Final 5/4 ch 8-9

NIMBY refers to efforts to keep ______ out of one's neighborhood or community. a. sociological research c. pollsters b. parks and greenery d. LULUs

"Not In My Back Yard": when local communities oppose the placement of undesirable facilities in their neighborhoods (power plants/low income housing/prisons/drug treatment centers) LULUs: locally unwanted land use

The Concept of Race (Backers of eugenics)

(the science of genetic lines and the inheritable traits they pass on from generation to generation) claimed that traits could be traced through bloodlines and bred into populations (for positive traits) or out of them (for negative traits).

Gender: What Does It Take to Be a Woman (or a Man)?

-Gender roles are sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a female or male. -Evidence shows that gender roles have more to do with social status than biology

Prejudice and Discrimination

-Prejudice refers to negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group. -Discrimination refers to harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category

Race versus Ethnicity

-Race is imposed (usually based on physical differences), hierarchical, exclusive, and unequal. -Ethnicity is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid, cultural, and not as closely linked with power differences. -An ethnic identity becomes racialized when it is subsumed under a forced label, racial marker, or "otherness."

Sex, sexuality, and gender

-Sex: the biological differences that distinguish males and females. -Sexuality: desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior. -Gender: social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex categories.

The Woman Question (Socialist feminists/social constructionists)

-Socialist feminists argue that all social relations, including relations between workers and the owners of the means of production, stem from unequal gender relations--try to get people to understand that all aspects of our lives are influenced by gender -Social constructionists argue that gender is a process that people participate in with every social interaction they have--argue that gender and its importance and meaning in a society are constructed by that society

Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind

-Studies show that gender inequality is rampant in schools. -Boys and girls are treated differently by teachers and there are different expectations for their behavior and performance. -The textbooks and other materials used in schools often reinforce gender stereotypes.

Feminism

-an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect -seeks to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. -Gender structures social relations on unequal ground, and thus power is fundamentally at play when we talk about gender differences --first wave was the earliest period of feminist activism and included the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920. The campaign organized around gaining voting rights for women was called the suffrage movement. --second wave was the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s that is often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education. --third wave is the most recent period of feminist activity and focuses on issues of diversity and the variety of identities that women can possess.

The Woman Question (black feminists)

-argue that gender doesn't function in a vacuum and that gender studies must take into account that there is no single category of women or men -point out that some women are not only more privileged than other women but also are more privileged than some men --concept of "double jeopardy." Frances Beal was a black feminist who, in 1969, wrote: "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female." What she means is that being a member of one minority group may have certain disadvantages, but being a member of multiple minority groups amplifies those disadvantages even more

The Woman Question (conflict theory)

-argue that patriarchal capitalists benefit through systems that subordinate women. -interested in the imbalance of power in society and the struggles that people go through trying to gain access to power that they traditionally have not had access to

The Woman Question (structural functionalism)

-assumes that gender differences exist to fulfill necessary functions in society. -doesn't allow for the possibility that other structures could fulfill the same function or for the fact that structures change throughout history EX: Talcott Parsons's sex role theory: suggests that men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives and mothers, respectively, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies

The Woman Question (psychoanalytic theory)

-focus on individualistic explanations for gender differences as opposed to societal ones. -support that there are natural differences between men and women that dictate how they behave

In what sense is race an illusion? In what sense is it real?

-the sociological study of race treats it as a social phenomenon that seems natural but isn't -race is a real social distinction & ppl around the world & throughout history have drawn sharp lines between "us" and "them" on the basis of race -as a biological, genetic, geographic, or cultural category; race have fluid and changeable boundaries -race is constructed in the interests of groups that wish to maintain power and social exclusion -to speak of the myth of race (illusion) it to say that it is largely a social construction, a set of stories we tell ourselves to organize reality and to make sense of the world, rather than a fixed biological or natural reality

How Race Matters: The Case of Wealth

A wealth gap exists between whites and minority groups in America that has historical roots and that cannot be overcome simply through achieving income equality. Public policies formulated to address white-nonwhite disparities have not paid close enough attention to this particular legacy of racism

Group Responses to Domination

Four ways in which groups respond to oppression are withdrawal, passing, acceptance, and resistance --Acceptance and resistance can actually be closely linked, as members of an oppressed group might appear to accept their subordinate position while internally they feel enormous resentment. --Overt collective resistance can take the form of revolution, nonviolent protest, or riots.

Jennifer Lee Interview

Jennifer Lee explains how sociologists think about race and describes the differences between race and ethnicity --talks about her research on race. She notes that race in America was once divided in two—black and white --Now, with more Asian and Latino immigration, the racial dynamics are changing in the United States. --Some people argue that the divide —the "color line" —is between whites and others. --Lee views the color line as being between blacks and others, including, but not only, whites. --argues that for Latinos and Asians, immigration status is more important than race

The Concept of Race (historical)

Many historical efforts to explain race were biased due to ethnocentrism (the judgment of other groups by one's own standards and values). --In the nineteenth century a number of scientists and thinkers researched and attempted to "explain" racial differences. However, what they were really doing was "explaining" white superiority.

Minority-Majority Group Relations (pluralism)

Pluralism, in the context of race and ethnicity, refers to the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one group being in the majority --Pluralism not only permits racial and ethnic variation within one society, it actually encourages people to embrace diversity—to exchange the traditional melting pot image for a "salad bowl." At the core of multiculturalism is tolerance of racial and ethnic differences.

ch9 Paradox

Race as we know it has no deterministic, biological basis: but nonetheless, race is so powerful that it can have life-or-death consequences

Minority-Majority Group Relations (Segregation)

Segregation is the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. -Segregation was the official policy in the United States, particularly in the South, until the 1960s. -Although it has been illegal for over 40 years, there is still ample evidence of segregation in American society today, particularly in schools, housing, and prisons.

Race versus Ethnicity (symbolic)

Symbolic ethnicity is ethnicity that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for the individual.

Briefly explain one of the segments in People Like Us. Don't choose one from the opening.

Tammy's story in pt 2: small ohio town-four children-bottom of the social ladder--live off of welfare 18yrs--works at BK--"it's not my fault that i'm poor, I grew up poor"--walks 10.5 miles to work--"all i want is a life where i can be happy, but i'm not because of the way people treat me and my own kids treat me"--her friends think she should stay home with the kids and live off welfare, but that isn't her she hopes to go to college and be a school teacher-goal since 5-- her son thinks he's better than them "high class/preppy"-tries to act in same class as his friends-but really he's not--"i don't know what else to do"----- OW MY HEART

The Future of Race

The 2000 Census created separate categories for race and ethnicity and, for the first time, allowed people to check off more than one box for racial identity. These changes have given us a better idea of the diversity of the American population

Paradox ch8

The biological categories of sex strongly influence the social dynamics of gender, however, the social categories of gender can sometimes determine the biology of sex

The Concept of Race (DNA testing)

Today DNA testing is used to determine people's racial makeup, and while this process may be more accurate on some level than nineteenth-century racial measures, it still supports the notion of fixed, biological racial differences

Prejudice and Discrimination (overt racism)

While overt racism is, for the most part, considered unacceptable in America today, there is a new kind of racism on the rise in America and elsewhere that focuses on cultural and national differences, rather than racial ones

A pluralistic society is one in which: a) numerous distinct cultures engage and coexist peacefully within one large sociocultural framework. b) numerous distinct cultures live within the same political boundaries but do not interact. c) numerous distinct cultures live within the same political boundaries but may experience great tension and inequality. d) numerous distinct cultures vie for power and domination within one large sociocultural framework.

a

Gender studies can be said to focus on the relationship between _______. a) nature and nurture b) sex and sexuality c) men and women d) sexual preference and social environment

a

How was the one-drop rule related to laws forbidding miscegenation in the United States? a) The one-drop rule reinforced antimiscegenation laws because any offspring of a mixed-race union would be categorized as black. b) The one-drop rule was a precursor to formal laws forbidding miscegenation. c) When antimiscegenation laws were struck down in the courts, the one-drop rule was an informal way of enforcing the same policy. d) all of the above

a

_______ is a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity. a) Patriarchy b) Sexism c) Matriarchy d) Hegemonic masculinity

a

The Concept of Race (Social Darwinism)

another nineteenth-century theory, was the notion that some groups or races had evolved more than others and thus were better fit to survive and even to rule other races

Michel Foucault argued that the development of homosexuality as a social identity was related to ________. a) changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man b) the development of scientific disciplines and a desire to monitor and categorize people and their behavior c) the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries d) society's need to establish cohesion by identifying "others" who exhibit "deviant" behavior

b

The Split Labor Market Theory of Racial and Ethnic Antagonism is based on _____ conflict. a. cultural c. religious b. economic d. linguistic

b

Ethnocentrism is: a) the notion that ethnic ties are fixed in a deeply felt connection to one's homeland culture. b) the idea that we should recognize differences across cultures without passing judgment on, or assigning value to, those differences. c) the judgment of other groups by one's own standards and values. d) the adoption of a symbolic ethnicity for certain holidays or cultural events.

c

Which term refers to the belief that are separate races and that members of those races possess different and unequal traits and abilities? a. ontological ethicalism c. racism b. ethnocentrism d. anarcho-syndicalism

c

__________ is the least explored, and perhaps the most striking, of the disparities in social outcomes between blacks and whites in the United States. a) Income disparity b) High incarceration rates among blacks c) The wealth gap d) The difference in educational attainment

c

4. In part II of the American Way of Eating, Tracie McMillan discussed her experiences working in retail at how many different Walmarts? a. She doesn't say. c. A Walmart and a Roche Brothers b. One d. Two

d

Race is not a fixed biological or natural reality; rather it is _____. a. genetic c. an environmental reality b. biologically invented d. a social construction

d

Sexual harassment is an illegal form of discrimination that can be manifested through ________, with the intent of making a person, usually a woman, feel uncomfortable or unsafe, particularly in a work setting. a) inappropriate jokes b) sexual assault c) requests for sexual favors d) all of the above

d

The "new racism" couches its rhetoric in terms of __________ between groups rather than __________. a) religious differences; intellectual differences b) learned differences; innate ones c) behavioral differences; physical differences d) cultural differences; physical differences

d

While the notion of sex refers to biological differences, the concept of gender refers to _______ characteristics. a. psychological c. philosophical b.Physical d. social

d

Women working in male-dominated professions often find that there are _____opportunities for advancement, and men working in female-dominated professions often advance _____ their female colleagues. a) limited; more slowly than b) limited; as quickly as c) ample; as quickly as d) limited; more quickly than

d

Paula England

discusses her research on "hook-up" culture and romantic relationships among college students Interview:

Jen'nan Read

discusses her research on the experience of Muslims in the United States-- talks about the difference between being Arab, which is an ethnicity, and being Muslim, which is a religion. She notes that in the United States most Muslims are not Arab—they are South Asian. And most Arabs in the United States are not Muslim—they are Christian Interview:

The Concept of Race (one-drop rule)

evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation, was the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black. Application of this rule was intended to keep the white population "pure" and lumped anyone with black blood into one category --critical in the Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson, which upheld the Jim Crow laws

Explain the glass ceiling and the glass elevator.

glass ceiling: an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupation ladder-- when a woman breaks into a top managerial position becomes a numerical minority (a token, a stand-in for all women) glass elevator: an accelerated promotion of men to the op of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs-- in a mostly female profession (like law firm) males get heightened visibility and preferential treatment over female peers, such as promotions

What is the point of the Paradox Animation for chapter 9

paradox: Race as we know it has no deterministic, biological basis: but nonetheless, race is so powerful that it can have life-or-death consequences point: race has always been a thing to distinguish people but it wasn't always used as a discrimination as it is today--once believed climate impacted race and thus changeable-- blackness was a "universal freckle"--discrimination only arose in lack of power and control

Amos Mac

shares his experiences as a transgender man -magazine that he publishes for a trans audience. -When Dalton asks Amos whether he felt more like a man now than before he transitioned, Amos states that he doesn't know "what is a man supposed to feel like" or "what a woman is supposed to feel like." Interview:

When Tracie McMillan says that food is a social good, what does she mean? How is this related to Smith's article on Boston's water?

she mean: that food isn't a luxury life style product- everyone wants good food but it's not equally accessible- but it should be for a better society relation Boston's water: not everyone had access to clean water--meeting basic needs of the people-- it makes us look at how we should live

The Woman Question (gender theories)

structural functionalism, psychoanalytic theory, conflict theory, microinteractionist theory, postmodern theory, and ideas from black feminists

Ashley Mears

talks about the wage structure in the modeling industry--explains that in modeling, "women out earn men by two to one, sometimes much more" because "there are just more jobs and opportunities for women models." She explains one reason why: "for a man to do the work of showing his body, displaying his body, it's read as being less than what we fully expect in a hegemonically masculine way. It's read as being effeminate work." Interview: Book Pricing Beauty- study of economics of the fashion modeling market- as a type of worker as a labor market--"bad jobs" not actually making a lot of money--occupation not profession--opposite of the glass escalator effect (because theres no place to go)

The Concept of Race (Miscegenation)

technical term for a multiracial marriage

Define and explain the sociological imagination and illustrate your grasp of it by discussing three areas of social life, including the American food system.

the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life (personal experience) to seemingly impersonal and remote (larger) historical forces--"a successful sociologist makes the familiar strange"-- challenging conventional wisdom and thinking critically about the social world around you--what seems natural but isn't (race)--things may not always be as they appear

Vid: Race: the Power of an Illusion, ep 1

the difference between us: use our diff to categorize ppl into 4/5 groups called races--concept of race is external diff rooted in biology are linked to other complex internal diffs(athletic ability, intelligence)-based on the belief that race is biologically real--student dna workshop(think about who you would be similar to)--race is an idea we ascribe to biology--part of the calculation in competition(track)--"race has changed its def in this country to the benefit of those that want to define it differently"--traits and tendencies of the american negro--their extinction was inevitable, encoded in their blood--racial purification the eugenics movement--american race classification is cultural--

Racialization

the formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of differences are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Vid: Race: the Power of an Illusion, ep 3

the house we live in: could european ethnics become fully white and thus fully american-by 1910 new term to describe the transformation of europeans "the melting pot"--immigrants will assimilate into americans(white)-people of color could not melt- could be used as "fire" for the pot but as material--whiteness was key to citizenship--1790 congress passed act declaring only free white immigrants could be naturalized citizens-after civil war extended to african descent--walk across state line and change race-bc it is a social political construction--

The Woman Question (postmodern)

theorists question the whole notion of "woman" as a separate, stable category and the value and appropriateness of Western scholars applying their cultural logic to the study of non-Western societies

What was Ashley Mears' point in regard to male models in a profession in which most models are women? How does this differ from other such professions?

wage structure in the modeling industry--explains that in modeling, "women out earn men by two to one, sometimes much more" because "there are just more jobs and opportunities for women models." She explains one reason why: "for a man to do the work of showing his body, displaying his body, it's read as being less than what we fully expect in a hegemonically masculine way. It's read as being effeminate work." --opposite of the glass escalator effect (because theres no place to go)