Film 20c midterm

65] Regulative rules have the characteristic form (a) "Do X" (b) "X counts as Y in context C" (c) none of the above

(a) "Do X"

[12] Bruno Latour shows how we can question scientific facts by looking at their earlier formulations and then shows how those earlier, conditional formulations are developed into definitive, textbook statements of equivalence. In his book Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society, Latour illustrates his description of translation with what graphical form? (a) a comic strip (b) a map (c) a chart (d) a graph (e) a double helix

(a) a comic strip

[69] An institution is (a) a system of constitutive rules (b) a system of regulative rules (c) a system of rigidly enforced rules (d) a system of flexibly enforced rules

(a) a system of constitutive rules

[20] According to Professor Sack, a machine language is (a) a work language employed in the design and analysis of machines (b) a formal construct, like a network protocol, used to connect machines together (c) a set of commands used to program robots

(a) a work language employed in the design and analysis of machines

[52]The image (look at test) immediately above depicts a representation of the rules of (a) addition (b) subtraction (c) multiplication (d) division (e) none of the above

(a) addition

[5] Professor Sack asserts that we are in the midst of a rewriting of the world in which many of our important political, economic, social and cultural institutions are being translated into software. These translations are being effected through equivalences established between older prose expressions and newer computer programs. More commonly these translations are understood to be a form of (a) digital convergence (b) digital divergence (c) digital capitalism (d) digital technology

(a) digital convergence

[14]Prior to 1936, computers were primarily (a) people (b) machines (c) a combination of people and machines (d) all of the above (e) none of the above

(a) people

[43] According to Plato, without knowing arithmetic one cannot become a leader, more over, a boy cannot even become a man. But, Plato distinguishes two kinds of arithmetic. Which kind of arithmetic does he deem essential? (a) the arithmetic of the shopkeeper (b) the arithmetic of the philosopher (c) the arithmetic of the abacus

(a) the arithmetic of the philosopher

[26] Professor Sack describes two different work languages. What are they? (a) the work language of physics and information; and, the work language of the arts (b) the work language of Sisyphus; and, the work language of Perronet (c) the work language of construction; and, the work language of pin-making

(a) the work language of physics and information; and, the work language of the arts

32] True or false: Charles Babbage invented a new graphical notation for machines. (a) true (b) false

(a) true

[17] True or false: if one reads Turing's 1936 paper one will see that its main result was a negative result showing, definitively, that there are tasks that a computer cannot do.(a) true (b) false

(a) true

[46] True or false? Within the community of merchants in fifteenth century Venice there emerged a rivalry between the masters of arithmetic who used the abacus and those who employed the new algorithms of arithmetic that allowed calculations to be performed with pen and paper.(a) true (b) false

(a) true

[49] True or false? One can understand "arithmetization" as a forerunner of, what we call today,"digital convergence." Just as today's digital convergence interpellates diverse industries and intellectual pursuits into the guise of activities that should or must be pursued with computers, arithmetization --of the nineteenth and early-twentieth century kinds --made arithmetic and its generalizations (especially, algebra) central to thought and business. (a) true (b) false

(a) true

[67] True or false? A football game, a stock market transaction, a cocktail party, private property, and the adjournment of a meeting are all examples of status functions that are brought into existence by constitutive rules. (a) true (b) false

(a) true

[84] Speech-act theory takes communication as an exchange of speakers-hearers' intent. (a) true (b) false

(a) true

[85] Lucy Suchman's critique of Winograd and Flores begins with the question of the appropriateness and adequacy of speech act theory as a basis for system design. (a) true (b) false

(a) true

[90]Agre identifies Winograd's and Flore's development of their Coordinator system as an example of a capture system. (a) true (b) false

(a) true

[38] Does Knuth distinguish between an algorithm and a computational method? (a) yes (b) no

(a) yes

[44] Cuneiform tablets show that by 1750 BCE the Babylonians had two distinct systems of number representation. One system was used by, among others, shopkeepers involved in everyday business transactions where large numbers were seldom required. The second system... (a)...was a positional notation developed for and by mathematicians that was especially convenient for multiplication and division. (b) ...was used exclusively by astronomers. (c)...was based on a system for representing binary numbers.(d) none of the above

(a)...was a positional notation developed for and by mathematicians that was especially convenient for multiplication and division.

[21] Denis Diderot and Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert worked together on a famous (a)encyclopedia (b)mathematical theorem (c)novel (d)monument

(a)encyclopedia

[73] According to Winograd and Flores, when we study computer technology we are studying a technology that operates in a domain of (a)language (b)mathematics (c)both of the above (d)none of the above

(a)language

[77] Winograd and Flores are concerned with "conversations for action" -those in which an interplay of requests and commissives are directed towards explicit cooperative action. (a)true (b)false

(a)true

[81] Winograd and Flores state that the computer is ultimately a structured dynamic communication medium that is qualitatively different from earlier media such as print and telephones. (a)true (b)false

(a)true

[82] Winograd and Flores conclude their book by writing "We are engaging in a philosophical discourse about the self -about what we can do and what we can be. Tools are fundamental to action, and through our actions we generate the world. The transformation we are concerned with is not a technical one, but a continuing evolution of how we understand our surroundings and ourselves -of how we continue becoming the beings that we are." (a)true (b)false

(a)true

[64] Constitutive rules have the characteristic form (a) "Do X" (b) "X counts as Y in context C" (c) none of the above

(b) "X counts as Y in context C"

[31] In English, what does this mean: "École des Ponts et Chaussées"? (a) School of Pontoons and Shoes (b) School of Bridges and Roads (c) Schoolof Highway Engineering

(b) School of Bridges and Roads

[72] According to Winograd and Flores, the development of technology has led to new uses of terms such as "information," "input," "output," "language" and "communication," while work in areas such as artificial intelligence is bringing new meanings to words like "intelligence," "decision," and "knowledge." Which of the following statements is true? (a) Everyday language has nothing to do with the words and phrases used in the technical literatures addressing the technologies of information and communication. (b) Technical jargon can eventually shape our commonsense understanding in a way that changes our lives. (c) Commonsense understandings of technical terms are wrong.

(b) Technical jargon can eventually shape our commonsense understanding in a way that changes our lives.

[45] In Europe of the fifteenth century one could learn high-level forms of calculation from X and low-level forms of calculation from Y. What is X and what is Y? (a) X is a university; and Y is a grammar school (b) X is a university; and Y is a reckoning school (c) X is a tutor; and Y is an apprenticeship with a local merchant

(b) X is a university; and Y is a reckoning school

[25] Hanna Arendt points out that in ancient Greece X was shunned and Y was esteemed.What is X and what is Y? (a) X is work; Y is labor (b) X is labor; Y is work (c) X is leisure; Y is labor

(b) X is labor; Y is work

[59] Every Icon is an artwork by artist John Simon. It is comprised of a 32 by 32 matrix of black and white squares. We can understand any given state of Every Icon to be a binary number. We can understand the dynamics of Every Icon(the way it changes) to be (a) a machine performing arithmetic (b) a counter (c)an animated icon (d) a religious icon

(b) a counter

[86] In her reply to Terry Winograd, Lucy Suchman argued that rather than being a tool for the collaborative production of social action, The Coordinator (the system designed by Winograd and Flores)is a tool for the reproduction of an established order. If Suchman is right, is this order (a) a political order (b) a social order (c) an economic order (d) a numerical order

(b) a social order

[47]The last name of the Persian scholar algorithm Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmīconstitutes the etymological origin of (a) arithmetic (b) algorithm (c) quadratic (d) none of the above

(b) algorithm

[68] "Donald Trump is president of the United States"is an example of what Searle would call (a) a brute fact (b) an institutional fact (c) an alternative fact (d) none of the above

(b) an institutional fact

[10]The primary concern pursued in the book manuscript of Professor Sack is to show how the technical equivalences established by computer science are perfect. (a) true (b) false

(b) false

[18] True or false: a computer has the potential to perform an unlimited range of tasks. (a) true (b) false

(b) false

[34] After Gottfried Leibniz, the word "function" became a technical term in mathematics; and, after Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage, "operation" became a term of artin computing. Now the two words -function and operation -mean essentially the same thing. (a) true (b) false

(b) false

[39]True or false: Operating systems, web servers, smart phones apps -essentially almost all computer programs that include a graphical interface -are algorithms because they are designed to stop after a finite number of operations. (a) true (b) false

(b) false

[40] Professor Sack argues that Knuth's definition of "algorithm" is vague and highly ambiguous because Knuth compares algorithms to recipes for making food. (a) true (b) false

(b) false

[51] Over the last several millennia, arithmetic has not changed much. (a) true (b) false

(b) false

[57] Umberto Eco wrote a book entitled The Search for the Language of Babel. (a) true (b) false

(b) false

[30] According to Antoine Picon, what are the three main descriptive terms of the Encyclopedia? (a) induction, deduction, production (b) gesture, operation, process (c) construction, manufacture, design (d) none of the above

(b) gesture, operation, process

[53] The image immediately (look at test) above depicts a representation of the rules of (a) addition (b) subtraction (c) multiplication (d) division (e) none of the above

(b) subtraction

[87]Phil Agre proposes two models of privacy. What are they called? (a) personal and family (b) surveillance and capture (c) conditional and unconditional (d) property and practice

(b) surveillance and capture

[61] Who wrote this? "Institutions are the rules of the game in a society ... They are a guide to human interaction, so that when we wish to greet friends on the street, drive an automobile, buy oranges, borrow money, form a business, bury our dead, or whatever, we know ... how to perform these tasks." (a) the philosopher John Searle (b) the economist Douglass North (a)the sociologist Émile Durkheim (b)the sociologist Harold Garfinkel

(b) the economist Douglass North

[27] The book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was written by (a)Charles Babbage (b)Adam Smith (c)François Quesnay

(b)Adam Smith

[83] What is the "Conversation Map"? (a)A Google product (b)An artwork/software system built by Professor Sack (c)A diagram in the Winograd and Flores book

(b)An artwork/software system built by Professor Sack

[76] Who wrote "It is essential to realize that 'true' and 'false', like 'free' and 'unfree', do not stand for anything simple at all; but only for a general dimension of being a right or proper thing to say as opposed to a wrong thing, in these circumstances, to this audience, for these purposes, and with these intentions." (a)Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores (b)J.L. Austin (c)John Searle (d)Martin Heidegger

(b)J.L. Austin

"To google" was a verb before 1998. (a)true (b)false

(b)false

[23] Charles Babbage wrote a treatise in political economy concerning the mechanical arts, published in 1832 with the title On the Economy of Machinery and Multiplications.(a)true (b)false

(b)false

[74] Winograd and Flores are critical of a "rationalistic tradition" and thus are interested in defending irrationality and a mystic appeal to non-rational intuition. (a)true (b)false

(b)false

[78] According to Winograd and Flores we can plot the basic course of a conversation in a simple diagram in which each circle represents a possible state of the conversation and the lines represent speech acts. Such diagrams are models of the mental state of the speaker or hearer. (a)true (b)false

(b)false

[37]Knuth identifies five important features of algorithms. What are they? (a) completeness, definiteness, input, output, and effectiveness (b)input, output, finiteness, effectiveness, definiteness (c) consistency, definiteness, input, output, and effectiveness (d) finiteness, definiteness, input, output, and interactivity

(b)input, output, finiteness, effectiveness, definiteness

[33] Ada, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron) was author of the first computer program. The program was published in what year? (a) 1936 (b) 1948 (c) 1843 (d) 1815

(c) 1843

[9] Who wrote this about Leibniz? "[Leibniz] thus conceived logic, in turn, in the form of an arithmetic, an algebra, a geometry, even a mechanism." (a) Gilles Deleuze (b) Lewis Carroll (c) Louis Courturat (d) Isaac Newton

(c) Louis Courturat

[4] In the eighteenth century, Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743-1794)determined that water was a combination of hydrogen and oxygen. To bebelieved he had to demonstrate its decomposition into two gases: to show that water is H2O. In science studies and political philosophy, carefullyexamining a translation like this is an approach known as (a) a sociology of translation (b) actor-network theory (c) a sociology of translation and also actor-network theory (d) ethnomethodology (e) semiotics

(c) a sociology of translation and also actor-network theory

[55]In 1978, Nicholas Negroponte, the co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Laboratory, predicted which industries would converge with the computer industry? (a) the broadcast and motion picture industry (b) the print and publishing industry (c) all of the above (d) none of the above

(c) all of the above

[35] In 1947, Herman Goldstine and John von Neumann published Planning and Coding for an Electronic Instrument(Institute for AdvancedStudy: Princeton, NJ), a text that we might read today as the first-ever what? (a) textbook of electrical engineering (b) decryption/encryptioncipher (c) computer programming manual

(c) computer programming manual

[42] What are the liberal arts of the quadrivium, the arts of number? (a) algebra, real analysis, algorithms, and statistics (b) addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (c) geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music (d) integers, real numbers, imaginary numbers, irrational numbers

(c) geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music

[24] According to Professor Sack, Babbage's dramatis personais (a) homosapiens (b) homo ludens (c) homo faber (d) homo habilis

(c) homo faber

[62] Without collective recognition or acceptance of its status function, a twenty dollar bill becomes (a) counterfeit currency (b) a collector's item (c) just a piece of paper

(c) just a piece of paper

[41] What are the liberal arts of the trivium, the arts of language? (a) reading, writing, and interpretation (b) speaking, listening, and poetry (c) logic, rhetoric, and grammar

(c) logic, rhetoric, and grammar

[22]Aristotle delineated three areas of human activity. Which of the following was not one of these three areas? (a) techne (b) praxis (c) noesis (d) episteme

(c) noesis

[91]According to Agre, Ciborra distinguishes three organizational types. Which of the following is not one of those types? (a) markets (b) bureaucracies (c) peer groups (d) clans

(c) peer groups

[2]In ancient Greece, Plato accused the rival sophists to be practitioners of X because of the way that they practiced rhetoric.What is X? (a) treason (b) lying (c) simulation (d) cowardice (e) disavowal

(c) simulation

[19] According to Professor Sack, a work language is (a) gibberish composed mostly of unintelligible acronyms (b) the artworks of professional writers (c) the text and talk employed to describe the processes and products of work

(c) the text and talk employed to describe the processes and products of work

[16] Who wrote "...it is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if [a] machine were used"? (a)Martin Davis (b)Blaise Pascal (c)Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

(c)Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

[75] Winograd and Flores claim that their larger goal is to clarify the background of understanding in which the discourse about computers and technology takes place and, ultimately, to seek a better understanding of what it means to be X.What is X? (a)a computer (b)an informed user (c)a human (d)a consumer of information technology

(c)a human

[28] What is the "division of labor"? (a)away to divide numbers into an integer and a remainder (b)a machine (c)a way to organize work

(c)a way to organize work

[70] Speech acts that are declarations have, what Searle calls, (a) a word-to-world fit (b) a world-to-word fit (c)both a word-to-world fit and a world-to-word fit

(c)both a word-to-world fit and a world-to-word fit

[7] Who was Francis Bacon? (a)a philosopher (b)a chancellor of England (c)both of the above (d)none of the above

(c)both of the above

[79] Winograd and Flores state that transparency of interaction is of utmost importance in the design of tools, including computer systems, but it is not best achieved by attempting to mimic human faculties. They illustrate this position with the example of (a)sending email (b)interacting with an automated bank teller (c)driving a car (d)leaving a message on a voice mail system

(c)driving a car

[3] What does the word "uncanny" mean? (a)that which has been taken out of a can (b)homey, pleasant and familiar (c)strange or mysterious, especially in an unsettling way

(c)strange or mysterious, especially in an unsettling way

[54]What is the decimal value of this binary number: 111? (a) 111 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 7 (e) 111 is not a binary number

(d) 7

[29] Who wrote the following: "physicists and engineers had little to do with the invention of the digital computer -... the real inventor was the economist Adam Smith"? (a) Denis Diderot (b) Jean-Rodolphe Perronet (c)Gaspard Prony (d) Charles Babbage (d) Herbert Simon and Allen Newell

(d) Herbert Simon and Allen Newell

[56] Who invented the telegraph? (a) William Henry Fox Talbot (b) Charles Babbage (c) Joseph Marie Jacquard (d) Samuel Morse (e) Konrad Zuse

(d) Samuel Morse

[48] In an 1854 text, George Boole proposed a means to write logical expressions in a form of arithmetic or algebra. How does Boole write Aristotle's principle of contradiction? (a) a(1 − a) = 1 (b) a(0 − a) = 1 (c) a(0− a) = 0 (d) a(1 − a) = 0

(d) a(1 − a) = 0

[50] Babbage wanted calculation done by machine, "by steam," because Babbage worried that humans were (a) too slow (b) too error-prone (c) too precious to waste their time on calculating (d) all of the above (e) none of the above

(d) all of the above

[58] Professor Sack argues that computer programming languages have a set of attributes that differentiate them from human languages. Which of the following adjectives does he not use to describe programming languages? (a) imperative (b) independent (c) impersonal (d) interactive (e) infinitesimal (f) inscrutable (g) instantaneous

(d) interactive

[88] Agre argues that the X model is built upon visual metaphors and the Y model is built upon linguistic metaphors. What are X and Y? (a) personal and family (b) captureand surveillance (c) conditional and unconditional (d) surveillance and capture

(d) surveillance and capture

[11]Philosopher Michel Serres points out that terms fortransformation -including deduction, induction, production, and the French word for translation [traduction] --incorporate the Latin root word "dūcĕre," a word that means (a) to change (b) to carry (c) to bring (d) to lead (e) to sweeten

(d) to lead

[13] In a paper published in 1936, a twenty-four year old Cambridge student invented the design of a machine that could, in principle, do the work of a human computer.The machine is generally referred to with his name. What is his name? (a)Alonzo Church (b)John von Neumann (c)Kurt Gödel (d)Alan Turing (e)Ludwig Wittgenstein

(d)Alan Turing

[8] Who was interested in the development of a universal philosophical language? (a)John Wilkins (b)Francis Bacon (c)Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (d)all of the above (e)none of the above

(d)all of the above

[71] Winograd and Flores wrote "A person who sits down at a word processor is not just creating a document, but is writing a letter or a memo or a book.There is a complex social network in which these activities make sense. It includes institutions (such as post offices and publishing companies), equipment (including word processors and computer networks, but also all of the older technologies with which they coexist), and conventions (such as the legal status of written documents)." According to Winograd and Flores, the significance of a new invention lies in (a)the number of new computer technologies the invention includes (b)the number of people who end up using the invention (c)the extent to which the invention spreads across the country and throughout the world (d)how the invention fits into or changes a complex social network

(d)how the invention fits into or changes a complex social network

[66] Which rules are not constitutive? (a) the rules of chess (b) rules of musical composition (c) grammar rules (d) the rules of binary addition( e) Robert's Rules of Order (f) the rules of baseball

(e) Robert's Rules of Order

15] Who characterizes Turing's accomplishment as the definition an equivalence between an "informal" or "vague intuitivenotion" and a "formal" or precise one? (a) Alonzo Church and David Hilbert (b) Robin Gandy and Robert Soare (c) Ludwig Wittgenstein (d) all of the above (e) none of the above

(e) none of the above

[60] The image above (look on test) depicts five successive statesof a "glider" from Conway's "Game of Life." Which way does the glider appear to be moving? (a) north (b) south (c)east (d) west (e) northeast (f) northwest (g) southeast (h) southwest

(e) northeast

[6] "If I were to choose a patron saint for cybernetics out of the history of science," wrote Norbert Wiener, "I would have to choose..." Who did Wiener choose? (a)René Descartes (b)Blaise Pascal (c)Alan Turing (d)Charles Babbage (e)Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

(e)Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

[36] Which of these statements is/are true? (a) Algorithms are step-by-step procedures designed to solve well-defined problems. (b) Historically, algorithms were just the operations of pen applied to paper to perform calculations using the then-new system of Hindu, decimal, fixed point arithmetic. (c) Arguable, the meaning of "algorithm" did not really settle around the composition of software until the 1960s, when Donald Knuth started, The Art of Computer Programming, his multi-volume work on the analysis of algorithms. (d) The first and the second statements (e) The first and the third statements (f) The first, second, and third statements (g) none of the above

(f) The first, second, and third statements

[89]For Agre, a grammar of action is comprised of a set of unitary actions and a means to combine actions together into a sequence. It functions as both a map onto which captured actions are located, and also as a normative model used to prescribe and proscribe actions and sequences of actions. Agre outlines five steps by which a grammar of action is created and deployed in a workplace. Which of these steps does Agre not list? (a) analysis (b) articulation (c) imposition (d) instrumentation (e) elaboration (f) verification

(f) verification

[63] According to John Searle, which of the following is not a deontic power? (a) a right (b) a duty (c) an obligation (d) a requirement (e) a permission (f) an authorization (g)an entitlement (h) a gift

(h) a gift

[80] Which one of the following statements is not highlighted in chapter 12 of Winograd and Flores' book?(a) Any organization is constituted as a network of recurrent conversations. (b) Conversations are linked in regular patterns of triggering and breakdown. (c) In creating tools we are designing new conversations and connections. (d) Design includes the generation of new possibilities. (e) Domains are generated by the space of potential breakdown of action. (f) Breakdown is an interpretation. (g) Domains of anticipation are incomplete. (i) Computers are tools for anticipating new forms of breakdown. (j) Innovations have their own domains of breakdown. (k) Design is always already happening.

(i) Computers are tools for anticipating new forms of breakdown.