Final Exam 148
. Fungi are most closely related to a. Bacteria b. Archaea c. Plants d. Animals e. Brown algae
D
. Given our current understanding of the tree of life, which of the following is TRUE? a. The nucleus evolved multiple times during evolution b. Prokaryotes are a monophyletic group c. Fungi are more closely related to plants than they are to animals d. The clade that includes all protists also includes all plants, animals, and fungi
D
. Which of the following eukaryotic organelles does NOT contain DNA? a. Mitochondria b. Nucleus c. Chloroplast d. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Neither C nor D contain DNA
D
. Which of the following is NOT a function of the human microbiome? a. competitive exclusion of pathogens b. aid in digestion c. produce compounds used by the body d. act as enzymes within human cells
D
. Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants? a. Fungi are able to change their body shape continuously throughout their life. b. Fungi feed by absorption. c. Fungi store polysaccharides as starch. d. The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin
D
36. Which of the following features could be shared between fungi and arthropods including insects? a. Heterotrophy b. The presence of a cell wall c. Mulitcellularity d. Both A and C e. All of the above
D
37. What is a major distinguishing characteristic of fungi? a. acquiring nutrition through ingestion b. multicellularity c. prokaryotic cells d. absorbing nutrients e. autotrophic
D
39. A seed contains a(n) ____________ a. Protective covering b. Nutrient source c. Embryo d. All of the above e. A and B only
D
48. Which of the following would NOT be a normal member of the human microbiome? a. an Archaea b. a bacterium c. a fungus d. an animal
D
A new species of plant is discovered in Siberia. It is a small shrub that has roots, branches and needle-like leaves. The reproductive structure is a cone. How would you group this plant? a. Charophytes b. Bryophytes c. Seedless vascular plants d. Gymnosperms e. Angiosperms
D
A new species of plant is discovered in Siberia. It is a small shrub that has roots, branches and needle-like leaves. The reproductive structure is a cone. How would you group this plant? a. Charophytes b. Bryophytes c. Seedless vascular plants d. Gymnosperms e. Angiosperms
D
According to the theory of endosymbiosis, the outer mitochondrial membrane is derived from: a. the plasma membrane of the engulfed bacteria b. the endoplasmic reticulum c. the cell wall d. the plasma membrane of an ancient eukaryote ancestor e. infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane
D
All fungi are: a. heterotrophic b. eukaryotic c. multicellular d. A and B only e. B and C only
D
Flowering plants are all members of the a. Bryophytes b. Seedless vascular plants c. Gymnosperms d. Angiosperms
D
Flowering plants are all members of the a. Bryophytes b. Seedless vascular plants c. Gymnosperms d. Angiosperms
D
In a plant cell, DNA may be found _____. a. only in the nucleus b. only in the nucleus and mitochondria c. only in the nucleus and chloroplasts d. in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
D
Inside the seed of a plant is a a. Egg b. Fruit c. Spore d. Diploid embryo e. Haploid embryo
D
The clade that includes all Protists and Bacteria would also include: a. Archaea b. Animals c. Fungi d. All of the above e. B and C only
D
The evolution of multicellularity in eukaryotes a. occurred only once, in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes b. occurred only once, in the common ancestor of all multicellular eukaryotes c. occurred only once, in the animal lineage d. occurred more than once in many eukaryotic lineages
D
What feature do plants have that algae do not have? a. chloroplasts b. a cell wall made of cellulose c. Mulicellularity d. a cuticle
D
What two plant features prevent water loss but still allow for gas exchange? a. Cuticle and lignin b. Stoma and lignin c. Stoma and flavonoids d. Cuticle and stoma e. Cuticle and flavonoids
D
Which of the following groups includes all of the descendants from a common ancestor? a. Land Plants b. Animals c. Fungi d. All of the above e. A and B only
D
Which of the following is NOT a monophyletic group (a clade)? a. All animals b. All plants c. All fungi d. All protists e. All bacteria
D
Which of the following would be considered an extremophile? a. A member of the domain Archaea that lives in near-boiling water. b. A member of the domain Bacteria that lives at low pH. c. A member of the domain Archaea that is very large. d. Both A and B e. Both A and C
D
Which of these is not a feature of all animals? a. multicellular b. no cell walls c. heterotrophic d. four limbs
D
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? a. chloroplasts b. walls made of cellulose c. central vacuoles d. mitochondria
D
. Clomtrimazole is a drug that works by inhibiting the synthesis of a plasma membrane component that is specific to fungi. Which of the following organism would this affect? a. yeast b. plasmodium (malaria) c. E. coli
A
. Which of the following is NOT correct about all animals? a. All have multiple layers of tissue. b. all are descended from a common ancestor. c. All are multicellular. d. All are heterotrophic; they eat things rather than do photosynthesis. e. All are eukaryotes
A
19. You find the organism pictured to the right in a sample of sea water. It has no nucleus or internal membranes. The Gram Stain adheres to the outer portion of its cell wall, turning it purple. What type of organism is this? a. Gram-positive Bacteria b. Gram-positive Archaea c. Gram-negative Bacteria d. Gram-negative Archaea e. Protist
A
34. A drug that inhibits chitin synthesis would NOT affect any a. yeast b. mold c. green algae d. insect e. mushroom
A
All protists are a. eukaryotes b. single-celled c. autotrophs d. heterotrophs e. both a and b
A
Cyanide (a poison) binds with proteins involved in producing ATP. If a eukaryotic cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____. a. mitochondria b. ribosomes c. chloroplasts d. Golgi apparatus e. endoplasmic reticulum
A
Fungi digest food by A. Secreting digestive enzymes into their local environment, then absorbing the simple compounds B. Ingesting food into their digestive cavity, then secreting enzymes to break down complex compound into simpler compounds C. Absorbing energy directly from their food through their hyphae, leaving the food outside the fungal cells D. Generating energy by using the heat of decomposing matter around them to create food in a process similar to photosynthesis
A
Most cells in the human body are not human a. True b. False
A
The endoplasmic reticulum is derived from a. the infolding of the plasma membrane in the ancestor of all eukaryotes b. the inner membrane of an ancestral mitochondrion c. a part of the ribosome d. the proteins that perform transcription
A
The organelle indicated by the arrow in the figure above(mitochondria) was most probably evolved from: a. an engulfed prokaryote b. infoldings of the plasma membrane c. the endoplasmic reticulum d. the cell wall
A
Which of the following groups contains members that are autotrophs? a. Bacteria b. Plants c. Protists d. A and B only e. A, B, and C contain autotrophic members
A
Which of the following groups of organisms is the most successful on earth in terms of its abundance? a. Prokaryotes b. Humans c. Plants d. Animals e. Protists
A
Which of the following terms includes all of the others in the list? a. vascular plants b. fern c. seed plant d. angiosperm e. gymnosperm
A
You find the organism pictured to the right in a sample of sea water. It has no nucleus or internal membranes. The Gram Stain adheres to the outer portion of its cell wall, turning it purple. What type of organism is this? a. Gram-positive Bacteria b. Gram-positive Archaea c. Gram-negative Bacteria d. Gram-negative Archaea e. Protist
A
49. Which of the following consume other living organisms? I) primary producers II) herbivores III) carnivores IV) decomposers A) only II and III B) only I and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and III
A, producers are photosynthetic; decomposers eat dead organisms
44. If a meteor impact or volcanic eruption injected a lot of dust into the atmosphere and reduced the sunlight reaching Earth's surface by 70 percent for one year, which of the following marine communities most likely would be least affected? a. deep-sea vent b. coral reef c. intertidal d. pelagic e. estuary
A, would not be impacted if there was no sunlight
(Mosses Ferns Conifers) Flowering plants According to the phylogeny at right, which of the following groupings DOES NOT represent a clade? a. conifers and flowering plants b. mosses and ferns c. ferns, conifers, and flowering plants d. mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants e. all of the above are clades
B
. A fungus is a(n) ____________ _______________ that __________ its food. a. autotrophic eukaryote, ingests b. heterotrophic eukaryote, absorbs c. heterotrophic prokaryote, makes d. autotrophic eukaryote, makes
B
. Animal pollination can be an advantageous adaptation over wind pollination because it a. Spreads seeds far from the parent plant b. Reduces the amount of pollen the plant must make for successful reproduction c. Protects the growing embryo from environmental damage. d. Does not require the plant to produce any specialized structures e. Skips the sporophyte stage of the alternation of generations
B
38. What is true regarding the evolution of tetrapods? a. Tetrapods appeared abruptly in the fossil record. b. Transitional fossils show the evolution of tetrapods from a water-dwelling ancestor. c. Transitional fossils show the evolution of tetrapods from a limbless land-dwelling ancestor. d. The first true tetrapods were reptiles. e. Both C and D
B
40. Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? a. community, ecosystem, organism, population b. ecosystem, community, population, organism c. population, ecosystem, organism, community d. organism, population, community, ecosystem e. organism, community, population, ecosystem
B
A cell with a cell wall made of chitin would be from a A. animal B. fungus C. plant D. bacterium E. archaean
B
A synapomorphy that defines the domain Bacteria is a. Unicellularity b. A cell wall made of peptidoglycan c. The presence of a cell membrane d. The presence of ribosomes e. All of the above
B
Archaea are placed more closely related to Eukarya than Bacteria on the phylogenetic tree of life. What is a feature that Archaea and Eukarya share that contributes to this phylogenetic relationship? a. Absence of membrane bound organelles b. Similarities in transcription and translation c. Similarities in cell wall composition d. The presence of multicellularity e. None of the above. Archaea are actually more closely related to Bacteria.
B
Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before chloroplasts because a. photosynthesis cannot occur without mitochondria b. all eukaryotes have mitochondria but not all eukaryotes have chloroplasts c. mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than chloroplast DNA d. chloroplasts are not found in bacteria
B
For chloroplasts that have four membranes, which membrane is thought to be evolutionarily related to the outermost chloroplast membrane (labeled "1" in the diagram at right)? a. The inner chloroplast membrane b. The plasma membrane of the nonphotosynthetic (predatory) protist c. The plasma membrane of the photosynthetic protist d. The endoplasmic reticulum of the nonphotosynthetic Eukarya e. none of the above
B
For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that _____. A) secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers B) at each step, energy is lost from the system C) as matter passes through ecosystems, some of it is lost to the environment D) biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores E) top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers
B
The inner chloroplast membrane is derived from: a. The plasma membrane of the eukaryote ancestor b. The plasma membrane of the engulfed cyanobacterial cell c. The nuclear membrane of the eukaryote ancestor d. The nuclear membrane of the engulfed cyanobacterial cell e. Infoldings of the plasma membrane of the eukaryote ancestor
B
What is a major difference between fungi and plants? a. All plants have a vascular system, while fungi do not b. Fungi are heterotrophic and plants are autotrophic c. Fungi are unicellular and plants are multicellular d. Plants have a cell wall, fungi do not.
B
What is the name of a species that is highly connected to the entire food web and whose loss may result in ecosystem collapse? a. Top species b. Keystone species c. Vital species d. Limiting species
B
Which of the following supports the infolding theory to explain the origin of the nuclear envelope? a. DNA inside the nuclear envelope is linear b. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane c. Ribosomes are found within the nuclear envelope d. The nuclear envelope resembles a prokaryotic cell wall
B
Which of the following would NOT be found in a prokaryotic cell? a. Plasma membrane b. Mitochondria c. Ribosomes d. Cytoplasm e. DNA
B
Which of the statements describes why protists are considered a paraphyletic group? a. Protists include all the descendants of a single common ancestor. b. Protists do not include all the descendants of a single common ancestor. c. Protists have too many species to determine their evolutionary relationships d. Protists include the descendants of more than one ancestor
B
You find a multicellular organism that lives on land, is an autotroph, and has cell walls made of cellulose. To which taxon does this organism probably belong? a. Bacteria b. Plant c. Archaea d. Fungus e. Animal
B
You have identified a new eukaryotic species. It is a multicellular heterotroph that obtains its food by ingestion. It may be classified as a(n): a. Plant b. Animal c. Fungus d. either b or c e. all of the above are possible classifications
B
he protist group that shows similarities to sponges and is the one most closely related to animals is _______ a. Amoeboezoa b. Choanoflagellates c. Rhizaria d. Alveolata
B
43. Which marine zone would have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)? a. pelagic b. abyssal c. neritic d. continental shelf e. intertidal
B, receives no light
. Which of the following strategies could a drug company employ if it wished to design a new antibiotic that wouldn't affect the cells of your body? a. Inhibit the replication of linear chromosomes b. Inhibit mitochondria c. Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis d. Inhibit plasma membrane formation
C
29. Gymnosperms rely on _______________ pollination for reproduction to occur. a. Water b. Insect c. Wind d. Both B and C
C
35. Fungal infections in humans can be difficult to treat. Why might this be the case? a. Fungi are closely related to drug resistant bacteria. b. Fungi, like some bacteria, have a two plasma membranes surrounding the peptidoglycan in their cell walls, making it harder to target with drugs. c. Fungi are more closely related to animals, so drugs that target their enzymes and cells are also likely to damage humans. d.Fungi and plants are closely related, so drugs derived from plants will not work on fungi.
C
41. Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities? a. precipitation, wind b. nutrient availability, soil pH c. predation, competition d. temperature, water e. light intensity, seasonality
C
42. certain species of pine tree survives only in scattered locations at elevations above 2800 meters in the western United States. To understand why this tree grows only in these specific places, an ecologist should _____. a. conclude that lower elevations are limiting to the survival of this species b. study the anatomy and physiology of this species c. investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to high altitude d. analyze the soils found in the vicinity of these trees, looking for unique chemicals that may support their growth e. collect data on temperature, wind, and precipitation at several of these locations for a year
C
46.. Detritivores _____. A) recycle chemical elements directly back to primary consumers B) synthesize organic molecules that are used by primary producers C) convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers D) secrete enzymes that convert the organic molecules of detritus into carbon dioxide and water E) may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
C
A synapomorphy that defines the domain Eukarya is a. Multicellularity b. The presence of a cell membrane c. The presence of a nuclear membrane d. All of the above e. Both b and c
C
Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive potentially lethal bacterium. What type of antibiotic would be useful to treat a B. anthracis infection but not harm the cells of a person? a. Antibiotics that inhibit mitosis b. Antibiotics that inhibit mitochondria function c. Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis d. Antibiotics that inhibit linear chromosome replication
C
Prokaryotes have which of the following characteristics? a. Circular chromosomes, autotrophic, very diverse b. Linear chromosomes, autotrophic or heterotrophic, very diverse c. Circular chromosomes, autotrophic or heterotrophic, very diverse d. Circular chromosomes, autotrophic or heterotrophic, not a diverse group
C
The pictured cell wall, with the peptidoglycan sandwiched between two layers of membrane is typical of a. Archaea b. Gram-positive bacteria c. Gram-negative bacteria d. Protists e. Plant cells
C
The pictured cell wall, with the peptidoglycan sandwiched between two layers of membrane is typical of a. Archaea b. Gram-positive bacteria c. Gram-negative bacteria d. Protists e. Plant cells
C
What evolutionary adaptation in angiosperms decreased the amount of pollen that needed to be made for reproductive success? a. Dominant gametophyte generation b. Dominant sporophyte generation c. Animal pollination d. Wind pollination e. Fruit
C
Which of the following are NOT tetrapods? a. Frogs b. Snakes c. Sharks d. Dogs
C
Which of the following would you fail to find in a prokaryote? a. cell wall b. plasma membrane c. Golgi apparatus d. ribosomes e. DNA
C
Which statement describes all organisms that are extremophiles? a. Belong to the domain Archaea b. Have extreme reproductive adaptations c. Can survive in extreme environments Live near deep sea thermal vents
C
You find a single-celled organism with chloroplasts and linear chromosomes inside a nucleus. This organism could be a(n): a Bacterium b. Archaea c. Protist d. Land Plant e. Either C or D
C
. A synapomorphy that defines the protists is: a. a cell wall b. unicellularity c. absorption of food d. the ability to photosynthesize e. none of the above
E
. Your professor gives you an organism to study. You determine that the organism contains DNA and ribosomes, has a plasma membrane, and can reproduce. To which group could this organism belong? a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Eukarya d. Protist e. The organism could belong to any of the above groups
E
Which group of eukaryotes contains members that can be unicellular? a. Fungi b. Protists c. Plants d. Animals e. Both A and B
E
Which of the following about prokaryotes is FALSE? a. The shape and size of prokaryotic cells varies b. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes c. Prokaryotes divide by fission d. Prokaryotes are the most numerous group of organisms on Earth e. Most prokaryotes cause disease
E
Which of the following groups contains members that are autotrophs? a. Bacteria b. Plants c. Protists d. A and B only e. A, B, and C contain autotrophic members
E
Which of the following is present in a gram-negative bacterium? a. peptidoglycan b. plasma membrane c. ribosomes d. Answers (b) and (c) are correct e. Answers (a), (b) and (c) are correct
E
Which of the following were present in the common ancestor of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya? a. proteins b. RNA c. DNA d. Answers (a) and (b) are correct e. Answers (a), (b) and (c) are correct
E
Which of these groups of plants evolved latest (most recently)? a. Nonvascular plants b. Gymnosperms c. Green algae d. Seedless vascular plants e. Angiosperms
E
You identify a new unicellular life form that has a cell wall that does NOT contain peptidoglycan. What type of organism could it be? a. Bacteria b. Archaea c. Eukaryote d. Either A or B e. Either B or C
E
50. Detritus can be consumed by which of the following primary decomposers? I) bacteria II) archaea III) fungi IV) earthworms A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, III, and IV
E, they're all decomposers
A{Bacteria Archaea B C Eukaryota} 1. In the diagram above, which letter corresponds to an ancestor with a nucleus? a. A b. B c. C d. B and C only e. A, B, and C
c
What do Bacteria have in common with all Archaea but not with any Eukaryote? a. unicellular structure b. peptidoglycan cell walls c. a nucleoid d. a cell membrane e. sexual reproduction
c