Final Exam Arch 222 Part

Maison de Peuple in Brussels by Victor Horta

-structural rationalism -Keep form and structure closely related, doesn't cover structure, expressed the iron trusses on the beams. -Iron beams along the facade and the trusses on the interior, not standardized, but stylized, to be more visually appealing and elegant. -no ornamentation other than the ironwork which as meant to be the ornamentation of the building.

Romans Concert Hall by Hector Guimard in Paris .

-structural rationalism -Keep form and structure closely related, doesn't cover structure, expressed the iron trusses on the beams. -Able to utilized the strength of iron to create a concert hall without ant vertical support in the middle of the volume. -All of the load of roof was carried bye the exterior walls and the diagonal iron beams. - The iron was decorated as a means of creating an elegant and more visually appealing space.

What is the concept of the "raumplan " in Adolf Loos's designs such as the mueller Villa in Prague?

"Raumplan refers to a spatial structure of the plan, meaning that the building has a spatially complex volumes. You almost need a 3d representation to truly understand what is happening in space.

Which of these statements best describes the Barcelona Pavilion by Ludwig Mies Van Der Rowe?

- A small pavilion at the 1929 international expo in Barcelona that was vertical and horizontal composition of floating planes, structural columns, and shallow pools of water.

What arguments did Piranesi make about why Roman Architecture was Superior to Greek?

-He traced the roman architecture to the Etruscans who claimed has mastered their architectural style before the Greeks. He also said that the Greeks put too much emphasis on ornamentation and not enough on the architecture as structures.

How did the Meyer and Wittwer's project for the Palace of the Soviets show the principles of New Objectivity.

-It was a very functionalist building, in the function of space has a form to create optimal acoustics.

Schinkels Altes Museum has all of these distinctive architectural features (An entrance sequence with a large open-air stairwell that takes visitors in through a series of columns and then up a flight of stairs that are parallel to the building facade; it is now enclosed with glass. - A colored Neoclassical facade that was a response to the polychromy debates when architects debated if ancient buildings were painted or not , which we now know they were. - Hallwayplike galleries with exposed post and lintel construction and large central rotunda ) EXCEPT:

-A Neo- Gothic facade inspired by the design of Cologne Cathedral.

John Soane Bank of England

-Designed Bank of England a series of buildings around one block . He enclosed it with a solid wall without windows to give the impression that your money would be safe there. -However the inside of the building was brightly lit and has beautiful small finishes. -Some used both Greek and Roman architecture in the design. - he used the classical precedents as a form of inspiration rather than copying them. ( he used women columns taken from Erechtieon , in some cases they were sued to support domes, thus roman inventions.)

Constantin Melnikov's Soviet Pavillion at the 1925 Paris Exposition has all of these features (- A prominent hammer and sickle over the central staircase reminding visitors that the pavilion represents the communist party's intentions to radically change everyday life for the Soviet citizens. - An open-air staircase through the center of the pavilion that has visitors proceed up and then down on a diagonal path. - Wood-frame construction that is detailed and designed to appear as if it made with steel. ) EXCEPT:

-First time that classicism is displayed as an official Soviet style in opposition to the avant-garde modern style of constructivism that has been prominent up to this point.

How is it historic of the city of Paris treated by Le Corbusier in his project for Ville Contemporaine (City for three million inhabitants)?

-He prepares to demolish the whole city and replace it. - His ideas to replace it are with cruciform towns for the commercial center, with zigzagged 'radon' blocks surrounding them for residential buildings and the immeubles villas at the outside for more residential structure.

Woodwards Oxford University Museums of Natural History in Oxford.

-New technology of Iron and was used stylistically. - Iron was used as structural material on the inside. -there are multiple columns and arches giving it a look of ribs of an animal , iron is much more decorative and ornamental.

Labroute's Bibliotheque St. Genevieve in Paris

-One of first public libraries, no existing building types. -One of the first buildings to use iron in a prominent or visible way. structurally rational (synthesis of masonry and iron) -Large double barrel vaulted reading room supported by iron iconic columns and arches. -Facade made of stone, could be carved into ornamentations.

* Describe Sempter's Formulation of the Caribbean Hut and its features.

-Semper argues it was 4 features -actually existed opposite of Laugier

Louis Sullivan was one of the first theorists of "tall building design" . All of these aspects of his thinking (-Tall buildings should be divided into parts including a two - story based at the street level, an infinite number of stories above, and then the top of the pile with an overhang roof. -The ornament on a tall building should be integrated into its surfaces and based on abstract and geometric patterns. -The non-street facades and interior courtyard spaces of tall buildings do not need ornamentation because they are hidden from the view of most people. ) EXCEPT:

-Tall Buildings should have large windows with the hope that in the future it would be possible to make facade walls entirely out of glass.

British Architectst Stuart and Revett

-Went to Greece and made accurate drawings of classical buildings. -When they returned to Britain they made exact replicas of these buildings on a smaller scale. and used for Gardens. -They believed in the perfection of Greek architecture so they copied it as it was and didn't make any changes o them.

Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland

-designed with a style that can be recognized as modern, nut the finishes are more traditional Scandinavian materials. This helps for making the building fit more with its surrounding, since it uses a lot of wood and is located in a forest. He uses materials that indicate the program for the owners and the guests, wood=public, white =privite areas.

What new elements or ideas were added to the Ledoux Saltworks Project when he used it as a basis for his Ideal City at Chaux after the French Revolution?

-make the community full self sustaining by the buildings surrounding it. - Circulation Plan -Utopian Idea

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Tugendhat House, Brno Csecholosvakia

-modern materials and technology. -Steel and concrete construction, large windows overlooking the site(windows on a mechanical system that lower into ground floors so that the living room is open below. - Enter through the top flipper and then go down, from the street it appears as though there were only one level. The back view shows all three levels.

The Comedie Français/ Theater de L'Odeon in Paris by De Wailly and Pure is an example of disengagement of a building from its urban fabric what best describes this term?

A building detached from the surrounding urban fabric so that its framed by the open space and can be admired as a separate monument from what is in the background.

Which statement best describe the form of the Casa del Fascio by the Fascist of architect Guiseppe Terragni?

A pure geometric space created through 3D experimentation with grids and multiple scales.

According to the film, Frank Lloyd Wright could be describes as all of these (-A terrible businessman who made a lot of money, but spend it quickly and was always broke. -A talented and very hard-working architect who made some of the most important and creative buildings of the early 20th cent. -An innovator in developing an American style of house that drew on the landscape and textures of the midwest.) EXCEPT:

A successful businessman who was a model for other architects who wanted to open their own practices and consistently make money.

All of these statements describe Antoni Gaudi's La Sagrada Familia Church (-A visionary design for a religious building that would be the tallest structure un Barcelona and appear to grow organically our of the ground and into six towers. -The project remains unfinished and was considered to be too difficult to complete until recently when construction resumed with a goal of completion in 2026. -Its structural forms derive from experiments that Gaudi conducted using catenary systems of having chains to test the curves and arches. ) EXCEPT:

A traditional design that recalls historic church architecture in Barcelona and with two symmetrical towers and a grand central nave lines by stained glass windows.

The Vienna Ringstrasse is the best described as:

A wide street lines with trees and civiv buildings that rings the old city and was built aster Vienna tore down its historic fortification walls.

What was the intended function of the Einstein Tower by Erich Mendelsohn in Potsdam, Germany?

An Astrophysical observatory with a telescope at the top built to test Einstein's theories .

Which statement best describes the urban strategy of Charles Barry's Houses of Parliament in London?

An example of picturesque urbanism with three towers that appear to mode into different configurations as you pass by the building.

Which of these statements best describes the Palais Stoclet by Josef Hoffman in Brussels?

An extravagant mansion that looks like a polished white jewelry box on the exterior and, in contrast. features elaborate colorful furniture, textiles, and wall coverings in the interior.

The ASNOVA group of Russian constructivists desired all of these qualities in architecture (-Encouraged designers to clarify architectural from for the publics mental, perceptual, and psychological comfort. -Proposed a synthesis of economic and psychological efficiency in design, not just functionalism. -wanted to train master artist for industry and teach in schools to elevate the overall quality of Soviet architecture and provide advanced tech training to the next generation. ) EXCEPT:

Argued that the buildings program , function, and technical considerations were enough tot determine what made great architecture.

All of these statements describe why Schinkels Bauakademie represents a synthetic style (-As a new school for building design, it combined mill and factory architecture with decorative elements such as a frieze along the window sills and decorative panels pn the interior. -The structural system was a combination of Greek post and lintel construction with skeletal vaulting in the studio spaces. -It used combinations of materials like brick and terra-cotta and exposed the brick exterior event though that was rare at the time except in industrial arch. ) EXCEPT:

As a school to study architecture, it was full of many sculptures and pieces of art that were used to teach students about the history of architectural decoration.

Stourhead Gardens is considered an example of a picturesque Garden design, All of these are characteristics of the design ( - Winding paths to crete a feeling of surprise as people walk around the lake. -Reciprocal views so that the visitors move toward objects they see in the distance and also look back to see where they were from another vantage point. -Views that extend outside of the Garden Spaces to incorporate land beyond the edges to blur the distinction between untouched nature and the garden itself.) EXCEPT:

Buildings along the path that inspire a dark and gloomy, but also exhilarating feeling, gets all the senses involved.

SYON house shows Robert Adams approach to interior architecture, what statement best describes this strategy?

Dramatic use of color, pattern and natural light to Crete a different 360- degree experience in each room of a house.

The New Bauhaus Building in Dessau can be described in all these ways (-Shows modern conception of space that is symmetrical and closed. -Iconic example of a pinwheel plan in which volumes spin out from a center point . -Fulfillment of the German Expressionist desire for architecture made of glass to embody transparency, optimism, and new civilization. -Experiments with the transparency and reflective quality of the glass to be used in modern design. ) EXCEPT:

Fulfillment of the German Expressionist desire for the architecture made of glass to embody the transparency, optimism , and a new civilization.

William Morris participated in all of the following activities during his career (-He ran a successful design firm that sold furniture, wallpaper, stained glass, and other designed objects. -Commissioned Phillip Webb to design the Red House for him and his family outside of London with its red brick exterior, gothic- inspired layout, and hand-made interior furnishings and murals. pJoined the Socialist League and wrote books promoting a vision of new society based on ideas about the communal values and the disappearance of class differences. EXCEPT:

He argued for industrial production in architecture and the consumer food that the future for design was not in arts and craft, but machines and production that did not require the human hand.

What arguments did Adolf Loos make against applied ornament in architecture?

He believed that it was primitive and that it took away from the value of the labor and diminished the artists potential for fulfillment. He thought that applied ornament was both a waste of labor and material.

Which statement best captures the work of Alvar Alto?

He brought new sensibility to modern architecture through the use of modern materials and the environmental systems that were closely tied to climate and geography.

What was the significance of Laugiers concept of the primitive hut for architects in the mid 18th cent?

He used it as an Allegory to represent his ideas of rational architecture. Each part of its simple form had a specific function. He argues that this hut should be emulated not copied.

The werkbound debate of 1914 was about the type versus will to form. What statement best describes Hermann Muthesius's argument in favor of type?

Industrial production will bring high quality goods to the masses by establishing a small number of type forms to repeat.

Based on the file, describe the home and studio of Franke Loyd Wright built for himself and his family in Oak Park, Chicago.

It is an example of his prairie style of arch which he became known for. The building emphasized horizontality had deep overhangs and a hisses entryway where visitors has to somewhat explore the building before entering. It also illustrate the influence of art and crafts movement because he also designed everything in the house.

Describe the winning design of the Palace of the Soviets competition by Boris and Iofan and how it demonstrated the principles of socialist realism?

It was a massive tower, topped with a grand sculpture of Lenin's. It demonstrates socialist realism because it was monuments, at a great non-human scale, and it was designed in a classical style.

Describe the street cutting technique used by Haussmann in Paris

Street cutting is the process of slicing through and tearing down the existing urban fabric to make room for new broad, straight boulevards.

Which of these statements best describes Bergdoll's concept of "new public architecture"?

New building types without historical precedents that brought architects into contact with new audiences outside of church and the aristocracy, examples included museums, theaters, and libraries.

Peter Behrens's work for AEG company included all of the following (-A comprehensive branding strategy that included a font, posters, and sales materials for their products. - architecture including factories such as the Turbine Factory in Berlin with a distinctive structural truss and monumental non-structural corner piers. - Consumer and commercial products such as electric fans, electric kettles, and turbines that were intended to drive demand for electricity, which was the primary commodity as a utility company. ) EXCEPT:

Private residences for executives of the AEG company over Berlin.

W.N. Pugin promoted the Neo-Gothic as the best style for the 19th cent England because:

Pugin promoted Neo-gothic for religious, cultural, and social reasons not purely for its style. In his book "Contrasts" he shows pairs of images comparing Medieval life to the 19th cent. and argued that the medieval times were better for society because of the Gothic style of arch.

Which of these was NOT one of Le Corbusier "5 points towards new architecture" ? -Flat roof and terrace -Horizontal Windows -Roof overhang and covered patio -Free facade

Roof over hang and covered patios

Describe the "round arch style" (Runsbofenstil) and whit it was something new in its time.

Round arch style is a dialectic style that was a synthesis of Greek lintels and Medieval pointed arches . This created segmental arch forms this was something new because prior to the dialectic movements, form were just copied and places with other forms, not really synthesizing them together.

Louis Kahn concept of servant versus served space is best described :

Servant spaces would be expressed as solid volumes in composition whereas the served spaces should be open,bright, and without structural members impeded space.

Why was the Crystal Palace so shocking to architects in 1851?

The Crystal Palace was so shocking because it was made entirely out of prefabricated iron and glass. There was not evidence of the human labor working on it, and it lasted any sort of ornamentation, It resembled a greenhouse which was considered egalitarian. All of this contributed to the architects of the tome feeling as though the building was completely without style.

The relationship of the garden to the interior space of the House of Sugimoto is best describes as:

The Garden spaces are extensions of the interior living spaces and the translucent paper of the walls of the house can be removed to open the living spaces fully to the garden in warm weather.

August Perret's Apartment on Rue Franklin Paris was significant as an early concrete Frame building, describe how Perret used concrete and other materials in the facade as design elements.

The apartment was an early application os structural concrete which has steel rebar inside it. Perret didn't want the facade to be flat concrete, so he covered the surface with tile to create decoration.

All of these were true about Walhalla near Regensburg, Germany (- The building was designed as a greek temple high on a hill above the Danube River. - The building houses busts and plaques celebrating notable Germans in history as part of national project to promote the idea of Germany as a single nation. - To reach the building, most visitors arrive on a boat and climb monumental staircase to the entrance.) EXCEPT:

The building was deigned as a replica of the Parthenon in Athens.

Charles Garniers Opera House was innovative in all of these ways : (-The building was part of Haussmann's transformation and sat at the end of a new boulevard that frames a partial view of the large facade. - The grand central stairwell was made possible through iron constructions and allowed the large open space. - Its flyspeck was so deep that it went several stories underground and used mechanical systems to move the sets up and down from below ) EXCEPT:

The building was one of the first large monuments in Paris to have wide open space around it, so that people could see the Opera House from a distance and appreciate its scale.

Cairo's urban development in Kjedival period was important for all of these reasons (-The interventions created an impoverished Eastern Half of the City and a new western half of the city for elites and foreigners. -The city built projects like Gezira Palace and the Opera House to impress visitors arriving to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal. - The Khesive wanted to transform Cairo into a grand city like Paris with straight streets, a more rational layout, and open public spaces such as the park in front of the Opera House. EXCEPT:

The city distributes its new buildings and infrastructure equally across the entire city to benefit of all residents.

The Italian futurists celebrated all of the following (-Dynamic movement and the fast pace of modern life made possible by trains, cars, and airplanes. -War, which would cleanse the world through revolution and force society to start over again from a clean slate. -Radical use of color and three-dimensionality in sculpture and art tries to capture the plasticity of bodies in space.) EXCEPT:

The culture art and the Italian Renaissance that would become dominant once again as Italy gained in political and economic strength before World War I.

Prague and Belgrade as provincial imperial cities saw urban changes including all of the following in the 19th cent. (-Projects that emphasized the heritage of local residents in opposition to the dominant culture of the empires that occupied their territories for hundreds of years. -New Wide boulevards and urban planning projects to rationalize chaotic districts, such as the Jewish Quarter in Prague and the creation of Prince Milos Street in Belgrade. -Ambitions to transform their cities into modern European cities that were as grand and monumental as established capital cities.) EXCEPT:

The destruction of large sections od historic urbane fabric to be replaces by rational and ordered large urban districts.

The film house of Sugimoto, focused on the house of a wealthy family in Kyoto Japan built in the mid 18th cent. all these characteristics are true (- The house is not a single structure, but a collection of buildings organized around a courtyard . - The house was build to resist earthquakes using timber framing and wooden posts reusing on flat stones to elevate the floor of the house off the ground. - One enters the property from the street through a space that was the family store and the farther away from the street one foes the more private the spaces become.) EXCEPT:

The house is now a museum, contains beautiful examples in every room of Japanese furniture and frames artwork from the time.

In what ways did Hitler and his architects, Albert Speer, use architecture to represent the new regime?

The main characteristics of Speers architecture was the monumentality. He wanted to portray the new regime as a grand society such as the monumental ancient Rome, and transform the city of Berlin into a grand city on the scale of great cities like Paris and Rome at that time.

Which of these best describes John Ruskins arguments about glass and iron architecture( such as the Crystal Palace)

The materiality of glass and iron was inert and could not register human touch, the pleasure and the joy of artisans who made it, or passing of time.

Describe two of the unusual design features in Antoni Gaudi's Park Geill in Barcelona

The roofs of the buildings at the entry were very undulating and organically shaped. They are unusual and look like something made in a fantasy world. mother unusual thing about the park is how the surfaces were very colorful and also undulating up and down like the roof os the buildings were.

Lina Bo Bardi's project SESC Pompeia (Citadel for pleasure) is built into an old factory site, how concrete used throughout this project?

The sporting complex at the citadel of leisure is where the concrete is used. The whole facade is a flat , soil layer of concrete. the only exception id where the organically shaped molds were added in to make interestingly shaped gaps for windows.

Bentham's proposal for the Panopticon included all of these ideas ( -Panoptic space is surveilled space in which people can be watched at all times but they do not know is they are being watched and cannot see who might be watching them. - The term comes from a design for a prison that had cells along the outer wall of a circular structure with a cylindrical arch tower in the center; the prisoners were backlit by sunlight to make it easier to watch. - Panoptic space encouraged people to self regulate their own behavior according to the given rules because they know that they are being watched or could be watched at anytime.) EXCEPT:

The term comes from a design for a prison in which the prisoners were held in individual cells in the center of the circular building; the cells had walls but no ceilings, so guards could watch the from above.

Why is the example of cotton textile industry a good model of global history themes what do we learn about the interconnections between Europe, India, the United States and the rest of the world from this example?

The textile industry is a good example of global history because it develops as a result of the regular contact between three very isolated places in Europe, India, and the U.S. Without this contact, the industry wouldn't have developed as it did.

Jacques Germain Soufflots St. Genevieve church is the primary example of the Graeco Gothic Ideal fro all the reasons (-combination of Greek Columns that are structural on the ground level with Gothic buttresses and iron reinforcements that help hold up a tall dome. - A distinctly French style that associates the church with the history of French medieval arch and also links France at the time with Greece as a great ancient civilization. -The interior of the original design was dull of light though many windows and tall dome emphasizing all the thinness of the walls and the beauty of the free standing columns. ) EXCEPT:

The thick walls on the ground level made the church dark inside except for the light that comes down from a very tall dome that was meant to suggest light coming from heaven.

Which statement best describes the goal od E.E Viollet-Le Ducky and Girlfriend Sempers work?

To formulate comprehensive theories about architectural form in light and new ideas about the historical evolution of society and the challenge of the new industrial materials and methods.

Place Louis xv (Later Place de la Concorde) was a new type of Urban Space in Paris for all of these reasons (- Built at the edge of the royal gardens (Tuileries), the place was result of a design competition to create a modern public space for the city and it became a hub for new axial streets connecting outlying neighborhood to the city center. = This was a new kind of public space that all people could access without locked gates or fences. - it showed one interpretation of the surgical metaphor popular at the time that designers should approach cities like surgeons operating on a sick human body, ) EXCEPT :

To honor the French King, Luis XV, and it was intended to be a private space for the use of his family and friends near Louvre Palace.

Which of these statements best describes the intentions of the Deutsche (German) Werkbund?

To improve German goods for domestic market and for export , so that Germany would be known for the quality of its products.

Theo Van Doesburg and his De Stijl collaborators used all of these ideas in their work (-Experimented with the unbuilt house designs made up of colorful floating horizontal and vertical planes that suggested interior spaces, but never became enclosed space. -exclusive use in their work of red, blue, yellow, black white and grey for the first decade; non primary colors were later included. -Moving forward from representational images towards a horizontal and vertical language of abstraction that would transcend everyday reality. ) EXCEPT:

Using curving and diagonally shapes with a bright color palette to try and capture the fast pace of modern life.

What is Visonary architecture and why is Boullees Cenotaph for Newton a good example of a visionary project?

Visionary architect cannot yet be build because of the radical scale and the undeveloped technology. Te Cenotp for Newton was a Gian Sperical building that was too large to be built with the technology that was available at that time.

All of these were cultural and political reforms in the period after the French Revolution (-The language on monuments was changed of French and Latin, which was associated with the church and the monarchy. -The Royal palace was converted into the public Louvre Art Museum. -Some religious buildings were converted to patriotic/national sites, such as St. Genevieve in Paris which became the Pantheon to honor French national heroes.) EXCEPT:

When Napoleon cam to power in 1799 he made Graeco Gothic the official national style for new government buildings there are examples of this style all over France.