FINAL A&P Chapters 12 & 13 MAYBE

In which area does sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place? A)Hypothalamus B)Basal nuclei C)Thalamic nuclei D)Postcentral cortex E)Prefrontal cortex

Thalamic nuclei

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain? A)Cerebellum B)Thalamus C)Epithalamus D)Hypothalamus

Thalamus

You are closely observing a patient admitted to the ICU for head trauma. During his last examination, the patient demonstrated normal gaze. Now the patient's left eye is deviated inward, and he complains of double vision. What is your concern? A)The facial nerve is not functioning properly. B)The trochlear nerve is not functioning properly. C)The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) is not functioning, possibly because of increased pressure inside the cranium. This is a crucial diagnostic clue. D)The oculomotor nerve is not functioning properly.

The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) is not functioning, possibly because of increased pressure inside the cranium. This is a crucial diagnostic clue.

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things? A)The axon can pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk without synapsing. B)The axon can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion. C)The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment. D)The axon can ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion.

The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment.

Which of the following is false with regard to the brain stem? A)The brain stem produces rigidly programmed automatic behaviors for survival. B)Brain stem nuclei are associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. C)The brain stem has nuclei of gray matter embedded in the white matter. D)Unlike the cortex, gray matter is on the inside of the brain stem and white matter is on the outside. E)The brain stem is another name for the medulla oblongata.

The brain stem is another name for the medulla oblongata.

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? A)The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. B)Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri. C)Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci. D)The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

__________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. A)The cerebral white matter B)Broca's area C)The thalamus D)The hypothalamus

The cerebral white matter

While building a doghouse, Tom misses the nail and hits his thumb with the hammer instead. The pain sensation is immediate and intense. Which of the following is the pattern of neuronal pool interaction most likely to process that sensation? A)divergence B)parallel processing C)serial processing D)reverberation

serial processing

Somatic reflexes activate __________. A)cardiac muscle B)smooth muscle C)glands D)skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

Segmental refers to which level of motor control? A)brain stem B)spinal cord C)cerebellum D)basal nuclei

spinal cord

Which of these is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? A)spinal cord B)afferent nerve fibers C)spinal nerves D)cranial nerves

spinal cord

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________. A)telencephalon would cease development B)hindbrain would not be present C)cranial nerves would not form D)spinal cord may be affected

spinal cord may be affected

If the posterior portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________. A)cranial nerves would not form B)telencephalon would cease development C)spinal cord may be affected D)hindbrain would not be present

spinal cord may be affected

The __________ is part of the central nervous system (CNS) and the __________ is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). A)spinal nerve; spinal cord B)spinal cord; spinal nerve C)brain; spinal cord D)cranial nerve; spinal nerve

spinal cord; spinal nerve

The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______. A)deltoid muscle B)biceps brachii muscle C)sternocleidomastoid muscle D)muscles that flex the wrist and fingers

sternocleidomastoid muscle

A nurse is asked about the cause of the excruciating pain of tic douloureux. How should the nurse answer? A)The excruciating pain is caused by damage to the optic nerve, resulting in anopsias. B)The excruciating pain is caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve. Pressure on the trigeminal nerve root can turn normal stimuli, like tooth brushing, into painful stimuli. C)The excruciating pain is caused by inflammation of the facial nerve. The nerve is constantly transmitting pain signals to the brain. D)The excruciating pain is caused by damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve, resulting in nerve deafness. E)The excruciating pain is caused by paralysis of the facial muscle, a condition called Bell's palsy.

The excruciating pain is caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve. Pressure on the trigeminal nerve root can turn normal stimuli, like tooth brushing, into painful stimuli.

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex? A)No functional area of the cortex works alone. B)The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. C)The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. D)Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body.

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

If deafness is caused by a lesion in the auditory cortex, rather than in the eardrum or the nerve carrying sensory information to the auditory cortex, the person may be startled by loud noises due to the action of what structure? A)The tectum B)The superior colliculi C)The inferior colliculi D)Collectively, the corpora quadrigemina

The inferior colliculi

Transduction refers to conversion of ________. A)presynaptic nerve impulses to postsynaptic nerve impulses B)stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential C)receptor energy to stimulus energy D)afferent impulses to efferent impulses

stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________. A)tendon reflex B)flexor reflex C)superficial reflex D)stretch reflex

stretch reflex

Which reflex requires gamma motor neurons to set the length of the muscle? A)flexor reflex B)stretch reflex C)tendon reflex D)crossed-extensor reflex

stretch reflex

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________. A)subdural space B)subarachnoid space C)pia mater D)dura mater

subarachnoid space

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the A)pia mater. B)arachnoid mater. C)dura mater. D)subarachnoid space. E)filum terminale.

subarachnoid space.

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the A)arachnoid mater. B)epidural space. C)cerebral ventricles. D)subarachnoid space. E)dura mater.

subarachnoid space.

Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease. A)reticular formation B)internal capsule C)red nucleus D)substantia nigra

substantia nigra

Which of the following is not part of the basal nuclei? A)globus pallidus B)substantia nigra C)putamen D)lentiform nucleus

substantia nigra

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. A)fissure B)sulcus C)furrow D)gyrus

sulcus

Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component? A)pineal gland B)superior colliculus C)hypothalamus D)thalamus

superior colliculus

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? A)suprachiasmatic nucleus B)autonomic control center C)temperature control center D)thirst center

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which brain nucleus is the body's "biological clock"? A)suprachiastmatic nucleus B)dorsomedial nucleus C)subthalamic nucleus D)lentiform nucleus

suprachiastmatic nucleus

Auditory area. A)Temporal lobe B)Parietal lobe C)Frontal lobe D)Occipital lobe E)Insula

temporal lobe

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. A)prefrontal lobe B)parietal lobe C)temporal lobe D)frontal lobe

temporal lobe

REM sleep is associated with ________. A)decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex B)decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex C)decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure D)temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

The polysynaptic reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex. A)tendon B)stretch C)postural D)flexor

tendon

A person picks up a heavy suitcase in order to estimate its weight and reflexively drops it. Which of the following receptors has initiated this reflex? A)free nerve ending B)lamellae corpuscle C)tendon organ D)bulbous corpuscle

tendon organ

A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________. A)tendon reflex B)flexor reflex C)crossed-extensor reflex D)plantar reflex

tendon reflex

All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the ________. A)pons B)thalamus C)reticular formation D)medulla

thalamus

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______. A)pyramidal tracts B) primary motor cortex C)thalamus D)medulla oblongata

thalamus

Gateway to the cerebrum. A)Hypothalamus B)Thalamus C)Cerebrum D)Cerebellum E)Brain stem

thalamus

Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________. A)spinal cord B)medulla C)thalamus D)somatosensory cortex

thalamus

Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________. A)somatosensory cortex B)thalamus C)medulla D)spinal cord

thalamus

This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles. A)mesencephalon B)hypothalamus C)pons D)thalamus

thalamus

Which part of the CNS sorts almost all of the ascending sensory information? A)mesencephalon B)pons C)thalamus D)hypothalamus

thalamus

Those with damage to vision due to lesions of visual cortex may still be able to reflexively follow a laser shined on a wall. This ability would be due to what area of the brain? A)The tectum B)The superior colliculi CThe inferior colliculi D)Collectively, the corpora quadrigemina

The superior colliculi

A and B

The synapse between which of the following two neurons is a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc? A)B and C B)A and B C)A and D D)A and C

Damage to which branch of the spinal nerve is likely only to have an effect on the muscles of the limbs? Choose the best answer. A)The rami communicantes B)The ventral ramus C)Sympathetic nerve D)The dorsal ramus

The ventral ramus

A patient is admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. The nurse assesses his muscle strength and determines that he has right-sided weakness. Based on this assessment data, what part of the brain was injured? A)There was damage to localized areas of the premotor cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere. B)There was damage to localized areas of the prefrontal cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere. C)There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere. D)There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere. E)There was damage to localized areas of the premotor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.

There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children? A)Beta B)Theta C)Delta D)Alpha

Theta

The gray matter areas of the diencephalon enclose which of the following structures? A)Thalamus B)Epithalamus C)Hypothalamus D)Third ventricle E)Fourth ventricle

Third ventricle

__________ MOSTLY do NOT exhibit the property of adaptation. A)Tonic receptors B)Photoreceptors C)Phasic receptors D)Sensory receptors

Tonic receptors

__________ do NOT exhibit the property of adaptation. A)Sensory receptors B)Tonic receptors C)Phasic receptors D)Photoreceptors

Tonic receptors

choroid plexus

What CNS-associated structure is illustrated in this figure? A)hypothalamus B)arachnoid villus C)choroid plexus D)cerebral aqueduct

determine amount of muscle stretching

What is the specific function of the structure labeled F? A)determine amount of muscle stretching B)determine muscle tension C)increase tension of the antagonistic muscle D)increase tension of the surrounding muscle

corpus callosum

What structure is indicated by B? A)corpus callosum B)association fibers C)pyramidal tracts D)lateral ventricles

Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Why? A)When the impulses to the ciliated cells are inhibited, the ciliary escalator no longer functions, causing respiratory infection. B)The reflexes in the respiratory system for expelling particles will no longer function due to damage to the dorsal horn motor neurons, causing respiratory infection. C)It is actually more common for the person to die from paralysis of the muscles controlling breathing than from respiratory infection. D)When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.

When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.

thalamus

Where will the tracts indicated by the letter D terminate? A)cerebral nuclei B)primary motor cortex C)primary somatosensory cortex D)thalamus

post-central gyrus

Which of the following is NOT associated with region B? A)origin of corticospinal tracts B)conscious control of skeletal muscles C)post-central gyrus D)cell bodies of pyramidal neurons

E

Which of the receptor types contributes to the sense of touch by responding to light pressure? A)A B)B C)D D)E

ependymal cells

Which type of glial cells are shown in this figure? A)oligodendrocytes B)microglia C)ependymal cells D)astrocytes

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies? A)complete loss of sensation B)a complete loss of voluntary movement C)loss of neither sensation nor movement but only of autonomic control D)a complete loss of sensation and movement

a complete loss of voluntary movement

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information? A)abducens B)olfactory C)optic D)trigeminal

abducens

Symptoms of autonomic neuropathy could include any EXCEPT which of the following? A)diarrhea B)constipation C)abnormal stretch reflex responses D)hyposecretion by sudoriferous glands

abnormal stretch reflex responses

The cranial nerve with a cervical origin (spinal cord) is the ________. A)hypoglossal B)accessory C)vagus D)glossopharyngeal

accessory

A reflex that results from practice is a(n) ________ reflex. A)intrinsic B)acquired C)autonomic D)skilled

acquired

When you first enter a movie theater, the smell of popcorn overwhelms you. Once the movie has ended, however, you don't notice the popcorn smell. you have experienced ________. A)phasic sensation B)tonic sensation C)generator sensation D)adaptation

adaptation

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. A)afferent nerves B)efferent nerves C)motor nerves D)mixed nerves

afferent nerves

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A)dura and epidura B)arachnoid and epidura C)arachnoid and dura D)arachnoid and pia

arachnoid and pia

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus? A)periosteal part of the dura mater B)membranous part of the dura mater C)arachnoid mater D)pia mater

arachnoid mater

The anteriolateral pathways ________. A)are involved in the emotional aspects of perception B)receive inputs from a single type of sensory receptor C)are evolutionarily newer than the specific pathways D)are also called the lemniscal system

are involved in the emotional aspects of perception

Classify a fiber tract that communicates between the left prefrontal lobe and the left parietal lobe. A)association B)commissural fibers C)projection

association

What motor structure inhibits the motor cortex at rest? A)basal nuclei B)brain stem motor nuclei C)precommand area D)cerebellum

basal nuclei

What structure directly inhibits the motor cortex at rest? A)brain stem motor nuclei B)basal nuclei C)cerebellum D)segmental level circuits

basal nuclei

After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______. A)the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin B)the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex C)the stroke caused damage to Joe's right premotor cortex D)based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

Spinal nerves are A)both sensory and motor. B)purely sensory. C)interneuronal. D) involuntary. E)purely motor.

both sensory and motor.

Which nerve plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limbs? A)sacral plexus B) lumbar plexus C) cervical plexus D) brachial plexus

brachial plexus

Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival. A)Hypothalamus B)Thalamus C)Cerebrum D)Cerebellum E)Brain stem

brain stem

Patients who have lesions involving Broca's area __________. A)can understand language, but have difficulty speaking B)can communicate through writing or sign language, but they cannot speak C)do not understand written communications, but they can speak clearly and intelligibly D)do not understand language

can understand language, but have difficulty speaking

Spinocerebellar tracts ________. A)are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord B)carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum C)give rise to conscious experience of perception D)terminate in the spinal cord

carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal? A)conus medullaris B)cervical enlargement C)lumbar enlargement D)cauda equina

cauda equina

All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. A)caudate nucleus B)amygdaloid nucleus C)hippocampus D)cingulate gyrus

caudate nucleus

All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. A)amygdaloid nucleus B)cingulate gyrus C)caudate nucleus D)hippocampus

caudate nucleus

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________. A)cell bodies of multipolar neurons B)cell bodies of unipolar neurons C)axons of multipolar neurons D)axons of unipolar neurons

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system? A)cellular metabolism B)salivary glands C)lungs D)gallbladder

cellular metabolism

The arbor vitae refers to ________. A)cerebellar white matter B)the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum C)cerebellar gray matter D)flocculonodular nodes

cerebellar white matter

Ensures coordination and balance. A)Hypothalamus B)Thalamus C)Cerebrum D)Cerebellum E)Brain stem

cerebellum

Which of the following regions of the brain provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility that are needed for our daily living? A)medulla oblongata B)midbrain C)pons D)cerebellum

cerebellum

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate balance, posture, and somatic movement problems? A)diencephalon B)cerebellum C)pons D)thalamus

cerebellum

Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system? A)diencephalic and brain stem structures B)cerebral and diencephalic structures C)cerebral and brain stem structures D)diencephalic and mesencephalic structures

cerebral and diencephalic structures

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls almost all brain activity? A)cerebellum B)diencephalon C)brain stem D)cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________. A)corticospinal tracts B)cerebral cortex C)outer portion of the spinal cord D)corpus callosum

cerebral cortex

Executive suite. A)Hypothalamus B)Thalamus C)Cerebrum D)Cerebellum E)Brain stem

cerebrum

What part of the spinal cord represents an increase in cell body mass for upper limb control? A)lumbar enlargement B)cervical enlargement C)cauda equina D)conus medullaris

cervical enlargement

The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________. A)cervical plexus B)vagus nerve C)thoracic spinal cord D)brachial plexus

cervical nerve

Bell's palsy is ________. A)characterized by partial paralysis of diaphragm muscles B)characterized by loss of vision C)often caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve D)characterized by paralysis of facial muscles

characterized by paralysis of facial muscles

Ascending pathways make up which level of sensory integration? A)receptor level B)circuit level C)perceptual level D)transduction

circuit level

Three main levels of neural integration operate in the somatosensory system. Which level involves the spinal cord? A)perceptual level B)integrative level C)circuit level D)receptor level

circuit level

The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves? A)pudendal and posterior femoral cutaneous B)posterior femoral cutaneous and tibial C)pudendal and common fibular D)common fibular and tibial

common fibular and tibial

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? A)hemorrhage B)contusion C)concussion D)swelling

concussion

Which of the following is a characteristic of a coma but is NOT a characteristic of sleep? A)absence of brain waves ("flat EEG") B)irreversible brain damage C)continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons D)All of the listed responses are correct.

continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons

Sciatica has no direct affect on ______. A)perception of sensory information from the skin that covers the front of the leg B)perception of sensory information from the skin that covers the back of the leg C)control of the adductor longus D)control of the semimembranosus

control of the adductor longus

Which pair below is incorrect? A)cranial nerve III: oculomotor nerve B)cranial Nerve IV: sensory C)optic nerve: sensory D)cranial nerve VI: eye movement E)cranial nerve III: pupillary constriction

cranial Nerve IV: sensory

The __________ reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor. A)stretch B)crossed extensor C)flexor D)tendon

crossed extensor

You have a pair of new sneakers. As you walk along the corridor, your foot catches. Immediately, your body responds and you are able to catch yourself before falling. Which reflex was executed? A)stretch reflex B)tendon reflex C)crossed extensor reflex D)withdrawal reflex

crossed extensor reflex

Which reflex has a contralateral component? A)stretch B)tendon C)crossed-extensor D)flexor

crossed-extensor

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm? A)tendon reflex B)plantar reflex C)stretch reflex D)crossed-extensor reflex

crossed-extensor reflex

In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______. A)thumb muscles B)cutaneous branches of the median nerve C)muscular branches of the posterior cord that supply the median nerve D)None of the listed responses is correct.

cutaneous branches of the median nerve

delete

delete

The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a __________. A)input domain B)dermal band C)dermatome D)segment

dermatome

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. A)midbrain B)diencephalon C)brain stem D)basal nuclei

diencephalon

The hyperalgesia that is common in phantom limb pain could be blocked if a new drug was developed that could prevent (without triggering any side-effects) the ______. A)diffusion of calcium ions through NMDA receptors B)release of enkephalins C)binding of enkephalins to NMDA receptors D)diffusion of enkephalins across synaptic clefts

diffusion of calcium ions through NMDA receptors

Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that protrude superiorly through the ________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood. A)pia B)subarachnoid C)arachnoid D)dura

dura

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the A)periosteum. B)pia mater. C)epidural block. D)arachnoid. E)dura mater.

dura mater.

The perineurium ________. A)encloses all the fascicles to form a nerve B)surrounds axons and Schwann cells C)binds groups of fibers into bundles D)contains sensory neurons only

encloses all the fascicles to form a nerve

The connective tissue covering that surrounds the myelin sheaths of a neuron is the __________. A)endoneurium B)epineurium C)neurilemma D)perineurium

endoneurium

The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________. A)epineurium B)endomysium C)endoneurium D)perineurium

endoneurium

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds every axon in a nerve? A)epineurium B)endoneurium C)perineurium D)endomysium

endoneurium

What cells line the ventricles of the brain? A)epithelial cells B)neurons C)astrocytes D)ependymal cells

ependymal cells

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain? A)ependymal cells B)astrocytes C)epithelial cells D)neurons

ependymal cells

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? A)visceral command center B)motor command center C)executive suite D)decussation center

executive suite

In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________. A)also flex B)extend C)abduct D)adduct

extend

Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________. A)mechanoreceptors B)proprioceptors C)interoceptors D)exteroceptors

exteroceptors

Receptors sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body are classified as _______. A)baroreceptors B)exteroceptors C)proprioceptors D)interoceptors

exteroceptors

A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged? A)facial B)glossopharyngeal C)hypoglossal D)accessory

facial

T/F A dermatome represents the motor innervation of muscles in that area.

false

T/F A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.

false

T/F CNS nerve fibers regenerate because of the actions of Schwann cells.

false

T/F Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.

false

T/F In spina bifida, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop.

false

T/F Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.

false

T/F Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.

false

T/F Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.

false

T/F Reciprocal inhibition means that while one sensory nerve is stimulated, another sensory neuron for synergistic muscles in the same area is inhibited and cannot respond.

false

T/F Sensory stimuli that activate receptors generate action potentials that are sent into the CNS.

false

T/F Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

false

T/F Stretch reflexes can cause reciprocal inhibition because the sensory neuron synapses on the alpha motor neurons of both agonists and antagonists.

false

T/F The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.

false

T/F The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.

false

T/F The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain.

false

T/F The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex.

false

T/F The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.

false

T/F The sensory division of the PNS is also known as the efferent division.

false

T/F The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi.

false

T/F Unlike the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division synapses with the adrenal medulla.

false

A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________. A)femoral B)iliohypogastric C)sciatic D)ilioinguinal

femoral

Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex? A)dendrites B)interneurons C)cell bodies D)fiber tracts

fiber tracts

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. A)conus medullaris B)ventral root C)cauda equina D)dorsal root E)filum terminale

filum terminale

Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______. A)supinate or pronate the forearm B)flex the wrist C)extend the forearm D)All of the listed responses are correct.

flex the wrist

Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes? A)primary visual cortex B)frontal eye field C)visual association area D)gustatory cortex

frontal eye field

The central sulcus separates which lobes? A)frontal from parietal B)parietal from occipital C)temporal from parietal D)frontal from temporal

frontal from parietal

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______. A)parietal lobe B)frontal lobe C)temporal lobe D)premotor cortex

frontal lobe

Motor speech (Broca's) area. A)Temporal lobe B)Parietal lobe C)Frontal lobe D)Occipital lobe E)Insula

frontal lobe

Premotor cortex. A)Temporal lobe B)Parietal lobe C)Frontal lobe D)Occipital lobe E)Insula

frontal lobe

Primary (somatic) motor cortex. A)Temporal lobe B)Parietal lobe C)Frontal lobe D)Occipital lobe E)Insula

frontal lobe

Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning. A)Temporal lobe B)Parietal lobe C)Frontal lobe D)Occipital lobe E)Insula

frontal lobe

Neuronal pools are described as __________. A)isolated clusters of neurons in the CNS B)sensory nerves that converge to form the plexuses C)motor neurons that converge to a ganglion D)functional groups of interconnected neurons

functional groups of interconnected neurons

A typical spinal nerve has a __________ ramus communicans consisting of unmyelinated axons that innervate smooth muscles. A)white B)ventral C)gray D)dorsal

gray

Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair? A)spinal cord: inner gray matter B)gray matter: myelinated axons C)gray matter: location of brain nuclei D)superficial in the brain: gray matter

gray matter: myelinated axons

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A)ganglia B)gyri C)fissures D)sulci

gyri

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A)sulci B)fissures C)ganglia D)gyri

gyri

The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia. A)hippocampus B)thalamus C)hypothalamus D)Wernicke's area

hippocampus

The six projections from the gray matter seen in cross-sections of the spinal cord are called __________. A)pyramids B)horns C)flares D)tracts

horns

Suppose a patient produced more fluid in the structure shown in the figure than could be distributed throughout the ventricles and extracellular fluid. What condition would result? A)anencephaly B)Alzheimer's disease C)hydrocephalus D)cerebral palsy

hydrocephalus

Which of the following carries no sensory information? A)trigeminal nerve B)vestibulocochlear nerve C)hypoglossal nerve D)optic nerve

hypoglossal nerve

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ________. A)medulla B)hypothalamus C)pons D)thalamus

hypothalamus

Visceral command center. A)Hypothalamus B)Thalamus C)Cerebrum D)Cerebellum E)Brain stem

hypothalamus

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? A)hypothalamus B)cerebral cortex C)brain stem D)peripheral ganglia

hypothalamus

An emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into her patient's eye. She records the reactivity of the patents pupils as they constrict when stimulated by the light. This test supports which of the following? A)The patient has suffered brain damage. B)The patient has function of the oculomotor nerve (III). C)The patient has lost function of the optic nerve (II). D)The patient has function of the trochlear nerve (IV).

The patient has function of the oculomotor nerve (III).

Tom is a football player who gets hit hard from behind along his spine. About a week later, he is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, an infection of the CSF carried through the bloodstream. Given that the infection was associated with blood, which hypothesis is most likely to have occurred? A)The infection was spread through the spinal nerves. B)The pia matter tore away from the spinal cord, damaging the associated blood vessels, which leaked into the subarachnoid space. C)The dura mater was torn, which allowed extracellular fluid into the spinal cord. D)There was a rupture of blood vessels attached to the arachnoid mater that allowed the bacterial contamination to occur

The pia matter tore away from the spinal cord, damaging the associated blood vessels, which leaked into the subarachnoid space

In cases where CSF fluid is depleted, the brain will lose its flotation and the underside of the brain will rest on the base of the skull. What structures may be damaged and what would be the behavioral effect? A)The epithalamus may be damaged, decreasing the ability to regulate sleep. B)The pituitary would be affected and this may affect the ability to sort incoming information. C)The hypothalamus may be affected and this would alter motor control. D)The pituitary may be damaged and this would affect water balance as well as many other functions controlled by the pituitary.

The pituitary may be damaged and this would affect water balance as well as many other functions controlled by the pituitary.

Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode? A)increased heart rate B)REM sleep C)increased oxygen use D)increased gastrointestinal activity

increased gastrointestinal activity

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? A)arbor vitae B)mammillary bodies C)infundibulum D)optic chiasma

infundibulum

Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei? A)initiating protective reflex actions B)playing a role in cognition and emotion C)inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements D)controlling starting and stopping movements

initiating protective reflex actions

Which of the following is not a function of the CSF? A)reduction of brain weight B)initiation of some nerve impulses C)nourishment of the brain D)protection from blows

initiation of some nerve impulses

Complicated interlacing of the ventral rami form networks called nerve plexus. The crisscrossing of the nerve fibers from the various spinal nerves is advantageous because ________. A)injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to any particular organ B)having several nerve fibers unite enhances sensory function C)having several nerve fibers unite enhances motor function D)viruses that infect us by moving through PNS nerves are prevented entry to the CNS

injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to any particular organ

Complicated interlacing of the ventral rami form networks called nerve plexus. The crisscrossing of the nerve fibers from the various spinal nerves is advantageous because ________. A)viruses that infect us by moving through PNS nerves are prevented entry to the CNS B)having several nerve fibers unite enhances motor function C)having several nerve fibers unite enhances sensory function D)injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to any particular organ

injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to any particular organ

Gustatory (taste) area. A)Temporal lobe B)Parietal lobe C)Frontal lobe D)Occipital lobe E)Insula

insula

Which of these is NOT one of the essential components of a monosynaptic reflex? A)integration processing in the CNS B)receptor activation C)input by a sensory neuron D)output to a peripheral effector

integration processing in the CNS

The most abundant category of neurons is __________. A)interneurons B)somatic afferents C)somatic motor D)visceral motor

interneurons

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc? A)motor neurons B)interneurons C)receptors D)sensory neurons

interneurons

Quickly lifting your foot and leg after stepping on a rock is an example of ________. A)learned reflex B)intrinsic reflex C)voluntary action D)central program generator

intrinsic reflex

Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________. A)rapid, predictable, and can be learned responses B)involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior C)autonomic only D)always mediated by the brain

involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

Broca's area ________. A)corresponds to Brodmann's area 8 B)is considered a motor speech area C)serves the recognition of complex objects D)is usually found in the right hemisphere

is considered a motor speech area

Regeneration within the CNS ________. A)is more successful than with the PNS B)typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm C)is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes D)is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars

is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes

Declarative memory ________. A)usually involves motor skills B)is hard to unlearn when learned once C)is best remembered in the doing D)is the ability to learn specific information

is the ability to learn specific information

The hypothalamus ________. A)is the thermostat of the body because it regulates temperature B)mediates sensations C)has the Pulvinar body as part of its structure D)is an important auditory and visual relay center

is the thermostat of the body because it regulates temperature

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus? A)cauda equina B)roots of sacral spinal nerves C)sacrum D)laminae of thoracic vertebrae

laminae of thoracic vertebrae

Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________. A)ventral (anterior) spinothalamic B)posterior spinothalamic C)reticulospinal D)lateral spinothalamic

lateral spinothalamic

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. A)longitudinal fissure B)lateral sulcus C)central sulcus D)cranial fossa

lateral sulcus

Which of the following is correctly matched? A)gustatory cortex; sense of hearing B)vestibular cortex; pattern recognition C)posterior association area: understand balance D)limbic association area: sense of danger

limbic association area: sense of danger

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? A)central fissure B)longitudinal fissure C)lateral fissure D)parieto-occipital fissure

longitudinal fissure

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________. A)loss of body temperature control B)dehydration C)loss of fine motor control D)sleep disturbances

loss of fine motor control

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________. A)pathologic sleep B)loss of proprioception C)production of excessive quantities of urine D)loss of body temperature control

loss of proprioception

Which type of sensory receptor allows us to feel an insect landing on our skin? A)nociceptor B)thermoreceptor C)mechanoreceptor D)chemoreceptor

mechanoreceptor

Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch and vibration. Which of the following is most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation? A)mechanoreceptors B)thermoreceptors C)nociceptors D)proprioceptors

mechanoreceptors

_________ are stimulated when sound waves vibrate hair cells in the inner ear. A)mechanoreceptors B)thermoreceptors C)photoreceptors D)nociceptors

mechanoreceptors

Some large arteries that are proximal to the heart are sensitive to the stretch of the blood vessels. This stretch indicates the blood's pressure. Which of the following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described above? A)mechanoreceptors that are also interoceptors B)thermoreceptors that are also interoceptors C)mechanoreceptors that are also exteroceptors D)thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors

mechanoreceptors that are also interoceptors

Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome? A)median B)axillary C)radial D)ulnar

median

In carpal tunnel syndrome, the __________ is compressed. A)radial nerve B)axillary nerve C)median nerve D)musculocutaneous nerve

median nerve

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A)cerebrum B)pons C)midbrain D)medulla

medulla

Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory? A)amygdala B)medulla C)hippocampus D)prefrontal cortex

medulla

Most of the descending fibers indicated in this figure cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the body in which of the following? A)Pathways of motor neurons through the upper CNS B)cerebellum C)peripheral nervous system D)medulla oblongata E)thalamus

medulla oblongata

Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning? A)medulla oblongata B) midbrain C) pons D) reticular formation

medulla oblongata

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)? A)memory B)relay C)decussation D)somatotopy

memory

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. A)metabolic waste such as urea B)anesthetics C)nutrients such as glucose D)alcohol

metabolic waste such as urea

The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________. A)diencephalon B)cerebellum C)pons D)midbrain

midbrain

The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure? A)cerebrum B)midbrain C)medulla oblongata D)diencephalon

midbrain

The brain stem consists of the ________. A)cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla B)midbrain only C)pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain D)midbrain, medulla, and pons

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Spinal nerves are all classified as __________. A)afferent nerves B)sensory nerves C)mixed nerves D)motor nerves

mixed nerves

When removing a hot sheet of cookies from the oven, you feel heat coming through the pot holder. What mechanism momentarily overrides your reflexive action to immediately drop the hot cookie sheet? A)modification of outgoing efferent signals by spinal cord gray matter interneurons B)intervention by the limbic system to inhibit the fear of being burned C)temporary suppression of sensory input to the spinal reflex center D)modulation of descending motor pathways by brainstem and cortex

modulation of descending motor pathways by brainstem and cortex

Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______. A)dorsal rami of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord B)afferent neurons of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord C)cutaneous branches of rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord D)motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord

motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord

Nerves that only carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS) are called __________. A)mixed nerves B)motor nerves C)sensory nerves D)afferent nerves

motor nerves

Which association regarding the function and location of the cerebrum is most accurate? A)sensory-medial B)sensory-anterior C)motor-medial D)motor-anterior

motor-anterior

Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns EXCEPT __________. A)convergent B)divergent C)multipolar D)reverberating

multipolar

The receptors for the stretch reflex are the __________. A)pain receptors B)muscle spindles C)tendon organs D)touch receptors

muscle spindles

The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what nerve? A)radial B)median C)ulnar D)musculocutaneous

musculocutaneous

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. A)soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers B)myelinated nerve fibers only C)unmyelinated nerve fibers only D)myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord? A)neuroglia B)unmyelinated axons C)myelinated axons D)dendrites

myelinated axons

If someone spills very hot coffee (200°F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation? A)mechanoreceptors B)thermoreceptors C)nociceptors D)chemoreceptors

nociceptors

Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________. A)photoreceptors B)interoceptors C)proprioceptors D)nociceptors

nociceptors

Which receptors adapt most slowly? A)smell receptors B)pressure receptors C)nociceptors D)touch receptors

nociceptors

Which nerve does NOT belong to the sacral plexus? A)tibial nerve B)fibular nerve C)obturator nerve D)sciatic nerve

obturator nerve

Visual area. A)Temporal lobe B)Parietal lobe C)Frontal lobe D)Occipital lobe E)Insula

occipital lobe

A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve? A)glossopharyngeal B)vagus C)olfactory D)accessory

olfactory

Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following? A)oculomotor B)olfactory C)trigeminal D)facial

olfactory

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only sensory information? A)oculomotor B)trigeminal C)olfactory D)abducens

olfactory

A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may have damage to which of the following? A)hypoglossal nerve (XII) B)vagus nerve (X) C)facial nerve (VIII) D)olfactory nerve (I)

olfactory nerve (I)

Nociceptors respond to what type of stimulus? A)touch B)sound C)vibration D)pain

pain

An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. A)quadriplegia B)spinal shock only C)hemiplegia D)paraplegia

paraplegia

Primary somatosensory cortex. A)Temporal lobe B)Parietal lobe C)Frontal lobe D)Occipital lobe E)Insula

parietal lobe

In order for you to realize there has been a sensory change, it has to reach the __________ level of processing. A)circuit B)perceptual C)receptor D)abstraction

perceptual

Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus? A)median B)phrenic C)radial D)ulnar

phrenic

Which of these cervical plexus nerves innervates the diaphragm? A)great auricular nerve B)phrenic nerve C)lesser occipital nerve D)transverse cervical nerve

phrenic nerve

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain? A)pia mater B)arachnoid mater C)dura mater D)arachnoid villi

pia mater

Which meninx is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? A)periosteal layer of the dura mater B)meningeal layer of the dura mater C)pia mater D)arachnoid mater

pia mater

Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus? A)fourth ventricle B)cerebral aqueduct C)pia mater D)subarachnoid space

pia mater

Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________. A)pons B)midbrain C)cerebrum D)medulla

pons

Which of the following regions of the brain stem serves as a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum? A)midbrain B)thalamus C)pons D)medulla oblongata

pons

The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei. A)posterior B)ventral C)lateral D)intermediate

posterior

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? A)limbic association area B)posterior association area C)prefrontal cortex D)combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

prefrontal cortex

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. A)premotor cortex B)primary motor cortex C)spinal cord D)rubrospinal tracts

premotor cortex

Which motor area both has a homunculus and has descending projection fibers? A)primary motor cortex B)Broca's area C)frontal eye fields D)premotor cortex

primary motor cortex

Which of the following are motor areas of the cerebral cortex that lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes and control voluntary movement? A)primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; prefrontal cortex; gustatory cortex B)primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association cortex; visual areas C)Broca's area; posterior association area; auditory areas; visual areas D)primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field

primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field

Which of the following areas of the brain is responsible for spatial discrimination? A)vestibular cortex B)gustatory cortex C) Broca's area D) primary somatosensory cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation? A)The stimulus energy must match the specificity of the receptor. B)The stimulus energy must occur within the receptor's receptive field. C)The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a transduction potential. D)A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold.

The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a transduction potential.

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? A)motor B)declarative C)emotional D)procedural

procedural

For our motor commands to travel toward our muscles, the signals must travel on __________. A)the primary visual cortex B)association fibers C)commissural fibers D)projection fibers

projection fibers

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the cerebrum to lower centers, like the spinal cord? A)corpus callosum B)projection fibers C)association fibers D)commissures

projection fibers

We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. The following receptors are most likely responsible for this ability. A)proprioceptors B)nociceptors C)exteroceptors D)interoceptors

proprioceptors

How many regions make up the brain stem? A)4 B)3 C)2 D)1

3

The spinal cord consists of __________ segments, each associated with two pairs of nerve roots. A)29 to 31 B)5 C)12 D)31

31

The spinal cord stops elongating at about __________ years of age. A)4 B)10 C)2 D)15

4

Which of the following is the best explanation of how a stimulus' strength is transmitted to the central nervous system from sensory nerves? A)Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus' strength increases. B)An action potential will increase in strength as stimulus's strength increases. C)More than one type of receptor will respond to larger stimulus. D)Action potentials as well as graded potentials are sent to the central nervous system when stimulus strength increases.

Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus' strength increases.

Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block? A)It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. B)It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection. C)It can provide mainly sensory anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. D) It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery. E)All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is an example of the brain modifying reflex patterns? A)when a person deliberately walks on hot coals B)when someone keeps postponing emptying a full urinary bladder C)when someone holds their breath D)All of the listed responses are correct

All of the listed responses are correct

Which processes are always part of a reflex arc? A)efferent action potential B)afferent action potential C)receptor activation D)All of the listed responses are correct

All of the listed responses are correct

A herniated lumbar disc could interfere with ______. A)skin sensations from the lateral thigh B)skin sensations from the medial thigh C)adduction of the thigh D)All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of these receptor types functions as an exteroceptor? A)hair follicle receptors B)Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles C)Tactile (Merkel) discs D)All of the listed responses are correct

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following brain areas are structured such that a map of the body called a homunculus can be overlayed on the brain tissue? A)Primary motor cortex B)Cerebellum C)Somatosensory cortex D)All of these areas are described by a homunculus.

All of these areas are described by a homunculus.

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain in which beta-amyloid peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles appear and that ultimately results in dementia (mental deterioration). A)Huntington's disease B)mad cow disease C)Alzheimer's disease D)Parkinson's disease

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is the central layer of the meninges? A)Pia mater B)Arachnoid mater C)Dura mater D)Dural sinuses

Arachnoid mater

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. A)Association B)automatic memory C)long-term memory D)rehearsal

Association

Choose the FALSE statement about nerves. A)Axons make up a majority of the matter in a nerve. B)Nerve axons are surrounded by a loose connective tissue layer called the endoneurium. C)Nerves consist of parallel bundles of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons. D)Nerves can carry only sensory information, only motor information, or a mixture of sensory and motor information.

Axons make up a majority of the matter in a nerve.

An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________. A)Babinski sign; plantar reflex B)Babinski sign; flexor reflex C)flexor reflex; plantar reflex D)plantar reflex; Babinski sign

Babinski sign; plantar reflex

Which of the following choices best describes the fluid leaking from Mr. Hancock's ear and the cause of that leakage? A)Blood and mucus are leaking because the sphenoid bone is fractured. B)Blood and cerebrospinal fluid are leaking because the petrous part of the temporal bone is fractured. C)Blood and sweat are leaking because the sphenoid bone is fractured and because his temperature was elevated. D)Blood and mucus are leaking because the petrous part of the temporal bone is fractured.

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid are leaking because the petrous part of the temporal bone is fractured.

What characteristic does a spinocerebellar tract neuron share with a sensory neuron originating in the quadriceps femoris? A)Both neurons lack myelin sheathing. B)Both neurons pass through the dorsal root ganglion. C)Both neurons carry afferent information. D)Both neurons interface with gray matter nuclei.

Both neurons carry afferent information.

Striking the "funny bone" (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus. A)Cervical plexus B)Sacral plexus C)Lumbar plexus D)Brachial plexus

Brachial plexus

Trauma to a nerve of this plexus may cause wrist drop. A)Cervical plexus B)Sacral plexus C)Lumbar plexus D)Brachial plexus

Brachial plexus

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A)supplementary and cerebellar-pontine B)segmental and nigrostriatal C)extrapyramidal and rubrospinal D)pyramidal and corticospinal

pyramidal and corticospinal

Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc? A)effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor B)receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector C)effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor D)receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A)glucose B)red blood cells C)potassium D)protein

red blood cells

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? A)Wernicke's area B)postcentral gyrus C)red nuclei D)gustatory cortex

red nuclei

Brain wave amplitude ________. A)is an average of about 1 V B)reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously C)results from subtraction of delta waves from theta waves D)is the measure of activity of specific individual neurons

reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously

Which of the following is NOT an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function? A)increasing heart rate B)gland secretion C)reflex of skeletal muscle D)emptying the bladder

reflex of skeletal muscle

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? A)regulate food intake B)regulate emotional responses C)regulate body temperature D)regulate the thalamus

regulate the thalamus

Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________. A)stimulus response B)positive feedback C)reinforcement D)nerve injury

reinforcement

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation? A)sweating and dilating pupils B)fight-or-flight responses C)vigorous physical activity D)resting and digesting

resting and digesting

Which functional area of the brain is responsible for our level of awareness and alertness? A)limbic system B)Broca's area C)reticular activating system D)frontal eye fields

reticular activating system

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. A)reticular formation B)limbic system C)pyramids D)thalamus

reticular formation

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. A)pyramids B)limbic system C)thalamus D)reticular formation

reticular formation

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal. A)Cauda equina B)Cervical enlargement C)Conus medullaris D)Filum terminale

Cauda equina

Which center is not located in the hypothalamus? A)A center for regulation of sleep-wake cycles B)Center for central balance C)Food intake regulation center D)Body temperature regulation center E)Autonomic control center

Center for central balance

Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles. A)Central canal B)Cerebral aqueduct C)Choroid plexus D)Interventricular foramina

Central canal

Where is the arbor vitae located? A)Brain stem B)Cerebrum C)Diencephalon D)Cerebellum

Cerebellum

Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles? A)Central canal B)Septum pellucidum C)Interventricular foramen D)Cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral aqueduct

__________ forms a liquid cushion for CNS structures. A)The pia mater B) Cerebrospinal fluid C)The dura mater D)The blood-brain barrier

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness? A)Cerebrum B)Diencephalon C)Cerebellum D)Brain stem

Cerebrum

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Where nerves serving the upper limbs arise. A)Cauda equina B)Cervical enlargement C)Conus medullaris D)Filum terminale

Cervical enlargement

Where nerves serving the upper limbs arise. A)Filum terminale B)Cervical enlargement C)Conus medullaris D)Cauda equina

Cervical enlargement

The phrenic nerve branches from this plexus. A)Cervical plexus B)Sacral plexus C)Lumbar plexus D)Brachial plexus

Cervical plexus

Ralph sustained a leg injury in a bowling accident and had to use crutches. Unfortunately, he never took the time to learn how to use them properly. After two weeks of use, he noticed his fingers were becoming numb. Then he noticed his arms were getting weaker and had a tingling sensation. What could be his problem? A)Compression of the radial nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis." B)Compression of the musculocutaneous nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis." C)The median nerve is being compressed, making it difficult to pick up small objects, and resulting in the tingling sensations in his fingers. D)Pulling on the brachial plexus is causing weakness in the muscles of his arms, and may lead to paralysis. E)Compression of the median nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis."

Compression of the radial nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis."

Inferior point of termination of the spinal cord in an adult. A)Filum terminale B)Cervical enlargement C)Conus medullaris D)Cauda equina

Conus medullaris

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Inferior point of termination of the spinal cord in an adult. A)Cauda equina B)Cervical enlargement C)Conus medullaris D)Filum terminale

Conus medullaris

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres? A)Intermediate mass B)Vermis C)Septum pellucidum D)Corpus callosum

Corpus callosum

You are removing a hot pan of cookies from the oven, using a pot holder. Suddenly, you feel a surge of heat through the pot holder. Why don't you react by dropping the baking pan and spilling cookies all over the floor? A)Cortical integration centers override the spinal reflex. B)The limbic system inhibits the fear of being burned. C)Sensory input is temporarily suspended to the spinal reflex center. D)Efferent signals by cord ventral cord neurons are interrupted.

Cortical integration centers override the spinal reflex.

Consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex; important in maintaining balance. A)Flexor B)Tendon C)Plantar D)Crossed-extensor E)Stretch

Crossed-extensor

Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order) ________. A)roots, trunks, divisions, and cords B)roots, divisions, cords, and trunks C)divisions, roots, trunks, and cords D)trunks, divisions, cords, and roots

roots, trunks, divisions, and cords

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________. A)lumbar plexus B)femoral plexus C)sacral plexus D)thoracic plexus

sacral plexus

What is a benefit of a nerve plexus? A)The dorsal ramus can be distributed to many areas. B)A plexus does not allow for redistribution. C)Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region. D)They provide a straight path from the spinal cord to target muscles.

Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region.

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A)Damage to the visual association area results in blindness. B)Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location. C)Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of voluntary muscle control. D)Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible.

Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of voluntary muscle control.

Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate? A)Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor. B)Absence seizures typically begin in adolescence and are often severely disabling. C)During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked. D)The aura in tonic-clonic seizures typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.

Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor.

Sensory information entering the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve is most likely coming from which part of the body? Choose the best answer. A)Exteroreceptors on body wall B)Interoreceptors of the visceral organs C)Exteroreceptors on back D)Interoreceptors of limbs E)Exteroreceptors on limbs

Exteroreceptors on back

David, an aspiring baseball player, was struck on the left side of his face with a fastball pitch. He was not wearing a safety helmet. His zygomatic arch was crushed, as well as parts of the temporal bone. Following the accident and reconstructive surgery, he noted that his left lower eyelid was still drooping and the corner of his mouth sagged. What nerve damage did he sustain? A)Trigeminal nerve damage on his left side B)Facial nerve damage on his right side C)Trigeminal nerve damage on his right side D)Oculomotor nerve damage on his left side E)Facial nerve damage on his left side

Facial nerve damage on his left side

Anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx. A)Filum terminale B)Cervical enlargement C)Conus medullaris D)Cauda equina

Filum terminale

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx. A)Cauda equina B)Cervical enlargement C)Conus medullaris D)Filum terminale

Filum terminale

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons. A)First-order neurons descend with motor commands. B)First-order neurons originate in the CNS. C)First-order neurons usually ascend directly to the thalamus. D)First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

Produces a rapid withdrawal of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral. A)Flexor B)Tendon C)Plantar D)Crossed-extensor E)Stretch

Flexor

Which ventricle is located within the brain stem? A)Third ventricle B)Fourth ventricle C)First ventricle D)Second ventricle

Fourth ventricle

Select the statement that is most correct. A)Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord that are associated with efferent fibers. B)Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. C)The dorsal root ganglion is a motor-only structure. D)The cell bodies of afferent ganglia are located in the spinal cord.

Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Bill is a mechanic that works with vibrating tools. He also exerts force on his wrists when twisting wrenches and screws. Bill has a tingling sensation in the lateral portion of his hand. The doctor suspects carpal tunnel syndrome. Which of the following test might the doctor try on her patient? A)Have bill flex and extend his arm against resistance. B)Check for reflex on the medial condyle of the humerus with a rubber mallet. C)Have bill grip an object with his thumb and index finger and try to pull the object away. D)Check for hyperextension at the knuckles of the little and ring finger.

Have bill grip an object with his thumb and index finger and try to pull the object away.

A fall or an improperly delivered gluteal injection could result in ________. A)neurofibromatosis B)postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy C)phantom limb pain D)sciatica

sciatica

Which area of the brain is most involved in maintaining the body's homeostasis? A)Medulla oblongata B)Hypothalamus C)Cerebral cortex D)Pons E)Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

projection

Identify the type of tract that communicates between the left prefrontal lobe and the left parietal lobe. A)projection B)commissural C)association

Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain? A)Hypothalamus B)Infundibulum C)Optic chiasm D)Pia mater

Infundibulum

Which of the following is NOT a property of the stretch reflex? A)Its receptor is muscle spindle. B)It regulates muscle length. C)It is activated by muscle elongation. D)It is a disynaptic reflex.

It is a disynaptic reflex.

In anterograde amnesia ______. A)there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex B)LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted C)communication between the medial temporal lobe and the association cortex remains unaffected D)declarative memory is not significantly altered

LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted

Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except ________. A)Meissner's corpuscles B)tactile discs C)Lamellar corpuscles D)hair follicle receptors

Lamellar corpuscles

Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum? A)Third ventricle B)Lateral ventricles C)Fourth ventricle D)Fornix

Lateral ventricles

The obturator and femoral nerves branch from this plexus. A)Cervical plexus B)Sacral plexus C)Lumbar plexus D)Brachial plexus

Lumbar plexus

Which of the following is not a chief homeostatic role of the hypothalamus? A)Regulate body temperature B)Maintain balance and posture C)Control the autonomic nervous system D)Regulate sleep-wake cycles E)Regulate food intake

Maintain balance and posture

__________ are receptors that can respond to changes in pressure. A)Photoreceptors B)Chemoreceptors C)Mechanoreceptors D)Nociceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord? A)Cerebellum B)Pons C)Medulla oblongata D)Midbrain

Medulla oblongata

Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of the brain? A)Pons B)Cerebellum C)Medulla oblongata D)Midbrain

Medulla oblongata

Tactile corpuscle. A)Meissner corpuscle B)Pacinian corpuscle C)Ruffini endings

Meissner corpuscle

Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina? A)Pons B)Medulla oblongata C)Epithalamus D)Midbrain

Midbrain

Because of its delay in development, children and young adults may have lesser abilities in behaviors associated with the anterior association area. Which of the following behaviors may be lessoned in children and young adults? A)A sense of danger B)Visual acuity C)Spatiotemporal judgment D)Multi-tasking

Multi-tasking

__________ causes a person to lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. A)Sleep apnea B)Epilepsy C)Narcolepsy D) Syncope

Narcolepsy

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves? A)Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both. B)Nerves do not contain cell bodies. C)Nerves are analogous to tracts in the CNS. D)Nerves are covered by an outer sheath called the epineurium.

Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.

__________ are receptors that can respond to painful stimuli. A)Mechanoreceptors B)Chemoreceptors C)Nociceptors D)Photoreceptors

Nociceptors

A patient reports that she has become completely deaf—she can't hear anything. Thorough tests on her ears indicate that her ears have not been damaged. Additional tests reveal that her deafness has been caused by damage to her ______. A)primary somatosensory cortex B)auditory association area C)somatosensory association cortex D)None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct.

Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar? A)Both systems share common effectors. B)Both systems share common efferent pathways. C)Both systems have ganglia in their motor pathways. D)Both systems elicit the same target organ responses to their neurotransmitters. E)None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct.

Identify cranial nerve I. A)Optic nerve B)Olfactory nerve C)Oculomotor nerve D)Optic tract

Olfactory nerve

Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side? A)Optic nerve B)Optic tract C)Optic chiasm D)Olfactory bulbs

Optic chiasm

Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system? A)Optic tract B)Mammillary body C)Optic chiasm D)Optic nerve

Optic nerve

In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________. A)CNS; CNS; PNS B)CNS; PNS; CNS C)PNS; CNS; PNS D_PNS; PNS; CNS

PNS; CNS; PNS

Lamellar corpuscle. A)Meissner corpuscle B)Pacinian corpuscle C)Ruffini endings

Pacinian corpuscle

Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________. A)cerebellar disease B)Parkinson's disease C)Alzheimer's disease D)Huntington's disease

Parkinson's disease

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways. A)Parkinson's disease B)Huntington's disease C)Alzheimer's disease D)mad cow disease

Parkinson's disease

Select the correct definition. A)Magnitude estimation is the simplest level of sensation. B)Perceptual detection is the ability to detect how much stimulus is applied to the body. C)Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face. D)Spatial discrimination allows us to recognize textures.

Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face.

Which of the following does NOT occur as people age? A)Muscle tone in the face and neck starts to decrease. B)Peripheral nerves die off. C)Sensory receptors atrophy. D)Reflexes occur more slowly.

Peripheral nerves die off.

Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain? A)Pituitary gland B)Pineal gland C)Mammillary body D)Olfactory bulb

Pituitary gland

Tests both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument. A)Flexor B)Tendon C)Plantar D)Crossed-extensor E)Stretch

Plantar

Controls the outputs of the cortex and regulates motor activity A)Precommand B)Projection C)Segmental

Precommand

The cerebellum and basal nuclei. A)Precommand B)Projection C)Segmental

Precommand

Includes cortical and brain stem motor areas. A)Precommand B)Projection C)Segmental

Projection

Intermediate relay for incoming and outgoing neurons A)Precommand B)Projection C)Segmental

Projection

Recall the structure of pyramidal cells found in motor cortex and Purkinje cells found in cerebellum. A)The cerebellum receives information from proprioceptors throughout the body B)The cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to coordinate the force, direction, and extent of muscle contraction C)While the motor cortex says move, the cerebellum needs to calculate the effect of that movement on posture and must ensure a smooth coordinated movement. D)Purkinje cells are complex in structure so that we are consciously aware of our complex motor movements.

Purkinje cells are complex in structure so that we are consciously aware of our complex motor movements.

Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control? A)segmental level, precommand level, projection level B)segmental level, projection level, precommand level C)precommand level, projection level, segmental level D)projection level, precommand level, segmental level

segmental level, projection level, precommand level

Bulbous corpuscle. A)Meissner corpuscle B)Pacinian corpuscle C)Ruffini endings

Ruffini endings

A fall or improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure a nerve of this plexus. A)Cervical plexus B)Sacral plexus C)Lumbar plexus D)Brachial plexus

Sacral plexus

After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________. A)Wallerian cells B)Schwann cells C)dendrites D)Golgi organs

Schwann cells

Central pattern generators A)Precommand B)Projection C)Segmental

Segmental

The neural machinery of the spinal cord, including spinal cord circuits. A)Precommand B)Projection C)Segmental

Segmental

Mrs. Sagalov has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What clinical symptoms is she likely to show? A)She will show increasing cognitive deficits, including difficulties with memory and attention, and personality changes such as irritability, moodiness, and confusion. B)She will show wild, jerky, and continuously "flapping" movements, and mental deterioration. C) She will show a persistent tremor, forward-bent walking posture, shuffling gait, and stiff facial expression. D)She will show difficulty in communicating, forming relationships with others, and responding appropriately to the environment. E)She will show visual disturbances, problems controlling muscles, speech disturbances, and urinary incontinence.

She will show increasing cognitive deficits, including difficulties with memory and attention, and personality changes such as irritability, moodiness, and confusion.

Which of these statements is NOT correct regarding our limbic system? A)Your amygdala judges facial expressions for danger. B)The cingulate helps you express your emotional state. C)Sights often create strong emotional responses. D)Emotional states can alter our blood pressure.

Sights often create strong emotional responses.

What type of information is communicated through the ventral root of the spinal cord? Choose all of the correct answers. A)Somatic sensory B)Somatic motor C)Visceral sensory D)Visceral motor

Somatic motor Visceral motor

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the spinal cord? A)Damage to sensory tracts in the spinal cord leads to paralysis. B)Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function. C)Just like the cerebrum, the gray matter is found on the superficial surfaces. D)The white matter contains cell bodies for spinal nuclei.

Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function.

Which statement is not true? A)Ten-year-olds are in REM sleep about 1.5-2 hours per night. B)Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in old age. C)Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep. D)Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.

Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.

A bit of dust blows into and touches the cornea of the eye. Which of the following is likely to happen? A)Nothing, because there is no sensory information sent from the cornea. B)Stimulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V) will cause blinking. C)Stimulation of the optic nerve (II) will cause tears to flow from the lacrimal gland. D)Stimulation of the facial nerve (VII) will be perceived as pain.

Stimulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V) will cause blinking.

Prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone. A)Flexor B)Tendon C)Plantar D)Crossed-extensor E)Stretch

Stretch

Which area is not involved in speech processing? A)Broca's area B)Lateral prefrontal cortex C)Wernicke's area D)Superior colliculi

Superior colliculi

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section? A)Inferior colliculus B)Superior colliculus C)Optic chiasm D)Corpus callosum

Superior colliculus

Which of the receptor types contributes to the sense of touch by responding to light pressure? A)free nerve endings of sensory neurons B)muscle spindles C)Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles D)Tactile (Merkel) discs

Tactile (Merkel) discs

Produces muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to tension; the contracting muscle relaxes as its antagonist is activated. A)Flexor B)Tendon C)Plantar D)Crossed-extensor E)Stretch

Tendon

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. A)the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B)the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord C)sympathetic ganglia D)the thalamus

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

As a cook chops red onions he begins to tear up due to activation of the lacrimal gland. Which of the following nerves provided the stimulus? A)the olfactory nerve (I) B)the facial nerve (VII) C)the vagus nerve (X) D)the optic nerve (II)

the facial nerve (VII)

A patient has lost the ability to taste food. Which nerve may have been damaged? A)the facial nerves B)trigeminal nerves C)the optic nerves D)the abducens nerves

the facial nerves

Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors? A)the type of stimulus they detect B)structural complexity C)the number of dendritic endings present D)location

the number of dendritic endings present

Injury to cervical vertebra C3-C4 is particularly problematic because ________. A)part of the brain stem is located here B)several ganglia are near this region that serve the heart C)the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here D)the greater auricular nerve that serve the parotid gland receive there fibers from here

the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here

The major anatomical difference between gray matter and white matter is __________. A)that white matter is primarily in the CNS B)that white matter is located deep to the gray matter C)the presence of myelinated axons D)that gray matter is functionally organized into tracts

the presence of myelinated axons

A patient has lost vision on the left side of both eyes. The patient has likely suffered damage to ________. A)the retinas of the eyes B)the optic chiasm C)the right optic tract D)the optic nerves

the right optic tract

A patient has an injury of the spine and is now suffering from a loss of motor function in his right arm. However, he still has normal sensory function in the arm. Based on this information it is likely that the patient has nervous tissue damage located at ________. A)spinal nerves of the cervical vertebra B)the dorsal root located at one or more of the cervical vertebra C)the ventral root located at one or more of the cervical vertebra D)the dorsal rootlets located at one of the thoracic vertebra

the ventral root located at one or more of the cervical vertebra

A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and right. Which of the following cranial nerves is not being tested? A)the abducens (VI) B)the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) C)the oculomotor nerve (III) D)the trochlear nerve (IV)

the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Dermatome maps are useful to clinicians because ________. A)they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury B)they outline the location of the numerous nerve plexus C)they show doctors how to avoid striking spinal nerves during surgery D)they show the routes of motor nerves

they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury

General characteristics of polysynaptic reflexes include all of the following EXCEPT that __________. A)they have reverberating circuits B)several reflexes may cooperate, producing a coordinated reflex C)they involve reciprocal inhibition D)they do not involve interneurons

they do not involve interneurons

Which of the following is not a midbrain structure? A)third ventricle B)corpora quadrigemina C)cerebral peduncles D)red nucleus

third ventricle

The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve. A)obturator B)common fibular C)tibial D)femoral

tibial

Which of the following characteristics is representative of receptor-level processing, NOT perceptual-level processing? A)magnitude B)transduction C)detection D)spatial discrimination

transduction

T/F A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.

true

T/F All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain.

true

T/F Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

true

T/F Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

true

T/F Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles.

true

T/F Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers.

true

T/F Drooping of the upper eyelid, and double vision are potential symptoms of damage to the oculomotor nerve.

true

T/F Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.

true

T/F Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM).

true

T/F In anencephaly, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop.

true

T/F In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs.

true

T/F In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex.

true

T/F In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.

true

T/F Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.

true

T/F Lamellar corpuscles can be exteroceptors, interoceptors, or proprioceptor.

true

T/F Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over (decussate) from one side of the body to the other.

true

T/F NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.

true

T/F Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.

true

T/F One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.

true

T/F Phasic receptors adapt quickly to a stimulus. For that reason, they are good at detecting changes instead of constantly signaling the CNS.

true

T/F REM sleep begins about 90 minutes after sleep begins.

true

T/F Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.

true

T/F The adult spinal cord ends between the level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column.

true

T/F The blood brain barrier is the protective mechanism that helps maintain the brain's stable environment.

true

T/F The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called the neural plate.

true

T/F The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.

true

T/F The foramen magnum marks the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.

true

T/F The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina.

true

T/F The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.

true

T/F The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.

true

T/F The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the meninges and blood vessels.

true

T/F The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus.

true

T/F The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.

true

T/F The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.

true

T/F The sympathetic division innervates targets with nerves that all originate from the thoracolumbar region.

true

T/F The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language.

true

T/F The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.

true

T/F The ventricles are all interconnected.

true

Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________. A)radial nerve B)sciatic nerve C)ulnar nerve D)median nerve

ulnar nerve

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. A)lower motor neurons B)upper motor neurons C)spinal nerve roots D)neuromuscular junction

upper motor neurons

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs? A)hypoglossal B)accessory C)abducens D)vagus

vagus

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. A)red nuclei B)superior colliculi C)reticular nuclei D)vestibular nuclei

vestibular nuclei

Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve? A)abducens B)vestibulocochlear C)trigeminal D)accessory

vestibulocochlear

Which cranial nerve transmits information about audition? A)optic B)vestibulocochlear C)vagus D)abducens

vestibulocochlear

A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex. A)somatic B)acquired C)visceral D)stretch

visceral

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus? A)somatic motor control center B)visceral control center of the body C)gateway to the cerebellum D)relay station for the special senses

visceral control center of the body

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. A)vestibular cortex B)gustatory cortex C)olfactory cortex D)visceral sensory area

visceral sensory area

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex? A)visual areas B)sensory areas C) association areas D)motor areas

visual areas

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. A)primary visual area B)calcarine cortex C)visual association area D)lateral geniculate body

visual association area