Federal Government Chapter 5 Quiz

In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms in Adarand v. Peña (1995), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

"narrowly tailored"

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.

95

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

False

Which amendment passed after the Civil War granted African American men the right to vote?

Fifteenth

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

Which of the following Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016?

Marco Rubio Ted Cruz

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line. Many single-parent working women without college degrees or special skills find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses. Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty.

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such characteristics as race, color, and religion.

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Which president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

Which of the following are among the legacies of the practice of redlining?

Segregated neighborhoods still exist. Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites).

Arrange the following items in chronological order starting with the earliest challenge to segregation laws at the top.

The Supreme Court ends school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider in Montgomery, Alabama Dr. MLK Jr. delivers a speech before the participants of The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

True

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

about a quarter

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law is ______.

almost always unconstitutional

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of governmental interest?

compelling

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.

discrimination in public accommodations

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

equal access to public facilities the right of every person to equal protection under the law equal access to the opportunities society provides

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

Legislation from the 1960s and 1970s prohibits discrimination in hiring against older workers for ______.

jobs in which age is not an important factor in job performance

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

their family structure

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people. Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections.

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

Which of the following statements are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States? (Choose every correct answer.)

The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands. Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.

de facto discrimination

The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be ______.

narrowly tailored

In a 1947 case, the Supreme Court ruled that because they had no law school for Black students, the University of Oklahoma was ______ to admit Ada Sipuel to its law school.

required

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in ______.

winning elective office

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

marches in nonviolent protest and boycotts

How many Hispanics currently serve in the U.S. House of Representatives?

more than 40

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

Which of the following Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Navajo and Pueblo

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that " (Blank) " but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

Separate

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

The average pay for women workers is only 82 percent of the amount earned by male workers. Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men.

True or false: Women working in nonprofessional fields often cannot find jobs that pay enough to cover child-care expenses as well as other expenses.

True

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with _____ requirements.

affirmative action

Among the laws giving women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting ______.

certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______.

establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the United States, there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were ______.

fewer than 1 million

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

given moral strength to diverse movements inspired a hope for eventual equality been foundational in legal decisions

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.

groups more often fight for civil rights

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.

have a high median income be college educated

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?

holding the top position in corporations holding high-level political office

Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on ______.

the nature of the job the performance of a particular employee

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

Which of the following are ancestral countries for many Asian Americans?

India China the Philippines

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

whites-only primaries literacy tests poll taxes

In the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court found that segregated schools made Black students feel like they had _____ in the community and were thus "inherently unequal."

an inferior status

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.

in their states of entry

Within the past 10 years, Supreme Court decisions have expanded LGBTQ rights in which of the following ways?

LGBTQ couples now have the right to marry throughout the United States. LGBTQ people are now protected from job discrimination under the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, DC, to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

Which of the following are current policy issues for Native Americans?

preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions preserving their culture and languages obtaining economic self-sufficiency

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications