Final Exam

Because ego and consciousness are not the same, the slogan for psychoanalysis has shifted from "making the unconscious conscious" to

"where there was id, let there be ego."

As a result of the client/therapist relationship in psychoanalytic therapy

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Self psychology and object-relations theory emphasize:

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Which of the following statements best describes the author's view of the medical model?

A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than strengths.

Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except:

Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions.

Which statement below is not accurate with regard to the phenomenon of countertransference?

Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the client since they are so biased.

Which of these statements about interventions is true?

During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times.

During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients' needs or her own needs. Justine is:

engaging in meaningful self-reflection and self-assessment as a professional

During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow?

Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values

Francesca, a cognitive behavioral therapist, likes to give homework assignments to her clients. What might her rationale be for doing this?

Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy.

All of the following are true about the superego except:

It governs, controls and regulates the personality.

Who developed the object-relations view that focuses on separation and individuation?

Mahler

____ is the view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice.

Mandatory ethics

Which of the following statements is not true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and psychotherapy?

Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose.

Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations?

Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult.

Analytic therapy is oriented toward:

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Which of the following statements is true about the relationship a client has with his or her analyst?

The client is free to express any idea or feeling, no matter how irresponsible, scandalous, politically incorrect, selfish, or infantile.

Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways?

to refer to the energy of all the life instincts

Jacqueline feels guilty whenever she considers taking a day off from work for personal reasons. Which of the psychic structures postulated by Freud is fueling her guilt feelings?

The superego

Henry has the impulse to gamble excessively whenever he goes to Las Vegas. Aware of this, he has decided to turn down a job offer in Las Vegas to avoid the temptation to gamble. What part of Henry's personality helped him to reach this decision?

The ego

One of the most important Freudian concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events and painful feelings into the unconscious, is:

repression

Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the relational approach to psychoanalysis?

Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship

Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/ psychotherapy is true?

There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society

Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/ psychotherapy is true?

There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society.

In psychoanalytic therapy, how do clients work with their dreams?

They report their dreams and are encouraged to free associate to the elements of the dream

A person who manages their anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using:

denial

Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to:

depend entirely on their own internalized value assumptions about what is good for people

Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when

a child under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, or child abuse the therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization. an older adult is being abused. clients pose a danger to others.

You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as:

a response consistent with his or her cultural context.

A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is:

a sense of being anonymous.

Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as:

displacement

Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and behavior lately, have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They are:

acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.

Which of the following is not an issue that Stan struggles with?

aggressive outbursts

Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the:

anal stage

Both feminist therapists and postmodern therapists tend to view diagnosis as it is traditionally done:

as often oppressive and ignoring of societal contexts.

According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves:

autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

With regard to the role of counselors' personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to:

avoid the imposition of their values, yet expose their values to clients.

According to the text, positive ethics is a practice in which counselors:

base their ethical decisions on what is best for their clients rather than minimum standards of care.

Evidenced-based practices are not:

based on psychodynamic principles.

Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent counselor?

being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly re-experience early childhood events

An authentic counselor is best described as:

being willing to shed stereotyped roles and being a real person.

A person with a ____ personality disorder is characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. This person is lacking a clear sense of identity, has poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety

borderline

The primary aim of time limited dynamic psychotherapy is to:

change the client's repetitive patterns of relating to others.

The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as:

compensation

The____ factors —the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome.

contextual

In the text, all of the following are listed as characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person except:

counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems

The concept of resistance can best be described as:

everything that prevents a client from producing unconscious material. that which needs to be analyzed and interpreted. an unwillingness to freely share with the analyst certain thoughts and feelings. an inevitable part of psychoanalytic therapy.

It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to:

examine their own assumptions about cultural values. have a broad base of counseling techniques that can be employed with flexibility. consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate. be aware of their own cultural heritage.

Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies?

existential therapy

Which of the following is not typically a standard psychoanalytic technique?

exploration of one's position in the family

Which one of the following is not considered an experiential and relationship-oriented therapy?

family systems therapy

Privileged communication does not apply to

family therapy child and adolescent therapy couples counseling group counseling

The techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are aimed at:

gaining insights into the client's behavior.

A comprehensive approach to counseling:

goes beyond focusing on our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influence us.

In Freud's view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels:

he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately.

All of the following are true about a therapist's countertransference reactions except:

hey should be avoided

Developmentally, Freud's latency stage corresponds to Erickson's stage of:

industry versus inferiority

A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of ____ during the____ stage.

industry; school age

The author makes a case for:

initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations, and then delving more deeply into each approach.

The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as:

interpretation.

A person who is suffering from feelings of alienation and isolation has probably failed to achieve a sense of ____ during the ____stage of developmen

intimacy; young adulthood

Assessment is a useful method of:

involving the client as an active participant in treatment gaining insight into the client's subjective world. evaluating a client's current level of functioning forming a case conceptualization.

Presenting one model to which all trainees subscribe

is dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients.

Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor?

knowing how to analyze transference reactions

In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to:

learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma.

In the text, the main reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy is to help them:

learn to deal with countertransference.

Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are extremely self-absorbed might have which of the following personality disorders?

narcissistic

Synthesizing the approaches covered in the text:

often requires many years of study, training, and practical counseling experience.

What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages?

oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital

The "fundamental rule" for the client in psychoanalysis is:

participating in free association.

Which approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis?

person-centered therapy

Which humanistic approach emphasizes the basic attitudes of the therapist as the core of the therapeutic process?

person-centered therapy

The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development?

phallic stage

Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the:

phallic stage.

The developmental crisis involving initiative vs. guilt occurs during the

preschool age.

Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as

projection

A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is:

psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy

Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as

rationalization.

A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense?

reaction formation

In order to meet the goals of psychoanalytic treatment, Rhonda must help her eating disordered clients to:

reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts.

The ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is ____?

regression

Many ethical codes state that dual or multiple relationships:

should be avoided whenever possible.

What type of factors oftentimes limit our freedom of choice?

social biological environmental cultural

According to the text, the challenge of providing informed consent consists of:

striking a balance between giving clients too much and too little information about the therapeutic process

The process of redirecting sexual energy into some form of socially acceptable behavior is known as:

sublimation.

All of the following are a part of Jung's view of development except:

symbiosis.

In working with culturally diverse clients, it helps to understand and assess:

the attitudes these clients have about seeking counseling for their personal problems. the degree of acculturation that has taken place. the messages they received from their culture about asking for professional help. what these clients expect from counseling.

In object-relations theory, later relationships build upon:

the child's search for a reconnection with the mother.

Effective psychotherapy is a practice in which:

the client and therapist collaborate in co-constructing solutions to problems.

Clients have a right to be informed about:

the general goals of counseling. their therapist's qualifications. the approximate length of the therapeutic process.

Clients place more value on ____than on ____

the personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used.

Which of the following is not a component of the brief psychodynamic approaches?

the therapist functioning as a blank slate

According to the text, research shows that counselor values influence

therapy goals. assessment strategies. treatment outcome.

Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, research suggests all of the following except:

therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment

The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is:

to make the unconscious material conscious

The main function of the ego is:

to mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment

Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them:

to work through their own personal conflicts. to understand their own needs and motives for choosing to become professional helpers. to gain an experiential sense of what it is like to be a client. to heal their own psychological wounds.

From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may:

underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world. discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values. be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach.

Under what circumstances should a therapist consult with colleagues or specialists?

when a client complains of physical symptoms when facing an ethical problem when working with a client for an extended period of time and losing objectivity

The author describes the characteristics of an effective counselor. By including this information in the chapter, he is hoping to convey the message that:

you should develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth.