Final Exam

festival (and characteristics of festivals)

"A periodic celebration composed of a multiplicity of ritual forms and events, directly or indirectly affecting all members of the community and explicitly or implicitly showing the basic values, ideology, and the worldview that are shared by community members." -- Alessandro Falassi From Latin "festum" meaning "public joy, merement, revelry" In Japanese: matsuri From matsuru (verb) meaning "to worship, to make an offering to the gods" Characteristics of festivals: Calendrically regulated intervals Public Participatory in ethos (everyone can participate) Complex in structure Multiple in voice, scene and purpose Expression of individual religious devotion Expression of individual performance Expression of group identity Performance of highly valued skills and talents Articulation of group's heritage Structure of festival (Beverly Stoeltje): a) Opening ceremony b) Ritual c) Drama and contest d) Feast e) Dance and music f) Concluding event

Folklorism (Folklorismus)

"out of context, folklore which has been altered and even invented for specific purposes" -Regina Bendix Uses of folklorism: Mura okoshi (village revitalization) Furusato zukuri (hometown building) Tourism Economics National and local identity Advertising

Fakelore

"the presentation of spurious and synthetic writings under the claim that they are genuine folklore" -Richard Dorson

Meiji Period (1868-1912)

(1868) establishment of Tokyo, Edo, as new capital (1872) first railway opened in Japan (1894) Sino-Japanese war (1895) Taiwan ceded to Japan (1904-5) Russo-Japanese war (1910) official annexation of Korea; Yanagita Kunio writes Legend of Tono *beginning of policy of Bunmei Kaika (civilization and enlightenment)

"The Old Men who had Wens"

...Two old men with ugly wens (big moles) on their faces went to the shrine every day to pray to the deities to have them removed One day, as they are praying, they hear music and hide because they are afraid As they hide in a corner of the temple, 5 or 6 tengu come in, playing their music They urge each other to dance, but none of them can, so they get bored Just then, the tengu spot the two men, and pulls one of them into the mosh pit of Tengu to dance The first man sings and dances well, so the Tengu remove the wen from his forehead as a reward Then they pull the second man into the circle The second man is nervous and shaky, so his voice is quiet and timid and his dancing is bad As a punishment, they slap the other man's wen above his nose, leaving him with two ugly wens

Motif

1. "Smallest element in a tale having power to persist in tradition." -Stith Thompson 2. Unit of content -character (ogre, handsome prince, witch) -item (magical object, physical attribute) -action or incident (fight, transformation of object) 3. Examples of Motifs: Plant of immortality Helpful animal Giant with one eye in the middle of forehead Ghost haunts church Remarkable physical organs (tanuki!)

Märchen

1. "a tale of some length involving a succession of motifs or episodes. It moves in an unreal world without definite locality or define characters and is filled with marvelous. In this never-never land humble heroes kill adversaries, succeed to kingdoms, and marry princesses." -Stith Thompson 2. Folktale

Sasaki Kizen (Kyoseki)

1. 1886-1933 2. attended Tokyo University and graduated with a degree in literature from Waseda University in 1905 3. in 1908, became acquainted with Kunio Yanagita and began to collaborate with him on collecting oral traditions and tales of Iwate Prefecture

rites of passage

1. Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957) 2. Les Rites de Passage (1909) 3. Separation (preliminal) 4. Transition (liminal) 5. Reincorporation (post-liminal) 6. Seijinshiki (adult day)

Inoue Enryo (1858-1919)

1. Buddhist Priest 2. Philosopher 3. Educator 4. Creator of yokai-gaku (monsterology)

Executive Order 9066

1. February 19th, 1942 2. signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt 3. initiating a controversial World War II policy with lasting consequences for Japanese Americans 4. ordered the removal of resident enemy aliens from parts of the West vaguely identified as military areas

Gojira

1. Godzilla 2. an enormous, destructive, prehistoric sea monster awakened and empowered by nuclear radiation 3. conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons

Seki Keigo (1899-1990)

1. Japanese folklorist 2. joined a group under Yanagita Kunio but often came to different conclusions regarding the same folktales 3. his compilations of folktales culminated in his Nihon mukashibanashi shusei (Collection of Japanese Folktales) 1928, revised in 1961

Historic-Geographic method (Finnish Method)

1. Kaarle Krohn (1863-1933) -Finland -late 1800s 2. seek origin by collecting variants of the tale -concentration on when and where the tale is told 3. notion of mono genesis with diffusion 4. sought to find: -variants -normal form -Ur-form 5. objective was to use known performance of folktale to determine original form or content

Tenjoname

1. The Ceiling Licker 2. licks at the accumulated frost/dirt/spider webs clinging to the rafters 3. evidence that you had a visit from the tenjoname -dark streaks left behind from its red, long tongue being dragged along the ceiling 4. if you catch sight of a tenjoname while it is doing its business, you die

"Momo-taro"

1. The Peach Boy 2. old man and woman want a child 3. peach comes down a river 4. peach splits down the middle, baby boy was found inside 5. this child grows to be a strong/intelligent child 6. determined to kill the oni from the oni island 7. pheasant, monkey, and dog (3 magic helpers) 8. slays the oni 9. receives kimidango (rice-cake dumpling) from the mother to fain energy 10. political allegory for Japan in the world 11. early 20th century -Japan becomes a strong player in the world state -a small country yet powerful/intelligent -Momotaro is an allegory for Japan -propaganda films featured Momotaro -Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors (1945)

Edo Period (1600-1868)

1. Tokugawa Period 2. Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo (old name for Tokyo) 3. Relative peace within Japan; relative isolation from the rest of the world

Topaz

1. Topaz War Relocation Center/Central Utah Relocation Center 2. housed Nikkei (Japanese-Americans) and of immigrants who had come to the U.S. from Japan 3. nearly 4x the size of the more famous Manzanar War Relocation center in California

Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957)

1. a Dutch-German-French ethnographer and folklorist 2. best known for his work regarding rites of passage ceremonies and his significant works in modern French folklore 3. recognized as the founder of folkore studies in France 4. most famous work is the Rite of Passage which includes his vision of rites of passage rituals as being divided into 3 phases: -preliminary -liminality -post liminality

Tule Lake

1. a federal work facility and internment camp located in Siskiyou County, 5 miles west of Tulelake, CA 2. established by the U.S. government in 1935 during the Great Depression 3. Tule Lake War Relocation Center was built next to the camp as one of the ten concentration camps in the interior of the U.S. for the incarceration of Japanese Americans who had been forcibly relocated from the West Costs, which was defined as an Exclusion Zone by the U.S. military

Ritual

1. a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order 2. a series of actions or type of behavior regularly and invariably followed by someone

Ninmenju

1. a strange tree which bears flowers looking like human heads 2. the heads cannot speak but they do smile and even laugh 3. if a person laughs at the tree, the head-shaped flowers will laugh back at the person. If they laugh too strongly, the heads will wilt and fall off the trees

Yanagita Kunio (1875-1962)

1. born in the Hyogo Prefecture 2. originally named Matsuoka Kunio 3. considered the founder of folklore studies in Japan 4. his collected works are over 36 volumes 5. attended Tokyo Imperial University (degree in law) 6. interested in literature and rural politics 7. worked for Asashi Shinbun newspaper 8. traveled to Europe 1921-22 to rep League of Nations Permanent Mandates Commission 9. in 1925, started Minzokugaku (journal)

"Invention of Tradition" (1983)

1. by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger "taken to mean a set of practices, normally governed by overly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behavior by repetition which automatically implies continuity with the past. In fact where possible, they normally attempt to establish continuity with a suitable historic past." -Eric Hobsbawn

internment camps

1. camps for people to be put into (a form of prison/detention), generally in wartime 2. During World War II, the American government put Japanese-Americans in internment camps, fearing they might be loyal to Japan

Oni

1. comes from Chinese 2. Buddhist figure of a demon 3. red/black; leathery red color, looks human (2 arms, 2 legs); wears a tiger skin loincloth 4. represents sickness, illness, drought, badness

Kuchi-sake-onna (Slit-Mouthed Woman)

1. covers her mouth with a cloth mask, fan, or scarf 2. she will ask, "Am I pretty?" If he/she answers yes, she will remove her mask and ask him/her again in a girly voice. If he/she answers yes or screams, she will slash him/her from ear to ear so that he/she resembles her. 3. If he/she answers no, she will walk away, only to follow her victim home and brutally murder him/her that night 4. to avoid this fate, people in Edo period claimed they gave her confusing answers ("average" or "so-so") or threw money/hard candy at her to buy time to run away and lose her

Stith Thompson (1885-1976)

1. created Motif-index of Folk Literature 2. translated and expanded Aarne's index, 1928 3. revised in 1961 (over 1000 tale types) 4. Aarne Thompson Tale-Type Index (ATU #)

Antii Aarne (1867-1925)

1. created Tale-Type Index -published in 1910 -included 540 European types

Setsubun ("Out with the oni, in with good fortune")

1. early February 2. Oni wa soto, fuku wa uchi 3. throw beans at the oni 4. since demons represent illness/badness, throwing wonderful things people grow from the land (soybeans) at the oni, it puts away the badness/evil

mukashi banashi/minwa

1. first used by Sasaki Banashi 2. Oring describes folktale as "a narrative which is related and received as a fiction or fantasy"

Cultural Intensification Under Stress

1. forced into camps because of "Japanese" identity 2. What does the article say about the role of folklore in the camps? -each camp is different -residents from different places and occupational backgrounds

Namahage (as ritual and as festival)

1. held in Oga Peninsula of Akita Prefecture (northern Japan) 2. New Year's Eve 3. Young men dressed as demons 4. Go from house to house scaring young children 5. Riding in the Namahage truck

Kilt

1. highland clothing 2. symbolic form of clothing to represent Scottish people 3. became a symbol of Scotland in 1822 4. Tartans became associated with clans at this time too

Commodore Matthew C. Perry

1. in 1853, he arrives to try to open Japan to economic relations with the U.S. 2. in 1858, commercial treaty within the U.S. 3. in 1867, Enthronement of Mutsuhito (Meiji) Emperor "restoration" of power to throne = Meiji Restoration

Mizuki Shigeru (1922-2015)

1. manga and anime artist 2. massive influence on contemporary image of Yokai 3. director of international research center for Japanese studies in Kyoto

Tone Monogatari (Tale of Tono) [1910]

1. originally only 350 copies 2. "rediscovered" in 1935 3. Kanjitaru mama = (recorded) just the way I felt them 4. Kanjitaru mama represents the Naturalist movement: people trying to capture something exactly as it is.

Tale-Type

1. outline of main events of a number of narratives that resemble each other 2. bare bones version of plot (sequence of events) 3. abstraction 4. Cinderella example (over 700 known variants) -oldest known version is from China

ATU 510a

1. persecution by female relatives 2. help from dead mother/fairy godmother 3. meeting of prince (at a ball or church) 4. identity recognized through shoe/slipper test 5. Cinderla tale type -over 700 known variants -oldest known version is from China

Shinto Wedding

1. purification rites (Ohari) 2. votive offering to the gods (Osonae) 3. Prayer (Norito) 4. exchange cups of sake 5. reading of oath 6. exchange of wedding rings 7. offering of the branch of the sacred tree to the gods

tradition (as a concept)

1. refers to both "lore and process" 2. the behavior being transmitted as well as the mode of transmission 3. "traditional stories" & "storytelling traditions" 4. link with the past; sense of history; conservatism (lack of change) 5. "tradition refers to repeated behavior and consistent beliefs within a given culture that are infused with particular meaning or value in the present because of a sense of continuity with the past and the future." -M.D. Foster

Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)

1. signed by President Coolidge 2. limited number of immigrants allowed in the U.S. 3. 2% of people of each nationality in the U.S. as of 1890 Census 4. All Asians excluded 5. not revised until 1952 6. "the most basic purpose of this act was to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity" -U.S. Dept of State

Bunmei Kaika (civilization and enlightenment)

1. within the Meiji Period 2. missions to foreign countries, importation of foreign knowledge

Kappa

1. yokai demon or imp found in traditional Japanese folklore 2. name is a combination of the words kawa (river) and wappa/warawa (child) 3. different versions and variants 4. Kappa term is used in Tokyo

Japanese Americans

Americans who are fully or partially of Japanese descent, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics

Seijinshiki (adult day in Japan)

Coming of Age Day 1. Japanese holiday held annually on the second Monday of January 2. it is held in order to congratulate and encourage all those who have reached the age of majority (20) over the past year, and to help them realize that they have become adults

magariya (L-shaped house)

Horse stable is inside house Demonstrates importance of horse raising

Meiji Restoration

In 1867, Enthronement of Mutsuhito (Meiji) Emperor "restoration" of power to throne = Meiji Restoration

issei/nisei/sansei/yonsei

Issei = first generation (individuals who immigrated) Nisei = second generation; children of immigrants Sansei = third generation; grandchildren of immigrants Yonsei = fourth generation

"Benizara & Kakezara"

Japanese variant of Perrault's original Cinderella Story about two young sisters Benizara (Crimson Dish) Kakezara (Broken Dish) Benizara is very honest and gentle yet her stepmother is cruel to her Benizara's stepmother (Kakezara's mother) tells them one day to go into the woods and collect chestnuts They can't return home until they fill their bag with chestnuts but the stepmother purposefully gives Benizara a bag with holes in it Because of this she is out really late collecting nuts and gets lost in the woods Comes across a house and asks the old lady there if she can stay the night The old lady says it's a bad idea for her sons are Oni and they are on their way home and would eat Benizara if they saw her Old lady tells Benizara how to get home, to play dead if she comes across her sons, and gives her a magical box which grants her the desire of any item she wants One day she goes to a play and uses the box to summon a beautiful kimono The lord sees Benizara give candy to her sister and request she come with him to his kingdom Kakezara dies because her mother (Benizara's stepmother) ties a box to the lords carriage with Kakezara in it but it comes undone and falls down a ravine

Enko

Kappa name in Shikoku

Kawataro

Kappa name used in Kansai area (Osaka)

Garappa

Kappa name used in Kyushu

"Tongue-cut Sparrow"

One day, while an old man was cutting firewood, a sparrow ate his lunch The old man, finding the sparrow sleeping in his lunch container, cares for it and names it Ochon One day, the old man leaves the sparrow with his wife, the old woman, while he goes and cuts firewood The old woman tells the sparrow to watch over the starch while she is away at the river But the sparrow gets hungry and eats all the starch When the old woman returns, she notices that the starch is gone and asks the sparrow what happened to it The sparrow tells the old woman that the neighbor's cat ate it But when the old woman looks in the cat's mouth, she saw no starch. She then checks the sparrow's mouth and finds traces of the starch Furious, the old woman cuts out the sparrow's tongue and drives it out of the house When the old man returns home, he asks, "Where is Ochon?" The old woman tells him what happened, and the old man instantly feels bad for the sparrow So the old man sets out to find Ochon While searching for the sparrow he sings a special song First, the old man meets a cow-washer and asks him if he had seen a tongue-cut sparrow The cow-washer had seen the sparrow, but he only tells the old man where it went after the old man drinks the cow's wash water: 13 times from the father's bowl and 13 times from the mother's bowl Next, the old man meets a horse-washer and asks him if he had seen a tongue-cut sparrow The horse-washer had seen the sparrow, but only tells the old man where it went after the old man drinks the horse's wash water: 13 times from the father's bowl and 13 times from the mother's bowl. After that, the old man meets a greens-washer and asks him if he had seen a tongue-cut sparrow The greens-washer says he had seen the sparrow, but only tells the old man where it went after the old man drinks the water the greens were washed in: 13 times from the father's bowl and 13 times from the mother's bowl. The old man finally finds the sparrow in its house in a large bamboo grove When the old man knocks on the house, the sparrow asks "Is it grandfather or grandmother?" When the old man replies, "It's grandfather, it's grandfather," the sparrow lets him enter its house, feeds him well, and entertains him. As the old man is about to leave, the sparrow asks him, "Would you like a heavy trunk or a light one?" The old man says, "I'm old, so I want the light one." The sparrow gives the old man the light one but instructs him not to open it until he gets home The old man does as he was told, and, once he opens it at home, finds that it is filled with oban and koban coins The old woman, being greedy, goes to the sparrow's house to see what goodies she could get When she gets to the sparrow's house, it asks, "Is it grandfather or grandmother?" When the old woman replies, "It's grandmother, it's grandmother," the sparrow lets her in. Instead of a nice feast, the old woman is served sand and made to eat it with chopsticks made of sticks that were broken off from the fence. She is also served on a board from a toilet instead of a tray As the old woman is about to leave, the sparrow asks her, "Grandmother, would you rather have a heavy basket or a light one?" The old woman says she wants the heavy one cuz she's greedy The sparrow instructs her not to open it until she gets home, but she can't wait and opens it behind the fence Suddenly, snakes, vipers, and scorpions come out of the basket and sting the old woman to death. Moral: don't be greedy

Mono genesis with diffusion

One origin with transmission across time and space

Identity

People identify themselves by unique traits Through differential identity (what makes you different) Through your beliefs Through where you're from/location Through actions/physical behavior Identity is about perception? People acknowledging you Relational identification: your identity depends on the folk group you're talking about Code switching: your identity changes depending on the folk group you're in Ethnic appearance seems to play a role in how you identify yourself and how others identify you Identity changes as people's perception of you changes, as your perception of yourself changes

"lion dance" (In Tono)

See Tôno monogatari (Tales of Tôno) preface and ending story In the preface, Yanagita Kunio describes that he did not understand the actions and words in the lion dance that he witnessed when he first got to Tôno The ending story of the Tales of Tôno is the lyrics of the lion dance The lion dance symbolizes how he (and the reader) entered Tôno as an outsider and left more informed about the folklore and culture of Tôno But just because Yanagita acquired the lyrics of the lion dance doesn't mean that he or the reader actually know what they mean. You may have the lyrics in your hand, but that doesn't mean you understand them.

Oga Peninsula (Akita Prefecture)

The origin of the Namahage ritual Northern Japan

"Urashima Taro"

Urashima is a middle-aged fisherman He goes out every day to catch fish to feed himself and his mother His mother asks him to get a wife before she dies, but he says he is content fishing everyday for the two of them One day, he is out fishing and can't catch any fish He catches a sea turtle instead, but releases it, politely asking it to go away because it is scaring off the fish He catches the turtle again...and again...and again but releases it every time Eventually, the sun sets and he is wondering what to say to his mother Then a big ship comes by and they ask him to come with them to Ryugu (the Dragon Kingdom under the sea) And Urashima is like: "but my mom tho" And they're like "don't sweat, we got your mom covered" So he goes with them to the Dragon Kingdom and he meets the princess and he's fed a big feast The kingdom is filled with luxuries like gold and beautiful women The princess says to stay for 2 or 3 days so he does, but it ends up being 3 years Before he leaves, the princess gives him a box and says "In case of necessity, you may open the box" He is returned to his island, but sees that everything is different, even the geography has changed He asks a man he finds if he knows of Urashima He is told that there is a legend that Urashima went to the Dragon Kingdom, and that his mother died, but this was long long ago (clearly more than 3 years) He has nothing left He decides to open the box (it's a tiered box with 3 tiers) He open the first and finds a crane's feather The second box releases a puff of smoke that turns him old In the third box he finds a mirror and sees to his surprise that he has become old The crane's feather then attaches to his back, he floats into the sky and flies over his mother's grave The turtle comes up on the beach and is revealed to be the princess of Ryugu

Yokai

a class of supernatural monsters, spirits, and demons in Japanese folklore 1. ghost; phantom; strange apparition

Russo-Japanese War (1904-5)

a war fought between Russia and Japan over territorial claims. In winning the war, Japan emerged as a world power *President Theodore Roosevelt of the U.S. was largely responsible for bringing two sides together and working out a treaty

Ethnic Identity

awareness of differences from surrounding people

ludic sensibilities

humor, comical depictions of yokai Ex: Mokumokuren Monster of many eyes in the screen door Text accompanying depiction: "no smoke, no mist remains; a house in which long ago somebody lived, has many eyes. It must be the house of somebody who played Go." play on words: pieces in Go are called "eyes"

Abundance and variation

many different kinds of yokai Many versions of individual yokai (like kappa) Folklore is characterized by multiple existences across time and space

Peripheral (marginal) distribution

more retention of "cultural features," the further you are from the original country

Nikkei

of Japanese descent

Poly genesis

origination from several independent sources, in particular

encyclopedic discourse

puts all them together and gives them definitions

liminal

relating to a transitional or initial stage of a process

Colonialism

the policy of practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

Sino-Japanese War (1894-5)

the war between Japan and China over the control of Korea that resulted in the nominal independence of Korea and the Chinese cession to Japan of Formusa and the Pescadores