previous name of Bipolar Disorder?
Manic Depression
According to the lecture, if you live some areas of Detriot, your odds of being a victim of violent crime in any given year is:
One in thirteen
Problem behaviors, such as substance use and delinquent behavior, during the middle school years occur within the ________ context.
Peer
Theories of crime can be divided into classical and _____________ schools.
Positivist
Which school of thought on crime suggests that criminal behavior is purely a result of external influences, as opposed to one's own choice?
Positivist
Anti-stalking laws in the US first came about as a response to
Specific, high-profile murder and assault cases
Crime occurs due to a discrepancy between what society values and an individuals ability to achieve that which society values. Crime occurs when ones ties to society are weak or nonexistent Rewards and punishments shape behavior Crime occurs as a result of observing and interacting with others
Strain Theory Social Control Theory Differential Reinforcement Differential Associaton
The _______________ case was the impetus for duty to warn/protect statutes.
Tarasoff
Which of the following are supported by research into the link between frustration and aggression?
The presence of an aggressive stimulus increases the likelihood of aggression. Frustration is more likely to lead to aggression if the frustration occurs when we are closer to the goal, as opposed to further from the goal. Frustration is more likely to lead to aggression when the frustration is unexpected rather than expected.
The thing that sets the psychopath apart from other antisocial individuals is:
The psychopath's inability to form genuine emotional attachments with others
As discussed in the lecture, individuals with Bipolar disorder are more likely than individuals with most other disorders to intentionally discontinue their medication because:
They miss the "high" - the burst of energy and euphoria that comes with being symptomatic.
Most stalkers are male
True
An attack becomes ______________ assault when the purpose is to inflict serious bodily injury.
aggravated
Serial Killers who work in the health care industry are commonly referred to as:
angels of death
Charles Whitman murdered his wife and his mother
because he wanted to "save them" from what he was about to do
Psychological profiling is a practice designed to help in the identification and prediction of ____________ in known individuals.
behavior
Most developmental experts today believe that temperament has ________ underpinnings that are best identified at birth.
biological
Frustration-induced criminality posits that when behavior directed at a specific goal is ________, arousal increases, and the individual experiences a drive to reduce it.
blocked
Juveniles who possess psychopathic characteristics, such as _____________-_____________ traits, are believed to be particularly susceptible to engaging in antisocial behavior throughout their lives.
callous unemotional callous-unemotional
If you felt nervous and started to sweat every time I talked about a stuffed bunny named Beans, that would most likely be the result of ______________________ conditioning.
classical
Structured professional judgment is also referred to as structured _____________ judgment.
clinical
According to the text, theories that view domestic violence as a tactic for gaining power and control in relationships are highly consistent with _____________ theory.
coercion
According to your textbook, discrimination, racism, unsafe living conditions, and poor nutrition are examples of poverty ________.
cofactors
According to social learning theorists, internal processes such as thinking and remembering are known as ________ processes.
cognitive
Theories and research that focus on ____________ aspects appear to be the most promising in explaining child sexual offending.
cognitive
A serial killer targeting immigrant grocers out of a desire to save the businesses of non-immigrant grocers in New York City is most likely an example of a Cost Cutter type serial killer.
false
Because your genes aren't changeable and aren't something you have any control over, the presence of genetic risk factors for criminality will produce criminality regardless of environmental influences and learning.
false
Family Violence generally happens in families of low socioeconomic status
false
Female stalkers generally stalk males who are in their age group
false
Male serial killers are more likely than female serial killers to kill people they know
false
One thing that all school shooters have in common is that they were bullied by other students
false
The finding that both structure and ________ of the brain are affected by experience is known as plasticity.
function
Many studies conclude that the majority of those who do reoffend sexually do not restrict their criminal activities only to sexual offenses, a concept known as ____________ criminality.
general
Most chronic criminal offenders are _____________ rather than specialists.
generalists
Contemporary molecular biology has focused on specific ________ as foundations for certain patterns of behavior.
genes
Fewer than 10 percent of fires set by ____________ are reported.
juveniles
Fox and Levin's (2003) five-category typology is based on the ________ for mass killings.
motivations
Which type of stalker is most likely to be engaging in stalking behaviors as a means to get a date.
the incompetent suitor
Which type of stalker is most driven by feeling as though he or she has been mistreated or is the victim of some kind of injustice?
the resentful stalker
All of the following are frequent reasons a stalker stops stalking a particular target, except:
the victim is killed
Female serial killers are more likely than male serial killers to use poison
true
Males are more likely than females to be stalked by acquaintances and strangers
true
Mass murderers are more likely than serial killers to have a diagnosable mental illness or a history of mental illness
true
School shooters often demonstrate a fascinations with weapons, death and/or previous incidents of mass violence
true
Serial Killers tend to have a history of being abused as children
true
Men who kill their wives are generally sentenced to a longer prison sentence than women who kill their husbands
False
Negative reinforcement is meant to stop an undesired behavior
False
Parental supervision and parental monitoring are the same thing
False
Predatory criminals rarely seek out victims who live in their own neighborhood
False
Psychopaths are likely to experience delusions and/or hallucinations
False
Violence is a way to ensure genetic survival --Evolutionary Theory Violence is a way for males to exert domination and control over women --Patriarchal Theory The more women fight for equality, the more violence against women is likely to occur --Feminist Theory Researchers urge that the best way to reduce intimate partner violence is to stop physically punishing children Intergenerational--Transmission of Violence There will be more intimate partner violence and child abuse in societies that are generally more accepting of violence --Culture of Violence The person who provide more, for example, income to the household is the one with the power in the relationship --Resource Theory People act according to a system of costs and rewards-- Exchange Theory
...
1. Mental illness 2. DSM 3. Delusions 4. Hallucinations 5. The Durham Rule 6. Guilty but Mentally Ill 7. The Multiple Iterative Classification Tree 8. The Tarasoff case 9. Actuarial approach 10. Insanity
1. A disorder (some say a disease) of the mind that is judged by experts to interfere substantially with a person's ability to cope with life on a daily basis 2. The guidebook for clinicians seeking to define and diagnose specific mental disorders 3. False beliefs about the world 4. Major disturbances in perception which involve sensing or perceiving things or events that others do not sense or perceive 5. Assumes that one cannot be held responsible if an unlawful action is the product of mental disease or defect 6. Allows the court to render a "middle-ground" verdict in the case of allegedly mentally disordered defendants 7. A risk assessment instrument developed by the MacArthur Research Network 8. Addressed directly the question of what duty therapists owe to third parties in warning them of possible harmful behavior from their clients 9. An approach to risk assessment that focuses on small number of risk factors, may ignore others 10. A person's state of mind at the time an offense was committed
Status offenses AL offenders Psychosocial maturity Treatment Coercion developmental theory LCP offenders Child delinquents Multi-systemic therapy
1. Acts that only juveniles can commit and that are typically handled can be adjudicated only in by a juvenile or family court 2. Individuals who begin offending during their adolescent years and generally stop offending somewhere around their eighteenth 18th birthday 3. Capacities such as impulse control, resistance to peer influence, and future orientation 4. Tertiary prevention 5. This theory argues that poor parental monitoring of child activities, disruptive family transitions, and inconsistent parental discipline are major psychosocial contributors to early-onset delinquency 6. Individuals who continue their antisocial ways across all kinds of conditions and situations 7. Juveniles between ages 7 and 12, who have committed a delinquent act according to criminal law 8. An intensive time-limited form of intervention where trained therapists have daily contact with the adolescent and his or her family for approximately 60 hours over four months
1. Humans are basically good 2. Humans place a great value on fitting in with the rest of society 3. We only adhere to pro-social behaviors or expectations because of the rules and the consequences for breaking those rules. 4. Behaviors, beliefs and attitudes are all 'caused' by the environment 5. Closely associated with concepts such as differential association and differential reinforcement
1. Conformity 2. Conformity 3. Nonconformist 4. Learning 5. Learning
1. Fixated sex offender 2. Hebephilia 3. Interpersonal offender 4. Heterosexual nurturers 5. Human trafficking 6. Exploitative child sex offender 7. Emotional congruence with children 8. Commercial sexual exploitation 9. Sadistic offender 10. Pedophilia
1. Demonstrates a long-standing, exclusive preference for children as both sexual and social companions 2. Sexual contact by adults with young adolescents 3. Seeks the company of children for both social sexual needs 4. The largest female sex offender group that victimizes only males around age 12 5. The economic exploitation of an individual through force, fraud, or coercion 6. Seeks children primarily to satisfy his sexual needs 7. The beliefs and attitudes of many CSOs that relationships with children are more emotionally and socially satisfying than relationships with adults 8. Forced prostitution and child sex trafficking 9. Obtains sexual pleasure from the pain, fear, and physical harm he inflicts on the child 10. A strong sexual attraction toward children
1. Most likely to commit a homicide/suicide 2. Most amenable to treatment 3. Least likely to be discovered 4. Engages in the most violence outside of the home 5. Least amenable to treatment 6. Highly dependent upon the relationship 7. Least likely to engage in child abuse 8. Most likely to have been abused as a child 9. Uses suicide threats as a form of manipulation 10. Often have a highly traumatized victim
1. Dysphoric / borderline batterer 2. Family-only batterer 3. Family-only batterer 4. Generally violent / antisocial batterer 5. Generally violent / antisocial batterer 6. Dysphoric / borderline batterer 7. Family only 8. Generally violent / antisocial batterer 9. Dysphoric 10. Generally violent / antisocial batterer
Psychopaths are, by definition, criminals
False
Punishment is a more reliable predictor of behavior than reinforcement is.
False
1. dual-process model 2. Autonomic division 3. Executive functions 4. Meanness 5.Dyssocial psychopaths 6. Criminal psychopaths 7. Recidivism 8. Factor 1 9. Boldness 10. Skin conductance response
1. Proposes that there are at least two temperament contributions that interact with social environmental influences to produce developmental pathways that ultimately lead to psychopathy 2. Controls heart rate, gland secretion, and smooth muscle activity 3. Higher-order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behavior 4. Deficient empathy, disdain for and lack of close attachments with others, rebelliousness, excitement seeking, exploitativeness, and empowerment through cruelty 5. Display aggressive, antisocial behavior they have learned from their subculture 6. Primary psychopaths who do engage in repetitive antisocial or criminal behavior 7. The tendency to return to offending 8. Reflects the interpersonal and emotional components of psychopathy 9. An interpersonal style that is characterized by fearlessness, being relatively immune to stress or anxiety, and being successful at negotiating social interactions to achieve desired goals 10. The most commonly used physiological indicator of emotional arousal in psychopaths
1 Putting a thief in jail 2 Removing the door on a teenager's bedroom after s/he is caught smoking weed in there 3 Stress reduction as a result of exercise 4 Receiving sexual gratification from viewing violent images 5 Taking away a teenager's car keys for staying out late 6 Washing a child's mouth out with soap for using foul language 7 Getting a gold star for acing a spelling test 8 Having a child stay at the dinner table all night because he refuses to eat his zucchini 9 Letting a child leave the dinner table for finally eating his zucchini after sitting there for several hours 10 Making money for selling drugs 11 Your friend stops speaking to you because she heard you said something bad about her. 12 Your mother stops pestering you about getting a girl/boyfriend after you lie to her and tell her you're seeing someone 13 A boy who feels generally ignored by his parents gets a lot of attention from his dad after getting arrested for vandalism.
1. Punishment 2. Punishment 3. Negative Reinforcement 4. Positive Reinforcement 5. Punishment 6. Punishment 7. Positive Reinforcement 8. Punishment 9. Negative Reinforcement 10. Positive Reinforcement 11. Punishment 12. Negative Reinforcement 13. Positive Reinforcement
1. Cyberbullying 2. Dominance 3. Cyberharassment 4. Succumbers 5. Pyromania 6. Vengeance stalking 7. Simple obsession stalking 8. Strong-arm robbery 9. Hacking Unauthorized access to computers 10. Arson
1. Sending or posting harmful or cruel text or images using the Internet or other digital communication devices 2. Robbery situations in which the group of offenders attempts to control their victims 3. Threatening or harassing email messages, instant messages, or blog entries, or websites dedicated solely to tormenting an individual 4. Hostages who did not survive the ordeal, or upon rescue have difficulty dealing with the emotional trauma caused by the event 5. An irresistible urge or passion to set fires along with an intense fascination with flames 6. The stalker tries to elicit a particular response or change of behavior from the victim 7. The stalker seeks power and control after a failed relationship with the victim 8. Robbery without a weapon 9. Unauthorized access to computers 10. Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another
1. Resilience 2. Parental practices 3. Cognitive empathy 4. Psychometric 5. Dynamic cascade model 6. Conduct disorder 7. Anxious/ambivalent 8. Parental styles 9. Affective empathy 10. Self-regulation
1. The ability to bounce back quickly and adaptively from negative emotional experiences 2. Strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic, social, or athletic goals across different contexts and situations 3. The ability to understand a person from his or her frame of reference 4. Psychological measurement 5. A person's developmental skills or deficits enhance, affect, or determine the next skill or deficit along a life-course trajectory 6. A cluster of behaviors characterized by persistent and repetitive misbehavior 7. A parenting style characterized by a child who becomes intensely distressed and anxious by separation 8. Parent-child interactions characterized by parental attitudes toward the child and the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship 9. An emotional response characterized by feelings of concern for another and a desire to alleviate that person's distress 10. The ability to control one's own behavior
Victimology Instrumental learning Reductionism Stimulus Social learning theory Models Individual offender Fundamental attribution error Cognitive processes Crime of obedience
1. The scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual characteristics, and social context of becoming a victim of a crime 2. Synonymous with operant conditioning 3. The idea that complicated behavior can be broken down into more simple behavior 4. A person, object, or event that elicits behavior 5. In order to understand criminal behavior, we must examine perceptions, thoughts, expectancies, competencies, and values 6. Significant persons in the social environment that provide cues for how to do something 7. One who is the product of a long, possibly intense series of frustrations resulting from unmet needs 8. A common human tendency to discount the influence of the situation and explain behavior by referring to the personality of the actor instead 9. Internal mental processes that enable humans to imagine, to gain knowledge, to reason, and to evaluate information 10. An act performed in response to orders from authority that is considered illegal or immoral by the larger community
1. Contagion effect 2. Aggression 3. Territoriality 4 Excitation transfer theory 5 Violence 6 General aggression model 7 Reactive aggression 8 Proactive aggression 9 Weapons effect 10 Hostile aggression
1. The tendency to model or copy an activity portrayed in the entertainment or news media 2. Behavior perpetrated or attempted with the intention of harming one or more individuals physically or psychologically (as opposed to socially) or to destroy an object 3. The tendency to attack space violators 4. The assumption that physiological arousal, however produced, dissipates slowly over time 5. Destructive physical aggression intentionally directed at harming other persons or things 6. Posits that violence often occurs because of an escalation cycle, which begins with an initial triggering event that may be serious or relatively benign 7. A reaction to frustration associated with a lack of control due to high states of arousal 8. Unprovoked, goal-directed behavior driven by expectations of rewards 9. The presence of aggressive stimuli in the external environment increases the probability of aggressive responses 10. Aggression that occurs in response to anger-inducing conditions
1. Murder 2. Weapons effect 3. Negligent manslaughter 4. Availability heuristic 5. Typology 6. Self-regulation 7. Felony murders 8. Battering 9. Assault 10. Neonatacide
1. The unlawful killing of one human being by another with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied 2. The visible presence of a handgun, a club, or a knife automatically brings violence-related thoughts (cognitions) to mind 3. The killing of another as a result of recklessness or culpable negligence 4. A mental shortcut 5. A particular system for classifying personality, motivations, or other behavioral patterns 6. The capacity to control and alter one's behavior and emotions 7. Homicides that occur in the process of committing a serious crime and are motivated by instrumental aggression 8. Physical violence in intimate or family relationships 9. The intentional inflicting of bodily injury on another person, or the attempt to inflict such injury 10. The killing of the newborn within the first 24 hours after birth
1 They must prove that they are free of mental disorder in order to eventually be eligible for release 2 They may be confined for longer than they would have been had they been found guilty 3 They are acquitted of the crime 4 They are confined to psychiatric hospitals 5 They are sentenced to the same sentence they would have received if found guilty, but they "do their time" in a hospital instead of a prison 6 They serve their sentence in a prison hospital/infirmary instead of in general population 7 They are not legally responsible for the crime(s) they committed TRUE 8 They are allowed to be released to a responsible family member right after being acquitted as long as they are not likely to be a danger to society 9 They have proven themselves to have diminished mental capacity at the time of the trial 10 They are legally responsible for the crime they committed but they will receive psychiatric treatment
1. True 2. True 3. True 4.True 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False
1. Criminogenic 2. Crossover offending 3. Rape by fraud 4. Date rape 5.Responsivity principle 6. Vulnerability factors 7. Acquaintance rape 8. Global risk recognition failure 9. General criminality 10.Compensatory rapists
1. crime producing 2. The tendency for some offenders to sexually assault victims representing different ages, gender, and relationships 3. Having sexual relations with a consenting adult female under fraudulent conditions 4. A sexual assault that occurs within the context of a dating relationship 5. Delivering treatment services in a style and mode that is consistent with the ability and learning style of the offender 6. Factors that increase women's risk of experiencing sexual assault 7. Sexual assaults in which the victim knows the assailant 8. Women are aware of the prevalence of sexual assault, but they believe they are at a significantly lower risk to be victimized than their peers 9. A global propensity for rule violation, meanness, and impulsivity 10. Offenders who rape in response to an intense sexual arousal initiated by stimuli in the environment
The XYY genotype has been proven to have a relationship with larger physical size, criminality and low IQ
False
Approximate percentage of American emergency room calls that result from domestic violence
35%
Approximate percentage of partner abusers who also abuse the children in the home
65%
What percentage of states' stalking statutes require proof that the victim was in fear for his/her life?
8
Psychopaths generally experience mental illness symptoms such as depression and anxiety FALSE Psychopaths can't connect to others and so they feel lonely and empty FALSE When psychopaths engage in instrumental violence, it tends to be excessive TRUE When psychopaths are violent, they tend to display more extreme sadistic violence TRUE Psychopaths commit suicide at a relatively high rate FALSE When using the PCL-R, the score at which someone is generally regarded as a psychopath is 25 FALSE Psychopaths may engage in a non-criminal lifestyle TRUE Psychopaths tend to engage in promiscuous sex (sex with people they don't or barely know, sex with multiple partners, at once or in rapid succession, sex outside of a relationship), even if they are married or in a "monogamous" relationship, because of the overwhelming need to connect to others emotionally. FALSE
8 q
Studies examining the education level of inmates in correctional facilities found that many inmates had attained a(n) ________ _________ level of education or less.
8th grade eighth-grade eighth grade
The older a delinquent sibling, the more influence s/he will have over the younger sibling - especially when that younger sibling is really, really young.
False
There are 1 or 2 universally accepted theoretical explanations for criminal behavior
False
There are five very clear, separate and distinct, non-overlapping categories of theoretical explanations for criminal behavior
False
FASD Neurotransmitters Executive function Plasticity Neurotoxins Temperament MAOA Concordance Behavior genetics Traumatic brain injury
An umbrella term for a continuum of conditions that result from alcohol exposure in utero Chemicals, manufactured in the brain, that are intimately involved in biochemical activity and transmission of messages in the nervous system Higher levels of cognitive processes that organize and plan behavior The phenomenon in which the brain's structure and function are affected by the experience Trace elements, pesticides, chemicals, and biological elements that have detrimental effects on the human nervous system A natural mood disposition determined largely by genetics and biological influences The warrior gene The degree to which related pairs of subjects both show a particular behavior or condition Examines the role genes play in the formation and development of human and animal behavior A diagnosis frequently associated with neuropathological changes in cognition, emotion, and behavior
According in to lecture, which of the following statements is true in relation to criminality and criminogenic factors?
Areas in which there is a high concentration of poverty tend also to have a high concentration of other risk factors for criminality.
Which of the following parenting styles poses the least risk for delinquent and criminal behavior?
Authoritative
Children tend to reject those peers who frequently use forms of ________ as their preferred way of dealing with others.
aggression
Households in which there are two adult caregivers, but where those caregivers are not the child's biological or adoptive parents, present a greater risk than do households with a single biological or adoptive parent.
False
According to the lecture, most people with antisocial personality disorder are psychopaths
False
Criminogenics is the study of the degree to which criminal behavior is influenced by genetics
False
Dispositions / traits develop in adolescence and change rapidly until adulthood
False
According to the lecture, which officially diagnosable mental illnesses carry with them an increased risk of engaging in violent or criminal behavior?
Schizophrenia, paranoid type, and Bipolar disorder
______________ profiling focuses on the location of the crime.
Geographical
Staging refers to the intentional ______________ of a crime scene prior to the arrival of the police.
alteration
The Child Identification Scale-Revised is an instrument used to measure the concept of emotional ___________ with children
congruence
Which of the following is not a universally recognized or officially diagnosable mental disorder?
NONE
The main source of victimization data on crime is the ___________________________________.
National Crime Victimization Survey
According to the lecture, constant exposure to crime and criminal behavior may _________________ those behaviors for the people who are exposed.
Normalize
How individual criminal activity is acquired, evoked, maintained, and modified is a focus of ________ criminology.
Psychological
Recent research clearly indicates that psychopathy is not a category but exists on a(n) _____________.
continuum
Hostile attribution bias posits that youth and adults prone toward violence are more likely to interpret ________ actions as hostile and threatening than are their less aggressive counterparts.
ambiguous
The ________________________ is the portion of the brain that activates the fight or flight response.
amygdala
Dark figure Crime rate Cognitions Model Learning perspective Sociological criminology Developmental approach Status offenses Antisocial behavior Self-control theory
The overall number of criminal offenses that go undetected or are unknown by law enforcement agencies The percentage of crime known to police per 100,000 population The attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that a person holds about the social environment, interrelations, human nature, and themselves A graphic representation of a theory or a concept, designed to enhance its understanding Views human beings as born neutral and subject to developmental changes throughout the life course Probes the situational or environmental factors that are most conducive to criminal action Examines the changes and influences across a person's lifetime that may contribute to the formation of antisocial and criminal behavior Behaviors forbidden only to juveniles because of their age Serious habitual actions that violate personal rights, laws, and/or widely held social norms Contends that a deficit of self-regulation is the key factor in explaining crime and delinquency
Some people who cyberstalk or cyberbully may be more inclined to act in a deviant manner because of the ______________ that the Internet provides.
anonymity
According to the lecture, most psychopaths can be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
True
According to the lecture, the genetic contribution to criminality is an inconsequential one.
True
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is likely overdiagnosed in the US
True
Children in households of any income level, who are unsupervised after school during the early elementary school years are at increased risk for delinquent behavior.
True
Children who witness domestic violence are far more likely than children who don't to become involved in a violent relationship, either as a perpetrator or as a victim.
True
Conduct Disorder is sometimes referred to as the "Junior version of Antisocial Personality Disorder" because the disorders are very similar but you can't diagnose someone with Antisocial Personality Disorder until they're at least 18 years old.
True
Dispositions / traits refer to the general personality-based manner in which an individual interacts with the world around him/her
True
Females are more likely than males to be stalked by someone with whom they've had an extended intimate relationship.
True
The only major data source permitting a comparison of national data broken down by age, sex, race, and offense is the _________________.
Uniform Crime Reports
In order to understand criminal behavior in some depth, it is crucial that we regard all individuals-whether or not they violate the rules of society-as ________ problem solvers who perceive, process, interpret, and respond uniquely to their environments.
active
What separates serial killers from mass murderers and spree killers?
a cooling off period
Sex offenders often discover their interest in young children during _____________ and remain attracted to them into adulthood.
adolescence
Reactive, impulsive aggression, also called ___________________ aggression, is generally an impulsive reaction to some perceived slight or insult. (
affective
Most of the recent research on date and acquaintance rape and sexual assault has concentrated on ___________ women.
college
Of the following types of serial killer, which type has the largest number of females in it?
comfort
Prenatal and life experiences affect that both twins in the same way are known as ________ environments.
common shared
Instrumental sexual aggression is when the offender uses just enough coercion to gain ___________ from his victim.
compliance
Cybercrime refers to any illegal act that involves a(n) ____________ system.
computer
An organized crime scene indicates that the offender maintained ___________ of him/herself and of the victim.
control
Adjudicative competence involves competence to proceed and ____________ competence involves the ability to distinguish among alternatives and select options in one;s own best interests.
decisional
According to the lecture, when someone stops taking their psychiatric medication and experiences a gradual worsening in the frequency and/or magnitude of their mental illness symptoms, he or she is said to be:
decompensating
When a person goes from experiencing few or no mental illness symptoms to experiencing full or severe symptoms as a result of discontinuing their medication for that mental illness, they can be said to be: ________________________
decompensating decompensation
The modern form of classical theory is ________ theory.
deterrence
Moffitt's theory was formed primarily on the ________ trajectories of males.
developmental
the terms emerging adulthood and pathways are associated with the ________ focus in criminology.
developmental
Mental illness is manifested in behavior that ________________ notably from normal conduct.
deviates
I was considering selling drugs because my cousin Jenny sells drugs and she's always got money and nice cars. But ultimately I decided not to because my other cousin Derek gets caught and does some time every time he sells drugs. Under the social learning perspective, my learning process is called
differential reinforcement
If a woman is berated and demeaned by her boss and then goes home and takes it out on her children, she is demonstrating the principle of ___________________ aggression
displaced
Excitation transfer theory is based on the assumption that physiological arousal ________ over time.
dissipates
Adult CSOs most frequently use a ____________ setting to commit their sexual abuse.
domestic
Schizophrenia typically begins _____________ in life.
early
A perceived slight or insult that inspires an aggressive reaction is often referred to as a(n) ________________ threat.
ego
GAM posits that violence often occurs because of a(n) ________ cycle, which begins with an initial triggering event that may be serious or relatively benign
escalation
Men who murder the members of their immediate family and others who live in their household generally do it for money (e.g., collecting the life insurance)
false
School shooters very rarely make their intentions known to anyone ahead of time.
false
Serial killers who work in health care and kill those they're caring for are generally motivated by sexual appetite
false
The least dangerous type of stalker is someone you've had a romantic relationship with; they're generally just having a hard time 'getting over' you.
false
The majority of mass murderers commit, or at least attempt, suicide at the scene
false
The majority of states regard stalking to be a felony upon the first offense.
false
The one thing all male stalkers have in common is low self-esteem
false
The typical mass murderer skews a bit younger than the typical serial killer
false
We are seeing a reduction in dating violence among teenagers
false
Patterson's coercion developmental theory argues that the key predictor of early-onset offending is the ________ environment in which the child learns to use coercive behaviors.
family
The primary perpetrators of elder abuse are ____________ members.
family
Although convenience stores have traditionally been a favorite robbery site, ________ ________ restaurants are now becoming a preferred target.
fast food
The boldness factor of psychopathy is sometimes referred to as ____________ dominance.
fearless
Some researchers recommend that prevention preferably begin no later in life than ________ grade.
first
According to the revised definition of rape, ____________ is presumed, even if the individual does not resist.
force
A diagnosis frequently associated with neuropathological changes in cognition, emotion, and behavior
frontal lobe
The prefrontal cortex of the brain is often referred to as the
frontal lobe
Conduct disorder and antisocial behavior are both characterized by ________ misbehavior.
habitual persistent
Serial murderers generally prefer a more ______________ approach as opposed to killing from a distance or with poison.
hands-on
Psychometric studies indicate that psychopaths usually score ________ on intelligence tests than the general population.
higher
Data from the NCVS indicate that most rape or sexual assault victimizations (55%) occurred at or near the victim's ___________.
home
From a psychological perspective, it is often difficult to separate criminal _________________ and aggravated assault.
homicide
According to the text, general altercation homicide is a result of _________________ aggression.
hostile
With the exception of substance abuse, studies of self-reported criminal activity are conducted primarily with adults who are ________.
incarcerated
Most contemporary research indicates that the percentage of mentally disordered inmates in the nation's jails and prisons is ____________.
increasing
If I were to punch you in the face in order to take your cell phone, I would be engaging in ____________________ aggression
instrumental
Learning the consequences of one's behavior is the basis of ________ learning.
instrumental operant
Over half of the total estimate of sexual offenses against on children and adolescents were at the hands of __________ perpetrators.
juvenile
Significant ___________ problems appear to be the most prominent learning deficits among juvenile murderers.
language
Carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will is referred to as the UCRs ____________ definition of rape.
legacy
The more an offender's sexual preference is limited to children, the ______________ socially competent the offender tends to be.
less
Both the number of robberies reported to police and the robbery rate have ____________ in recent years.
lowered dropped declined
Social learning theorists believe that the ________ of behavior depends on reinforcement.
maintenance
The UCR's definition of rape has recently been broadened to include ________ as victims.
males
It is usually difficult to evaluate properly the effectiveness of programs designed to treat criminal psychopaths because of the psychopath's ability to _______________ the system.
manipulate
The __________ ____________ hostage taker is considered the most frequent and the most dangerous type.
mental disordered
Families characterized by continual cycles of intrafamilial physical aggression and violence are known as ______________ families.
multiassaultive
From the research on the PCL, it has become clear that psychopathy is _______________ in nature.
multidimensional
According to your textbook, recent research suggests that ________ childcare arrangements have negative impacts on children's social adjustment.
multiple
Rape ________ and misogynistic attitudes appear to play a major role in sexual assault of women.
myths culture
The aggression debate is part of a wider controversy about the respective merits of ________ and nurture.
nature
Diana Baumrind's four parental styles include authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and ________.
neglectful neglecting
The principal target of manganese is the ________ system.
nervous
Although research in recent years has focused on the psychometric characteristics of psycho-paths, the most current trend is the investigation of _________________ factors involved in determining psychopathic behavior.
neuropsychological
It is likely that cybercriminals employ the same techniques of _______________, similar to other offenders, particularly white collar criminals.
neutralizing neutralization
Early learning theorists worked in the laboratory, using ________ as their primary subjects.
non-humans nonhumans non humans non human animals
Many clinicians and researchers have resisted any trend to search for psychopathy in juveniles, noting that features of the adult psychopath simply represent ____________ adolescent development.
normal
All states and all courts recognize that behavior that is likely to result in __________ harm is dangerous.
physical
The research suggests that psychopaths may be more likely than other offenders to derive _____________ from both the nonsexual and sexual suffering of others.
pleasure
According to the typology provided in the lecture, which type of serial killer is most likely to fantasize about being a police officer or member of the military?
power/control
The region of the brain implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision-making and moderating social behavior is the
pre-frontal cortex prefrontal cortex
The type of aggression that is best described as "cold and calculated" and is closely related to Instrumental Aggression is ______________________ aggression.
predatory
Amateur bank robbers are highly ___________ in their behavioral patterns.
predictable
Sexual ____________ appears to be a strong predictor for child molesters who are most prone to be repeat offenders.
preoccupation
Cleckley's book The Mask of Sanity describes in clear and empirically useful terms the major behaviors demonstrated by the ___________________ psychopath, as distinct from the other psychopathic types.
primary
Risk assessment suggests that clinicians and researchers are more proficient at assessing the ____________ that a given individual will engage in harmful behavior than they are at outrightly predicting that someone is dangerous or will be violent.
probability
The UCR considers arson a ________ crime.
property
According to the cumulative risk model, an accumulation of risk factors in the absence of sufficient ________ factors results in negative behavioral, emotional, and cognitive outcomes.
protective
Prevention and treatment programs have shifted from focusing on reducing risk factors to emphasizing ________ factors.
protective
The callous-unemotional trait cluster is similar to core behavioral patterns of ________.
psychopaths adult psychopaths psychopathy
Steinberg and his associates have demonstrated that adolescents as a group reach a peak of logical reasoning at approximately age 16, a time when their ________ maturity is far less developed.
psychosocial
Classic mass murders also may be called __________ mass murders.
public
In recent years, the term sexual assault has often been preferred to the term ___________ in both research and law.
rape
In the UCR summary report statistics (SRS), rape of children is now included under _____________ data.
rape
Research indicates that most serious juvenile offenders ________ their offending over time.
reduce decrease
One of the strongest predictors of later involvement in antisocial behavior is early ________ by peers.
rejection
Research indicates that many sex offenders are highly ____________ to changing their deviant behavioral patterns.
resistant
Hostile and instrumental aggression are distinguished by the ________ they offer the perpetrator.
rewards
According to the developmental approach, poor nutrition and early school failure are ________ factors for antisocial behavior.
risk
According to the Developmental Pathways Perspective, how much influence ---- and ---- have on your development is mediated by your ---- and ----.
risk factors protective factors disposition traits
Acting without thinking, sometimes referred to as ________, is also believed to be closely associated with deficits in executive function.
risk-taking risk taking
According to Bandura, the more significant and respected the ________, the greater their impact on our behavior.
role model models model
When someone goes over and over (and over) something in their mind, this is referred to as:
ruminating
The primary object of banks during a robbery is to ensure the ____________ of employers and customers.
saftey
Delusional disorder is now included under the _____________ spectrum and other psychotic disorders section in the DSM-5.
schizophrenia
Watson frequently declared that psychology was the ________ of behavior.
science
One of the reasons punishment may not be that effective in our current justice system is that it fails in terms of the three requirements for punishment being effective. In order for punishment to reduce crime, punishment must be ---, --- and ---
severe swift certain
______________________ increases the danger a victim is in from his/her stalker
sexual intimacy
Violence between ____________ is believed to be the most common form of violence within families.
siblings
A major criticism of pharmaceutical treatment for mental illness is the __________ _________ the drugs often produce.
side effects
The actuarial approach concentrates on the description, understanding, and identification of a(n) _____________ offender.
single
The homicide victimization rate for blacks is ___________ times higher than for whites.
six
Research conducted by ________ criminologists has allowed us to conclude that juveniles as a group are over-represented in nonviolent property offenses.
sociological
Edwin Sutherland was a(n) ________ who believed that criminal or deviant behavior is learned the same way that all behavior is learned.
sociologist
Many persons who have been sexually assaulted, particularly as adults, prefer to refer to themselves as _____________ rather than victims.
survivors
According to Bandura's the mass media are examples of ________ models.
symbolic
