final exam 2

If we develop a hatred for something that was once loved, our hatred may be greater than if we had never loved the thing in the first place. Spinoza argued that the greater hatred in such cases is fueled by

sorrow over the loss of love.

According to utilitarianism, moral decisions should be based on

the concept of the greatest good for the greatest number.

The most important building block in the Cartesian method is

the discovery of clear and distinct ideas or ideas that are immune to doubt.

Descartes' method was modeled after that of the

the work of mathematicians.

When comparing humans and animals, Montaigne argued that

there are no grounds for our claims that we are superior to the animals.

John Stuart Mill argues that many sciences including meteorology must couch their results in terms of probabilities. With respect to psychology, he believed

there could be both a basic and an applied psychology.

According to the doctrine of psychological hedonism, human beings seek

to gain pleasure and avoid pain.

"Nature never takes leaps." This view that change follows a gradual and incremental developmental course led to a deemphasis on miracles. All change, from the healing of a broken bone, to the learning of a new skill follows lawful developmental patterns. This view, advocated by Leibniz, came to be known as

uniformitarianism.

Descartes reject the results of experiments that ran counter to common-sense.

was quick to

The doctrine of the specific energies of the nerves implies that

we are directly aware not of objects, but of our nerves themselves.

attempted to show how all intellectual activity could be derived from sensation alone.

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac

The original derivations of the well-known symmetrical bell-shaped curve were set forth by

Abraham DeMoivre.

The first psychological journal Mind was founded by a philosopher who has great influence on many early psychologists. He was

Alexander Bain.

Which of the following is the most monistic?

Benedict Spinoza

argued against the metaphysical basis of demonology and thus figured in humanitarian reform in the treatment of the mentally ill.

Benedict Spinoza

A muscle with an attached nerve from a frog's leg contracts in a sealed glass tube. At one end of the glass tube is a pipette containing a drop of water. When the muscle contracts, the drop of water is not forced out. This demonstration by __________ proved embarrassing to the theory of nervous action advanced by ____________.

Swammerdam . . . Descartes

developed a staining procedure that enhances the features of nerve elements

Camillo Golgi

This early empiricist was a radical environmentalist who denied hereditary influence. In his view, even genius is a product of proper education. He was

Claude-Adrien Helvétius.

The person commonly regarded as the founder of modern associationism was also concerned with the problems of motivation and with the physiological basis of associations. He was

David Hartley.

According to the text, _____ demonstrated that empiricism, when driven to its ultimate conclusions, provides a sandy foundation for the new sciences.

David Hume

Our lives are a string of unrelated events with no causal connections between them. Who would be most likely to support this view?

David Hume

_____ is a central figure in the history of psychology because he, more than any other empiricist, focused attention on the role of emotions in human intellectual life.

David Hume

________ was among the first to use graphs to illustrate the importance of sanitary conditions in field hospitals

Florence Nightingale

________ was the first to use the term co-relation (later changed to correlation). He also contributed to the technical mathematical basis of correlation's.

Francis Galton

developed the conviction that mental functions and personality characteristics are located in specific areas of the brain.

Franz Joseph Gall

was the French researcher who verified the motor function of the ventral root of the spinal chord and discovered the sensory function of the dorsal root of the spinal chord.

François Magendie

"To be, is to be perceived." Such a contention is most consistent with the brand of empiricism advanced by

George Berkeley.

How did Berkeley account for the consistency of our perceptions (e.g., your house is always where you left it)?

God, the ultimate perceiver, and see everything all the time.

Many petite perceptions or "small perceptions" in concert form the basis of perception. Thus, the sound of the waterfall consists of thousands of drops of water in concert. The idea of petites perceptions suggests the importance of unconscious processes. This idea was advanced by

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

measured the speed of a nervous impulse.

Hermann von Helmholtz

According to Bacon, human beings sometimes follow strongly preferred theories or prejudices. He referred to this excessive reliance on a favored explanatory mode as

Idols of the cave.

According to Bacon, human beings sometimes rely too much on authority. He referred to excessive reliance on authority as the

Idols of the theater.

Hermann believes there are no new scientific truths that are not already set forth in a holy book written hundreds of years ago. According to Francis Bacon, Hermann may be falling victim to the

Idols of the theater.

Which of the following was most devoted to finding a middle way between the extremes of rationalism and empiricism?

Immanuel Kant

was the first to apply statistics to the moral arena. One way he did so was by studying relationships between criminal behavior and age.

Jacques Quételet

_________ was the first to introduce the terms afferent and efferent.

Johann August Unzer

__________ was the first to employ the word reflex in connection with sensory-motor functions.

Johann August Unzer

The book entitled Some Thoughts Concerning Education marks as one of the earliest pioneers in educational psychology.

John Locke

"Nothing is in the intellect that was not previously in the senses." This statement sets forth the essential theme of the so-called "white paper" doctrine of

John Locke.

"The principle which regulates the existing social relations between the sexes-the legal subordination of one sex to the other-is wrong in itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement." Such a statement came from __________ who was probably influenced with respect to his feminist perspectives by

John Stuart Mill . . . his wife, Harriet Taylor

________, author of Man a Machine, advanced a radical mechanistic philosophy.

Julien Offray de la Mettrie

Electrical stimulation of the cortex is a technique pioneered by

Julius Eduard Hitzig and Theodor Fritsch.

________ argued that woman's health and women's opportunities for equal footing in society were rooted in the possibility of birth control

Margaret Sanger

An active advocate for the rights of women and the author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women was

Mary Wollstoncraft.

The founder of modern skepticism was

Montaigne.

discovered that articulate or spoken speech is localized in the left inferior frontal gyrus.

Paul Broca

Which of the following is true of the claims of the text regarding Montaigne's influence?

his influence pervaded three centuries and four continents and he had extensive influence on subsequent philosophers

Descartes' philosophy of science was motivated partly by

his wish to challenge the skepticism of Montaigne.

In his later years, Bacon studied science and philosophy. He was primarily interested in the problems of

human knowledge.

used the method of ablation to find look for evidence to support the claims of phrenology, but he found no such evidence.

Pierre Flourens

In the tradition of la Mettrie, was a thoroughly materialistic physician who emphasized close connections between psychological processes, neurological activity, and environmental influences.

Pierre-Jean-George Cabanis

According to Hobbes, the behavior of human beings can be understood

in the same quantitative fashion that we employ in our understanding of the physical world.

Francis Bacon placed the most value in which of the following epistemological methods?

induction

According to Kant, synthetic a priori truths are

informative about the world.

The Idols of the Tribe, according to Francis Bacon, are

inherent limitations in the human intellectual apparatus.

__________ drew distinctions between voluntary and involuntary actions and may have been the first to use the terms stimulus and response in a manner comparable to modern usage.

Robert Whytt

was the English researcher who discovered the motor function of the ventral root of the spinal chord.

Sir Charles Bell

wrote Integrative Action of the Nervous System, which laid the foundations for modern neurophysiology.

Sir Charles Sherrington

A tautology is an expression that

is redundant or trivial.

Descartes believed that

many movements in humans and all movements in animals were of a purely mechanical and nonreflective nature.

James Mill created a conception of the mind based on

mechanics.

__________ was the first to clearly demonstrate a spinal reflex.

Stephen Hales

According to Herbart, the central goal of education should be

moral development.

The mental realm is always parallel with the physical (neurophysiological) realm. Leibniz explained the perfect correspondence of the two realms in terms

of the creation of the universe such that there is a pre-established harmony of its individual parts.

Qualities presumed to reside in, or inhere in an object, are called qualities.

primary

Solidity and shape might properly be regarded as while color and taste are better regarded as .

primary qualities . . . secondary qualities

Philosophy is simply the study of bodies in motion. Which of the following advanced that idea?

Thomas Hobbes

"The heart is a spring, the nerves are strings, the joints are wheels giving motion to the whole body." This mechanistic approach to life is encountered in the work of

Thomas Hobbes.

The author of Leviathan was

Thomas Hobbes.

was a direct realist believed that common sense was a good enough reason to believe in the existence of the physical world and that any philosopher who denied the physical world was simply ridiculous

Thomas Reid

The philosopher most clearly associated with so-called common-sense philosophy was

Thomas Reid.

Reid argued for a number of propositions he called "first principles." Which of the following is an example?

Those things do really exist which we distinctly perceive by our senses.

Which of the following would be most consistent with David Hume's position on the question of personal identity?

We may exaggerate the continuity of the self.

The term rationalism was derived from the Latin which means to

ratio .... reason or think.

Christian von Wolff was one of the first to use the term psychology in a major publication. In 1732 he wrote a book called Empirical Psychology and in 1734 he published Rational Psychology. He believed that

rational psychology is clearly superior to empirical psychology.

The literal meaning of phrenology is

science of the mind.

Philosophy to Hobbes was

simply science.

Bacon believed that

society should support a great range of empirical studies on psychological subjects.

According to the text, the epistemology embraced by Thomas Hobbes was

a complicated combination of empiricism, rationalism and nominalism.

The term monad from (monas) was probably adopted by Leibniz from Lady Anne Conway and F. M. Von Helmont. The term refers to

a principle of existence.

In terms of ontology, Hobbes was

a thoroughgoing materialist.

John Locke argued aggressively

against innate ideas.

Descartes advanced many hypotheses about the pineal gland. Neils Stensen demonstrated that some of these hypotheses were incorrect. Which of the following were challenged by Stensen?

all of the above

When theorizing about human physiology, Descartes relied heavily on the hydraulic model he observed in moving statues. In Descartes' view of humans, flowing in nerves is (are) analogous to water flowing in the pipes of the statues.

animal spirits

he expression common-sense as used by philosophers typically refers to

any deeply felt opposition to beliefs that are counterintuitive.

According to Immanuel Kant, the so-called categories of understanding

are ordering principles such as intuition of time and causality.

The task of individuals according to Kant is to grow into moral

autonomy.

According to Berkeley, the distinction between primary qualities and secondary qualities is

basically untenable because all qualities must be experienced.

Herbart believed that a major goal of education should be to

build what he called the apperceptive mass.

According to Descartes, the soul, in humans, is

cannot prevent some motions (especially in cases of strong emotions). The soul is therefore not completely autonomous.

In his classic Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, Berkeley hoped to

clearly demonstrate the role of experience in depth perception.

Which of the following, according to John Locke, would qualify as a secondary quality?

color and taste

Rationalism is to empiricism as is to .

deduction .... induction

Spinoza argued for a mind-brain position know as

double-aspect monism.

According to Kant, truly moral actions will be based on our capacity to regard other people as

ends rather than means.

In the Modern period, empiricism seems to begin with a deep interest in , but soon that interest turns to the problem of .

epistemology . . . ontology.

Most of Locke's philosophical interests related in one way or another to the problem of

epistemology.

The belief that the intrinsic nature of men is qualitatively different from the intrinsic nature of women is

essentialism.

The term empiricism is roughly equivalent to the English term

experience.

The term Heteronomy as used by Immanuel Kant refers to

government from the outside.