FDNTR 219 Ch. 13-16 Exam

8. What is the function of MFP factor and what foods is it found in?

Enhances absorption of non-heme iron from foods eaten at the same meal. found in meat, fish, poultry

17. Why should you avoid fiber in the pregame meal?

Fiber retains water

18. Know the difference between food intolerance and a food allergy

Food allergies -produce antibodies or histamine -cause anaphylactic shock Food intolerance -cause symptoms without antibody production (only discomforts)

20. What are the likely reasons for the increase in childhood obesity over the past 30 years?

Genetic and Environmental Factors - Parental obesity is a risk factor. Parents act as role models. (Overweight teens with one obese parent have an 80% chance of becoming obese adults) Poor diet and physical inactivity are risk factors Convenience foods and meals eaten away from home Non-nutritious choices at school Sedentary activities, e.g. watching television Energy-dense soft drinks

12. What nutrient is depleted when a runner "hits the wall"?

Glucose

9. What nutrient raises muscle glycogen concentration?

High carb diet

8. What type of diet promotes superior performance in athletes?

High-carbohydrate diet

4. What advantages does breast feeding have over formula?

Imunologic protection Allergy and Disease Protection -Fewer allergies than formula-fed babies -Lower blood pressure as adults -Lower blood cholesterol as adults -Protection against cardiovascular disease Other Potential Benefits -Less obesity as adults -Indications of positive effect on later intelligence

11. What is the first cereal introduced to infants? Why?

Introduce rice cereal 1st; it's least allergenic

20. What mineral is necessary for thyroxine production?

Iodine

14. What is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. children?

Iron

10. Which nutrients increase their absorption in pregnancy?

Iron and Calcium

12. Which nutrients are particularly difficult to meet the RDA during pregnancy?

Iron and Calcium

15. High intakes of milk may lead to what deficiency in children?

Iron deficiency

10. What substance builds up in tissues when those tissues are deprived of oxygen?

Lactic acid

16. What should be the composition of the pregame meal in the athlete?

Low fiber and high carb

3. What is muscle hypertrophy?

Muscle gain in size and strength, the result of repeated work.

2. What is muscle atrophy?

Muscle loss in size and strength, the result of lack of activity.

14. Know the common gastrointestinal problems associated with pregnancy

Nausea -"Morning sickness" -Hormonal changes Constipation and hemorrhoids Heartburn Food cravings and aversions -Hormone-induced changes Nonfood cravings -Pica (cravings for ice, clay, dirt) -Associated with iron deficiency anemia

17. What is the recommendation for alcohol in pregnancy issued by the Surgeon General?

No drinking

2. What is the function of the placenta?

The placenta performs the functions of respiration, absorption, and excretion for the fetus

1. What are the components of fitness?

*Flexibility*: Allows joints to move with less chance of injury *Muscle strength and muscle endurance*: Allows muscles to work harder and longer without fatigue *Cardiorespiratory endurance*: Supports ongoing action of the heart and lungs

5. What are the benefits of cardiorespiratory conditioning?

- Cardiac output is increased and enhances oxygen delivery - Heart stronger-pumps more blood per beat. - Resting heart rate decreases. - Average RHR for adults=70 beats/min - Cardiac conditioning: 50 BPM - Breathing becomes more efficient - Improves circulation - Reduces blood pressure

13. Know what foods should be avoided in infants

- Concentrated sweets - Products with sugar alcohols (sorbitol) that may cause diarrhea - Canned vegetables contain too much sodium. - There is a botulism risk with honey and corn syrup. - Choking hazards from carrots, cherries, gum, hard or gel-like candies, hot dogs, marshmallows, nuts, peanut butter, popcorn, raw celery, whole beans, and whole grapes

16. What characteristics might you see in children who skip breakfast?

- Directly affects academic performance. - Poor concentration - Shorter attention span - Lower score on I.Q. Tests - Average child needs to eat about every 4 hours

11. What nutrients are required in higher amounts due to their role in red blood cell synthesis?

- Folate - B12 - Iron - Zinc

23. Know the characteristics of adolescent food habits and intakes

- Snacks provide ¼ of the teenagers energy intake - High in sugar, fat and sodium - About 1/3 of their meals are eaten away from home - Eat fast food - They often skip breakfast - They drink soft drinks instead of milk or juice - Low in calcium, high in sugar and caffeine - Influenced by their peers

12. How can you help avoid allergies in infants when starting solids?

- Start with single food ingredient - One at a time, in small portions - 4-5 days between foods - Introduce rice cereal 1st; is least allergenic - Introduce wheat cereal last - Allergic reactions include skin rash, digestive upset, or respiratory discomfort

16. What practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy?

-Alcohol -Illicit drugs -Smoking or chewing tobacco For medicinal drugs and herbal supplements consult a doctor

18. Know how many extra calories are needed per day during lactation

-At least 1800 kcal/day -Extra 330 kcal day 1st 6 months -Extra 400 kcal day 2nd 6 months

22. What are the recommended behaviors to help prevent obesity?

-Diet -Limit consumption of sweets -Eat more fruits and veggies -60 mins of physical activity

17. Zinc deficiency may result in what conditions?

-Growth retardation -Arrested sexual maturation -Diarrhea -Impaired immune response -Damage central nervous system and brain, poor motor development and cognitive performance -Vitamin A deficiency -Altered taste and poor wound healing (Hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite)

15. Know what a pregnant woman can do to alleviate her nausea

-On walking, arise slowly -Eat dry toast or crackers -Chew gum or suck hard candies -Eat small, frequent meals -Avoid foods with offensive odors -When nauseated, drink carbonated beverages instead of citrus juice, water, milk, coffee, or tea

10. Know the process of iron absorption and recycling.

-Transferrin carries iron in the blood -Bone marrow incorporates iron into hemoglobin of RBC and stores excess iron in ferritin and hemosiderin -Iron-containing hemoglobin in RBC carries oxygen -Liver and spleen dismantle RBC, packages iron into transferrin, and stores excess iron in ferritin and hemosiderin.

14. What foods have iron added to them in fortification?

-Whole grains -Iron enriched flour and grains

18. Know the process of zinc absorption and recycling.

-Zinc in food -Mucosal cells store excess in metallothionein *(If the body does not need zinc)* - Zinc is not absorbed and is excreted in shed intestinal cells instead. Thus, zinc absorption is reduced when the body does not need zinc. *(If the body needs zinc)* -Metallothionein releases zinc to albumin and transferrin for transport to the rest of the body -The pancreas uses zinc to make digestive enzymes and secretes them into the intestine.

5. Know the composition of formula compared to human breast milk

-attempt to copy composition of breast milk -iron-fortified -no protective antibodies -safe preparation (make sterile)

17. Know which foods most often cause allergies

-peanuts -milk -eggs -soy -also tree nuts -wheat -fish -shellfish

21. What condition results from iodine deficiency?

-the body's thyroid hormone decreases -the body secretes more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -thyroid gland enlarges resulting in Goiter

3. What nutrients may need to be supplemented in the breast fed infant?

-vitamin D -iron after 6 months -fluoride after 6 months

12. Who is most susceptible to iron deficiency?

10% of toddlers, adolescent girls, women of childbearing age

1. What is the energy requirement for infants (per kilogram)

100 kcal per kilogram of body weight per day

7. What is the minimum recommended weight gain for a pregnant obese woman?

11-20 pounds

4. What is the average lifespan of the RBC?

120 days (4 months)

20. Know what period of pregnancy would the most damage occur from alcohol

1st trimester

21. How many hours per day does the AAP recommend limiting TV to?

2 hours per day

15. What percent of body water loss will affect physical performance?

2%

6. What is the minimum time cardio- respiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for maximum benefits?

20 mins or longer

6. Ideally how much weight should a normal woman gain during pregnancy?

25-35 pounds

9. How many extra calories are needed per day in the 2nd and 3rd trimester?

340 kcal/day in 2nd 450 kcal/day in the 3rd trimester

10. At what age is an infant ready to swallow solid foods?

4-6 months (depends on developmental readiness)

7. What is the energy that drives immediate muscle contractions?

ATP

6. Know the nutrient differences between cow's milk compared to human breast milk

Cow's milk contains 20 % protein, 51% fat, and 29% carbs, whereas human breast has 6% protein, 55% fat, and 39% carbs

13. What is pica?

Cravings for ice, clay, and dirt+

22. What can result from iodine deficiency during pregnancy?

Cretinism in the child, major birth defects in baby

5. What is the major storage form of iron?

ferritin

15. What binds with zinc and limits its bioavailability?

fiber and phytates

1. Understand the concept of a "critical period"

finite periods of intense development and rapid cell division -The development of each organ and tissues is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its own critical period

24. What are the best sources of fluoride?

fluorinated drinking water, tea, seafood

6. What factors enhance the absorption of iron?

when iron stores are depleted, with increased body need -pregnancy, with rapid growth and development

23. What are the best food sources of iodine?

iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants

11. What is the major cause of iron deficiency?

low iron stores

3. What protein carries oxygen in the muscle cells?

myoglobin

19. What are the best food sources of zinc?

oysters, shellfish, meats, poultry, milk, cheese, peanuts, legumes

7. What foods reduce the absorption of iron?

phytates- in legumes, whole grains, rice, vegetable proteins- in soybeans. legumes, nuts, calcium- in milk, tannic acid- in coffee and tea

11. During vigorous physical activity, how long until glycogen reserves are depleted?

within 2 hours from onset of intense activity

8. Know the best indicator of an infant's overall health status

the birth weight of the infant

19. What effect do nutritional inadequacies have on the milk of a lactating woman?

They reduce the quantity of milk

4. What is the progressive overload principle?

To slightly increase comfortable capacity in each area; asking a little more from your body in each training workout *Increase frequency* - how often an activity is performed *Increase intensity* - the degree of exertion while exercising *Increase duration* - the length of time

9. What is "nursing bottle" tooth decay?

Upper and lower tooth decay that can be caused by - formula, milk, or juice - prolonged exposure to formula when sleeping

14. What nutrient is depleted most rapidly with exercise?

Water

9. Approximately what percentage of iron is normally absorbed overall?

about 18% in mixed diets, about 10% in vegetarian diets

19. Approximately what percentage of U.S. children are overweight?

about 32%

7. At what age can you introduce whole milk to a child?

after the age of 1

16. What transports zinc?

albumin and transferrin

3. At what stage in pregnancy is there a beating heart and complete nervous system?

at 8 weeks (STAGE 3)

8. Know when can low fat milk be introduced to a child

between 2-5 years of age

4. The neural tube forms the initial part of what structure?

brain and spinal cord

13. What fuel is used predominantly by muscle cells after about 20 minutes of low or moderate physical activity?

use more fat and less glycogen

13. What deficiency would a low level of hemoglobin indicate?

Anemia deficiency

2. What iron containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?

hemoglobin

25. What condition does fluoride deficiency result in?

susceptibility to tooth decay

5. When is taking folate to lower birth is defects most effective?

taken 1 month before conception and during the 1st trimester

1. What protein carries iron in the bloodstream?

transferrin

2. What is the expected weight gain of an infant in the first year?

triples by one year (20-25 pounds)