(Feist) Chapter 12

25. Which of the following are the key structures in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress responses? A. The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands B. The corpus callosum, the parietal lobe, and the sebaceous gland C. The cerebellum, the thyroid gland, and the pineal gland D. The frontal lobe, the medulla, and the parathyroid gland

A. The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands

7. How do psychologists measure stress as a stimulus? A. By quantifying the number of stressors a person experiences during a given period B. By assessing the intensity of the most impactful stressor C. By assessing the intensity of all the stressors one experiences in a given period of time D. By assessing how one appraises a stressful situation

A. By quantifying the number of stressors a person experiences during a given period

29. ______ stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone and is released by the hypothalamus during a state of emotional arousal. A. Corticotropin-releasing factor B. Proopiomelanocortin C. Melanocortin D. Pro-opiomelanocortin

A. Corticotropin-releasing factor

70. ______ is a way of coping with stress through writing or talking about the situation. A. Emotional disclosure B. Distancing C. Escape-avoidance D. Reappraisal

A. Emotional disclosure

27. ______ are the hormones that are responsible for maintaining the activation of physiological systems during emergencies. A. Glucocorticoids B. Mineralocorticoids C. Serotonins D. Catecholamines

A. Glucocorticoids

81. ______ is related to resilience, but is not identical with it. A. Grit B. Wit C. Appraisal D. Anger

A. Grit

83. Which of the following phrases best describes grit? A. Having a resilient response to adverse situations B. Having a single rigid response to all adverse situations C. Being angry and getting agitated at the slightest provocation D. Being timid and succumbing to pressure in dire situation

A. Having a resilient response to adverse situations

93. What happens when there is a sustained physiological activation in response to stress? A. Heart rate and blood pressure remain elevated. B. The rate at which fatty buildup takes place decreases. C. The elasticity of the arteries increases. D. Heart rate and blood pressure normalize.

A. Heart rate and blood pressure remain elevated.

28. Which of the following is true of the catecholamine nonrepinephrine? A. It activates the sympathetic response to make the body ready for action. B. It decreases the heart rate and the rate of respiration. C. It tells the pituitary when to release various hormones. D. It ensures that glucose is available for fuel in the bloodstream.

A. It activates the sympathetic response to make the body ready for action.

82. Joe, a young stock broker, has recently suffered a severe setback in his trade. Despite his loss, he has managed to find a positive meaning in the situation by considerting this as a learning experience. Considering these characteristics, which personality trait is Joe exhibiting? A. Resilience B. Grit C. Anxiety D. Introversion

A. Resilience

34. (p. 449) Which of the following branches of the autonomic nervous system calms the body? A. The parasympathetic branch B. The enteric branch C. The sympathetic branch D. The intrinsic branch

A. The parasympathetic branch

32. When does the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) stop? A. When the level of cortisol in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs B. When the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the blood reaches the maximum levels possible C. When the adrenal gland begins releasing cortisol into the blood D. When adrenocorticotropic hormone production begins in the pituitary gland

A. When the level of cortisol in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs

65. People tend to use emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping strategies when they: A. believe that a situation is beyond their control. B. think they can change the situation. C. enter the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome. D. deal with the stress of daily hassles and minor irritations.

A. believe that a situation is beyond their control.

42. The ______ stage is the phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which all the body's resources for fighting a threat have been depleted and illness is more likely. A. exhaustion B. resistance C. tranquility D. alarm

A. exhaustion

36.In 1946, Austrian physiologist Hans Selye coined the term ___________ to describe the common pattern of responses to prolonged exposure to stress. A. general adaptation syndrome B. Klinefelter's syndrome C. Münchausen syndrome D. chronic fatigue syndrome

A. general adaptation syndrome

84. The activity of ______, which adds DNA sequences to telomeres, decreases with age. A. nuclease B. telomerase C. helicase D. ligase

A. nuclease

78. People who believe they have some control over their illness: A. survive longer and are less stressed. B. have more random moods of depression. C. have higher stress hormone levels. D. exhibit fewer problem-focused coping skills.

A. survive longer and are less stressed.

11. In the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), which of the following life changing value corresponds to the life event of death of a spouse? A. 70 units B. 100 units C. 80 units D. 90 units

B. 100 units

72. As indicated by research, which of the following physiological changes are seen when a confession occurs? A. An increase in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to an excited state B. A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to a relaxed state C. A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to an excited state D. An increase in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to a relaxed state

B. A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to a relaxed state

40. (p. 450) During which stage of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome is the sympathetic nervous system activated? A. Resistance B. Alarm C. Exhaustion D. Denial

B. Alarm

59. According to Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman, what are the two types of coping strategies? A. Intuition-focused and emotion-focused B. Behavior-focused and problem-focused C. Behavior-focused and intuition-focused D. Problem-focused and emotion-focused

B. Behavior-focused and problem-focused

31. Which of the following is commonly known as the stress hormone? A. Calcitonin B. Cortisol C. Estrogen D. Epinephrine

B. Cortisol

64. Which of the following coping strategies aims to regulate the experience of distress? A. Problem-focused coping B. Emotion-focused coping C. Primary appraisal D. Secondary appraisal

B. Emotion-focused coping

68. Ron, a businessman who invests heavily in the stock market, has suffered a serious loss with his latest venture. The very thought of the losses stresses him out, so he hangs out with his friends and watches motivational movies to take his mind off his troubles. Which of the following coping mechanisms is Ron using? A. Reappraisal B. Escape-avoidance C. Accepting responsibility D. Self-control

B. Escape-avoidance

20. Which of the following best describes secondary appraisal? A. Evaluating a situation that causes stress several times before identifying a response mechanism B. Evaluating the resources available to cope with stress C. Evaluating a stressful situation in a detached and objective fashion D. Evaluating the root cause of the situation that is causing stress

B. Evaluating the resources available to cope with stress

10. Which of the following factors was taken into account in the development of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)? A. Routine daily hassles B. Events that might be considered life changing C. An individual's perception that makes him view a situation in a particular way D. The number of times a person feels nervous or irritable

B. Events that might be considered life changing

35. ______ proposed a three-stage model to describe the physiological changes that occur during exposure to severe stressors. A. Richard Lazarus B. Hans Seyle C. Susan Folkman D. Sigmund Freud

B. Hans Seyle

87. What does the physiological reactivity model examine? A. How people feel stressed to react and behave well when they are conscious about being watched B. How a sustained physiological activation associated with stress response affects the occurrence of illness C. How behaviors such as substance abuse may affect one's physiological wellness D. How sustained behaviors such as a good diet regime and exercise may enhance health

B. How a sustained physiological activation associated with stress response affects the occurrence of illness

74. Which of the following is true of social support as a coping strategy? A. It aims to stimulate the experience of distress. B. It combines problem and emotion-focused coping. C. It has little effect on improving one's physical health. D. It is beneficial to mental health only if an individual is under stress.

B. It combines problem and emotion-focused coping.

15. Identify a major limitation of measuring stress using the Hassles and Uplists Scale. A. It is cumbersome to use and administer. B. It does not consider the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors. C. It overrates the impact of minor irritations on depression. D. It overemphasizes the differences in perception among people.

B. It does not consider the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors.

19. Which of the following is true of secondary appraisal? A. It involves an internal physiological process in an individual that occurs during a stressful situation. B. It involves a self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress. C. It is an assessment of what a situation means to an individual. D. It involves not showing any emotion for an event that is personally irrelevant to an individual.

B. It involves a self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress.

94. How does sustained activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis affect the immune system? A. It triggers the production of certain immune cells. B. It leads to a sustained release of cortisol. C. It makes a person less susceptible to diseases. D. It leads to significant and substantial reductions in anxiety, depression, and fear.

B. It leads to a sustained release of cortisol.

47. Which of the following statements about Mason's studies in the early 1970s challenged Selye's assumptions about stress? A. It showed that not all organisms have a coping mechanism to deal with stress. B. It showed that an animal's response to a stressor differed depending on its psychological state. C. It showed that all organisms produce a generalized physiological response to any environmental demand. D. It showed that the automatic nervous system produced similar patterns of activation regardless of the emotions felt by an organism.

B. It showed that an animal's response to a stressor differed depending on its psychological state.

41. In which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome does the body extend its effort to manage a threat by diverting resources from the maintenance of normal bodily functions? A. Exhaustion B. Resistance C. Tranquility D. Alarm

B. Resistance

66. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of emotion-focused coping? A. Exercising self-control B. Taking assertive action C. Seeking social support D. Accepting responsibility

B. Taking assertive action

44. What happens in the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model to an animal exposed to a stressor? A. The animal is able to overcome the threat by maintaining a positive mental state. B. The animal's body diverts resources from the maintenance of normal body functions to fight the threat. C. The sustained release of cortisol from the adrenal glands protects the animal's body from the stress. D. The animal wears out the resources that help it sustain a resistance to threats.

B. The animal's body diverts resources from the maintenance of normal body functions to fight the threat.

43. According to Hans Selye, what happens when an animal is alarmed? A. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis remains inactive by failing to suppress certain aspects of the immune function. B. The body's resources are mobilized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. C. There is a reduction in the release of cortisol and catecholamines. D. Resources are diverted from the maintenance of normal body functions.

B. The body's resources are mobilized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

76. (p. 455) Dan (not Ibbi), a 60-year-old, feels lonely and finds it distressing to do even the most mundane of things. Compounding his problem is the fact that his children have grown up, moved out, and have lives of their own. He has recently started socializing with his neighbors and also begun sharing his emotional troubles. Which of the following best explains Dan's method of dealing with stress? A. The GAS model B. The buffering hypothesis C. The physiological reactivity model D. The psychosomatics model

B. The buffering hypothesis

89. Of late, Steve has been feeling lethargic and frustrated. He is a moderate smoker who never exercises. He visits his doctor, and the doctor observes that he has also been extremely stressed recently due to work pressure. The doctor then suggests that Steve makes some lifestyle changes that include changes in his diet and also an exercise regiment that he has to strictly adhere to. On the basis of these characteristics, which of the following models explaining the correlation of stress and illness is Steve's doctor employing? A. The placebo effect B. The health behavior approach C. The GAS model D. The physiological reactivity model

B. The health behavior approach

50. The process by which the human body achieves stability through physiological change is known as __________. A. kinetics B. allostasis C. metabolism D. homeostasis

B. allostasis

55. Stress-related cortisol release causes hippocampal dendrites to shrink, which can interfere with __________. A. vision B. memory C. reasoning D. hearing

B. memory

17. When someone is determining whether an event is potentially harmful to him or her, he or she is involved in ______. A. equivocation B. primary appraisal C. falsification D. secondary internalization

B. primary appraisal

60. ___________ combines problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. A. secondary appraisal B. social support C. emotional disclosure D. primary appraisal

B. social support

4. The focus on ___________ is known as the stimulus view of stress. A. the changes that occur as a result of stress B. the situations that cause stress C. an individual's behavior in a particular situation D. the relationship between an individual and a particular situation

B. the situations that cause stress

38. What are the three stages of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? A. General arousal, arousal, and sympathetic arousal B. Glucocorticoid response, adrenal response, and sympathetic arousal C. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion D. Fight, flight, and freeze

C. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

37. Which of the following was Hans Selye's hypothesis about he effects of long-term stress? A. Stress causes a specific set of physiological changes depending exclusively on the type of elicitor. B. Prolonged exposure to stress produces physical reactions that differ from person to person. C. All stress causes a set of generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body. D. All stress occurs when the body reacts to changes that are specialized in nature.

C. All stress causes a set of generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body.

33. Which of the following is a function of cortisol? A. Regulating cell growth and development by telling the pituitary when to release various hormones B. Releasing the digestive enzymes from the pancreas into the bloodstream C. Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy D. Releasing aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

C. Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy

97. Frida is a huge fan of French fries, but she cannot have them in combination with tomato ketchup. She feels nauseated by the taste of tomato ketchup, so much so, that when Frida is offered French fries nowadays even without the ketchup, she still refuses to have them as she feels nauseated and vomits. Which of the following terms best describes Frida's condition? A. Generalized phobia B. Bait shyness C. Conditioned taste aversion D. Shaped result

C. Conditioned taste aversion

101. Which of the following is true of the relationship between the central nervous system and immune system? A. There is no connection between the central nervous system and immune system. B. The connections between the central nervous system and immune system are unidirectional. C. Connections between the central nervous system and immune system are bidirectional. D. Connections between the central nervous system and immune system are rarely seen.

C. Connections between the central nervous system and immune system are bidirectional.

73. Which of the following refers to strategies that are similar to emotion-focused coping? A. Emotional disclosure B. Autosuggestion C. Emotion regulation D. Empathic concern

C. Emotion regulation

56. Lauren is anxious and under a lot of pressure over her impending divorce. Not only does she worry about the huge fees due to her lawyer, she also fears losing custody of her only daughter. Of late, she has been having memory-related issues, especially when it comes to remembering important dates. Which of the following is most likely to be causing Lauren's problems with her memory? A. Decreased activity in the olfactory tract leading to poor memory functioning B. Increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus thus, inhibiting the synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and neocortex, impacting memory formation C. Increased rates of cortisol release that can cause hippocampal dendrites to shrink and interfere with memory D. Decreased levels of epinephrine secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands impacting memory formation

C. Increased rates of cortisol release that can cause hippocampal dendrites to shrink and interfere with memory

16. Which of the following is true of primary appraisal? A. It refers to physiological changes that occur in an individual when he or she is exposed to stressful situations. B. It involves an evaluation of resources by an individual to manage stressful situation or the feelings it generates. C. It involves a quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for an individual. D. It involves being devoid of emotions for an event that is personally irrelevant to an individual.

C. It involves a quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for an individual.

13. Which of the following is an advantage of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure stress? A. It considers the fact that people view similar events differently. B. It takes into account the trivial and routine tasks that usually wear a person out. C. It is easy for psychologists to administer and score. D. It considers the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors.

C. It is easy for psychologists to administer and score.

24. Which of the following refers to the hormonal systems involved in emotions and stress? A. Nervous system B. Immune system C. Neuroendocrine system D. Cardiovascular system

C. Neuroendocrine system

62. ___________ coping strategies aim to change a situation that is creating stress. A. Emotion-focused B. Escape-avoidance C. Problem-focused D. Assertive action-based

C. Problem-focused

61. Erica is having a hard time with studies. Though she knows she is not a bad student, she finds her social life a lot more appealing than studying for tests and examinations. With her exams drawing closer, she resolves to cut down on her social life and study more—at least until she finishes her exams. What strategy is Erica using in order to cope with the demands of the circumstances? A. Social reappraisal strategy B. Escape-avoidance strategy C. Problem-focused strategy D. Emotion disclosure strategy

C. Problem-focused strategy

80. Which of the following refers to resilience? A. The trait of being inflexible B. The ability to willfully avoid certain negative things C. The ability to spring back to normalcy from difficult situations D. The trait of being too anxious about the outcome of things

C. The ability to spring back to normalcy from difficult situations

52. Which of the following is true of allostasis? A. The concept of allostasis explains the concept of gene expression and hierarchy that is reflected in our observable external behavior. B. The concept of allostasis states that unless we are provoked, we maintain a standard optimal baseline state and cannot return to that same state after the stress. C. The concept of allostasis makes clear that our bodies can respond adaptively to challenge for only a short period of time. D. The concept of allostasis states that just a single-level system in the body struggles to return to baseline at a time.

C. The concept of allostasis makes clear that our bodies can respond adaptively to challenge for only a short period of time.

14. What does the Hassles and Uplifts Scale measure? A. The number of times a person gets bogged down by mundane activities in one day B. The number of times a person consciously avoids reacting "when irritable" during a given period of time C. The frequency and intensity of minor irritations and positive events of daily life that may counteract their damaging effects D. The list of events that might be considered life-changing for an individual where each event is assigned a corresponding life change value

C. The frequency and intensity of minor irritations and positive events of daily life that may counteract their damaging effects

57. Which of the following is true about the relationship between genes and stress responses? A. The effects of chronic social isolation on illness appear to be regulated by acquired genes. B. The genes associated with the human stress response do not play any role in chronic diseases. C. There is no single gene that dictates how the body responds to stress. D. There is one uniform process involving stress, genes, and endocrines that regulates the relationship between stress and disease.

C. There is no single gene that dictates how the body responds to stress.

8. In the late 1960s, ___________ developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to quantify stress. A. Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget B. Aaron Beck and Sigmund Freud C. Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe D. Lawrence Kohlberg and Carl Jung

C. Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe

2. Stress occurs when: A. a situation is characterized by minor events that a person can address in a methodical manner despite the pressures of daily life. B. a person resolves to make the changes required to improve his or her chances for improving a situation. C. a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation. D. a person avoids all negative emotions and maintains a sense of well-being and balance.

C. a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation.

95. Any foreign substance that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ______. A. neuron B. antibody C. antigen D. disease

C. antigen

22. The ___________ consists of all the neurons that serve the organs and the glands, and plays a crucial role in stress responses. A. lymphatic system B. immune system C. autonomic nervous system D. endocrine system

C. autonomic nervous system

21. When we experience situations as stressful, physiological changes occur in our bodies most notably due to the interaction of the: A. endocrine system, limbic system and vestibular system B. lymphatic system, immune system and brain C. autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and brain interact D. limbic system, autonomic nervous system and vestibular system

C. autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and brain interact

98. Mia is allergic to the scent of flowers. She sees a flower on a restaurant table, and not even realizing that it is an artificial plastic one, Mia experiences a rapidly palpitating heartbeat and profuse perspiration. This is most likely a result of: A. hypertension. B. atherosclerosis. C. classical conditioning. D. biofeedback.

C. classical conditioning.

53. In the context of stress hormones and the brain, _____ has a profound effect on the hippocampus, a brain structure that plays a pivotal role in memory. A. testosterone B. insulin C. cortisol D. dopamine

C. cortisol

77. The ___________ states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not a person is under stress. A. GAS model B. buffering hypothesis C. direct effects hypothesis D. physiological reactivity model

C. direct effects hypothesis

99. Research in the early 1980s gave credence to Hans Selye's belief that __________. A. psychological processes and immune processes are discrete in nature B. immune cells have receptors for stress hormones but cannot themselves produce them C. psychological processes and immune processes interact D. immune cells cannot produce certain stress hormones

C. psychological processes and immune processes interact

12. Life Change Units used in the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) are best described as the: A. relative stress values assigned by an individual experiencing stress based on his or her perception of the situation. B. number of frustrating or irritable situations a person finds himself or herself in on a daily basis. C. relative stress values of life-changing events derived on the basis of previous studies. D. number of life-changing experiences a person faces in his or her lifetime.

C. relative stress values of life-changing events derived on the basis of previous studies.

5. The _____ focuses on the physiological changes that occur when an individual encounters an excessively challenging situation. A. stimulus view of stress B. relational view of stress C. response view of stress D. psychological view of stress

C. response view of stress

90. The activation of the ___________ nervous system persists and creates sustained physiological arousal in the physiological reactivity model. A. peripheral nervous system B. intrinsic C. sympathetic nervous system D. eneteric nervous system

C. sympathetic nervous system

48. Homeostasis is best described as the idea that: A. all organisms produce the same coping mechanism to confront changes in the internal and external environment. B. organisms operate at a steady baseline state, unless provoked by some stressor, which cannot make them return to the same state after the stress. C. unless provoked, all organisms operate at an even-keeled baseline state and return to the same state after stress. D. the body achieves stability through change.

C. unless provoked, all organisms operate at an even-keeled baseline state and return to the same state after stress.

58. ___________ refers to anything people do to deal with or manage stress or emotions. A. Secondary appraisal B. Primary appraisal C. Disclosure D. Coping

D. Coping

67. After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kira avoids any further contact with him and goes on a vacation with her girlfriends. What strategy is Kira using to alleviate stress? A. Emotional disclosure B. Reappraisal C. Problem-focused coping D. Emotion-focused coping

D. Emotion-focused coping

69. Martha, recently widowed, is a young working mother who remains stressed for a major part of the day. Loneliness, professional pressure, and the need to single-handedly look after her toddler are making her distraught. She visits a psychiatrist who instructs her to write about a traumatic emotional experience she recently had but could not share with anyone. She gives her fifteen minutes to do the same. In this scenario, which of the following technique is Martha's psychiatrist employing? A. Sensory deprivation B. Empathic listening C. Reappraisal D. Emotional disclosure

D. Emotional disclosure

54. Which of the following plays a pivotal role in memory? A. Thalamus B. Temporal lobe C. Corpus callosum D. Hippocampus

D. Hippocampus

92. What is the result of extended periods of sympathetic arousal on an individual? A. It decreases the chance of fatty buildup in an individual. B. It leads to decreased heart rate and blood pressure over extended periods. C. It protects arteries by reducing their elasticity. D. It can make an individual ill.

D. It can make an individual ill.

91. What happens in the event of a sympathetic arousal in an organism? A. It curbs the organism from acting on instinct. B. It reduces the heart rate and blood pressure of the organism. C. It increases the likelihood of fatty buildup. D. It enables a quick and efficient response.

D. It enables a quick and efficient response.

71. Which of the following is true of the effects of confession on stress? A. Emotional disclosure is usually detrimental to health as doing so offers no solution to tackle the issue. B. Confession can reinforce the negative feelings toward people or things, causing a relapse. C. Confession can prove bad in the long run as it may backfire if a person wallows in self-pity. D. Not working through or dealing with troublesome emotions can be taxing for an individual.

D. Not working through or dealing with troublesome emotions can be taxing for an individual.

18. The outcome of which of the following response mechanisms determines whether an emotional response might occur in an individual? A. Reflected appraisal B. Cognitive appraisal C. Archival appraisal D. Primary appraisal

D. Primary appraisal

63. Which of the following coping strategies is one most likely to employ when he or she views the stressor as one that can be directly dealt with? A. Emotional disclosure B. Emotion-focused coping C. Distancing D. Problem-focused coping

D. Problem-focused coping

100. ______ refers to the science of how psychological factors relate to immune changes. A. Neuroanatomy B. Neuropharmacology C. Psychonueroendrocrinology D. Psychoneuroimmunology

D. Psychoneuroimmunology

102. Which of the following is a function of cytokines? A. Regulating digestion B. Regulating respiration C. Regulating blood circulation D. Regulating immune response

D. Regulating immune response

Which of the following is true about stress? A. Only unpleasant events cause people to get stressed. B. Stress does not cause physiological changes in a person. C. External events have no effect on stress. D. Responses to overwhelming events is termed as stress.

D. Responses to overwhelming events is termed as stress.

46. (p. 451) Which of the following is true of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model? A. Seyle's model fits all kinds of physical stressors that organisms may experience in the course of their lives. B. Since Selye studied only human beings for his research, it is impossible to generalize his findings to other organisms. C. Seyle's findings showed that an animal's response to a stressor differed depending on its psychological state and therefore cannot be generalized. D. Selye studied extreme stressors, so the idea of a syndrome of body responses to stress occurring regardless of the type of stressor remains contentious.

D. Selye studied extreme stressors, so the idea of a syndrome of body responses to stress occurring regardless of the type of stressor remains contentious.

9. The ______ is an instrument to quantify stress in terms of major life changes. A. Gait Abnormality Rating Scale B. Cooper-Harper Rating Scale C. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale D. Social Readjustment Rating Scale

D. Social Readjustment Rating Scale

85. Which of the following refers to the central tenet of psychosomatic theory? A. Hereditary factors are exclusively responsible for influencing a person's susceptibility to diseases. B. Mental and emotional factors do not have any bearing on a person's susceptibility to diseases. C. Illnesses and disorders begin in a person's mindset and are purely mental rather than physical. D. Stress increases a person's susceptibility to diseases.

D. Stress increases a person's susceptibility to diseases.

1. Monica has been feeling upset and disturbed after her divorce. Though she is quite relieved with the divorce, the long-winded and cumbersome proceedings have taken a toll on her. Monica's disturbed state of mind indicates that she is most likely to be __________. A. obsessed B. psychotic C. egotistic D. stressed

D. Stressed

79. What did Fredrickson and Levenson find in their experiments that required participants to watch movies eliciting different emotions? A. The cardiovascular activity remained constant throughout for many participants regardless of the kind of movie they watched. B. The cardiovascular activation elicited by pleasant film decreased after watching the fear film. C. The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw sad or neutral films after the fear film. D. The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw pleasant films after the fear film.

D. The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw pleasant films after the fear film.

86. Which of the following models focuses on the behaviors in which people engage, such as diet, exercise, or substance abuse, which may make them more susceptible to illness or may enhance health? A. The physiological reactivity model B. The GAS model C. Psychosomatic theory D. The health behavior approach

D. The health behavior approach

6. Which of the following defines stress as a particular relationship between people and the situations in which they find themselves? A. The stimulus view of stress B. The physiological view of stress C. The psychological view of stress D. The relational view of stress

D. The relational view of stress

39. The ______ stage is the phase of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome in which all of the body's resources respond to a perceived threat. A. exhaustion B. resistance C. tranquility D. alarm

D. alarm

23.The automatic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in the stress responses by regulating chiefly the ___________ and ___________ systems. A. respiratory; integumentary B. lymphatic; circulatory C. vestibular; lymphatic D. circulatory; respiratory

D. circulatory; respiratory

45. For over a month, Timothy studies day and night in order to perform well in his final exams, which are fast approaching. Though he does quite well in his exams, Timothy takes ill shortly after his exams are over. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model, Timothy shows signs of __________. A. resistance B. alarm C. coping D. exhaustion

D. exhaustion

26. The ___________ links the nervous system to parts of the endocrine system relevant to emotions. A. temporal lobe B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. hypothalamus

D. hypothalamus

49. The concept of homeostais did not entirely garner consensus among researchers because: A. even the slightest fluctuations in the environment could cause the regulatory process to stop functioning. B. organisms did not always show signs of survival mechanisms when faced with changes in the internal and external environment. C. not all organisms could show adaptability to the changes in internal and external environment. D. it implies that just one system in the body struggles to return to baseline at a time.

D. it implies that just one system in the body struggles to return to baseline at a time.

88. (p. 459) The model of physiological reactivity is rooted in __________. A. behavioral medicine B. occupational health psychology C. applied psychology D. psychosomatic medicine

D. psychosomatic medicine

75. The direct effects hypothesis states that: A. social support fails to buffer the impact of stress under certain conditions. B. hostility makes the elicitation of anger less likely and less frequent. C. hostility can increase the likelihood of heart disease through at least two causal routes. D. social support is beneficial to mental and physical health of a person whether or not the person is under stress.

D. social support is beneficial to mental and physical health of a person whether or not the person is under stress.

96. By demonstrating that one could classically condition the suppression of an antibody response to an antigen, Ader and Cohen concluded that: A. the immune system's operation is independent of the working of the central nervous system. B. acquired immunity does not involve endocrine and cellular processes to recognize antigens. C. natural immune response take longer to initiate than acquired immune responses. D. there are connections between the central nervous system and the immune system.

D. there are connections between the central nervous system and the immune system.