Final Exam- Biology 121: Anatomy & Physiology I
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _______. a) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits b) the lowest possible energy usage c) a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances d) a static state with no deviation from preset points
a) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell a) anaphase b) telophase c) prophase d) metaphase
a) anaphase
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface. a) appositional growth b) epiphysial line c) epiphysial plate d) intramembranous ossification
a) appositional growth
Peroxisomes_____. a) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action b) function to digest particles ingested by phagocytosis c) sometimes function as secretory vesicles d) are functionally the same as lysosomes
a) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
A little girl on the playground fell and scraped her knee. You notice her knee shows no signs of bleeding. Therefore, this must be only a superficial scrape to the _____. a) epidermis b) entire cutaneous membrane c) entire synovial membrane d) both epidermis and dermis e) epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
a) epidermis
Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of _____. a) fibers and ground substance b) cells and fibers c) ground substance and cells d) all organic compounds
a) fibers and ground substance
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? a) high heat of vaporization b) cushioning c) reactivity d) high heat capacity e) polar solvent properties
a) high heat of vaporization
Mitosis _____. a) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus b) is the formation of sex cells c) is division of cells d) is a part of the cell cycle in ALL cells
a) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus
The nasal region is _____ to the orbital region. a) medial b) lateral c) anterior d) distal e) proximal
a) medial
Which of the following would NOT be a constituent of a plasma membrane? a) messenger RNA b) glycolipids c) glycoproteins d) phospholipids
a) messenger RNA
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? a) ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane b) a medullary cavity forms c) a bone collar forms around the cartilage model d) the cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate
a) ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix a) osteoclasts b) lamellae c) canaliculi d) endosteum
a) osteoclasts
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to _____. a) provide a smooth surface at the ends of the synovial joints b) form the synovial membrane c) attach tendons d) produce red blood cells
a) provide a smooth surface at the ends of the synovial joints
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? a) sagittal b) regional c) transverse d) frontal
a) sagittal
Polar molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared ____________. a) unequally between atoms b) equally between atoms c) between ions d) or transferred between atoms
a) unequally between atoms
What are menisci (articular discs)? a) wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity b) small sacs containing synovial fluid c) cavities lined with cartilage d) tendon sheaths
a) wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity
The 4 elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ______. a) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium b) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen c) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium d) sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen
b) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________. a) anterior ligaments b) cruciate ligaments c) tibial collateral ligaments d) patellar ligaments
b) cruciate ligaments
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the _____. a) epiphysis b) diaphysis c) metaphysis d) articular cartilage
b) diaphysis
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? a) sebaceous and merocrine b) eccrine and apocrine c) holocrine and mammary d) mammary and ceruminous
b) eccrine and apocrine
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. a) ceruminous b) endocrine c) sebaceous d) exocrine
b) endocrine
Which type of functional protein serves as a catalyst in the body's chemical reactions? a) transport proteins b) enzymes c) antibodies d) hormones
b) enzymes
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth. a) appositional growth b) epiphysial line c) epiphysial plate d) intramembranous ossification
b) epiphysial line
Which of the following bones is not weight-bearing? a) tibia b) fibula c) femur d) talus
b) fibula
What does collagen contribute as a component of bone? a) brittleness b) flexibility c) resistance to compression d) elasticity e) hardness
b) flexibility
The first step in tissue repair involves _____. a) proliferation of fibrous connective tissue b) inflammation c) replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells d) formation of scar tissue
b) inflammation
Layers of the bone matrix a) osteoclasts b) lamellae c) canaliculi d) endosteum
b) lamellae
The lungs are _____ to the heart. a) medial b) lateral c) anterior d) distal e) proximal
b) lateral
Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell? a) cilia b) microvilli c) stererocilia d) flagella
b) microvilli
Passive membrane transport processes include ________. a) movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration b) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient (high concentration to low concentration) c) consumption of ATP d) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration
b) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient (high concentration to low concentration)
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT _______. a) thumbs pointed laterally b) palms turned posteriorly c) arms at sides d) body erect
b) palms turned posteriorly
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? a) estrogen b) parathyroid hormone (PTH) c) calcitonin d) thyroxine
b) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize _____. a) pinocytosis b) phagocytosis c) exocytosis d) receptor-mediated endocytosis
b) phagocytosis
What structural level is represented by the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain? a) quaternary structure b) primary structure c) tertiary structure d) secondary structure
b) primary structure
Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left hypochondriac region? a) liver b) spleen c) intestines d) appendix
b) spleen
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________. a) transitional b) stratified squamous c) stratified cuboidal d) simple squamous
b) stratified squamous
A red blood cell placed in pure water would _____. a) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached b) swell and burst c) neither shrink nor swell d) shrink
b) swell and burst
Cleavage furrow squeezes the cell into two parts a) anaphase b) telophase c) prophase d) metaphase
b) telophase
Cytokinesis is completed a) anaphase b) telophase c) prophase d) metaphase
b) telophase
Spindle breaks down and disappears a) anaphase b) telophase c) prophase d) metaphase
b) telophase
What is the structural unit of compact bone? a) lamellar bone b) the osteon c) osseous matrix d) spongy bone
b) the osteon
The dermis has 2 major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? a) the subcutaneous layer b) the reticular layer c) the hypodermal layer d) the papillary layer
b) the reticular layer
Identify the bones that do not house a paranasal sinus. a) sphenoid bones b) zygomatic bones c) ethmoid bones d) maxillary bones e) frontal bones
b) zygomatic bones
Put the following steps of bone repair in order. 1. bone remodeling occurs 2. hematoma forms 3. bony callus forms 4. fibrocartilaginous callus forms a) 1, 2, 3, 4 b) 2, 3, 1, 4 c) 2, 4, 3, 1 d) 4, 3, 1, 2
c) 2, 4, 3, 1
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)? a) 1:3 b) 2:1 c) 3:1 d) 4:1
c) 3:1
Antibiotic treatment would be recommended for ________. a) osteoarthritis b) rheumatoid arthritis c) Lyme disease d) gout
c) Lyme disease
What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called? a) extension b) adduction c) abduction d) flexion
c) abduction
The stomach is _____ to the spine. a) medial b) lateral c) anterior d) distal e) proximal
c) anterior
Which type of connective tissue serves as the universal packing material between other tissues? a) adipose b) reticular connective tissue c) areolar connective tissue d) hyaline cartilage
c) areolar connective tissue
Which of the following is the least malignant and most common skin cancer that affects the cells of the stratum basale? a) psoriasis b) squamous cell carcinoma c) basal cell carcinoma d) malignant melanoma
c) basal cell carcinoma
Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone a) osteoclasts b) lamellae c) canaliculi d) endosteum
c) canaliculi
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? a) support b) storage of minerals c) communication d) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
c) communication
The visceral pleura would represent a serous membrane __________. a) lining the thoracic cavity b) covering the heart c) covering individual lungs d) lining the abdominal cavity
c) covering individual lungs
Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place. a) appositional growth b) epiphysial line c) epiphysial plate d) intramembranous ossification
c) epiphysial plate
When James shaves his face, which portion of the hair is removed? a) hair follicle b) hair matrix c) hair shaft d) hair root
c) hair shaft
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? a) elastic connective tissue b) fibrocartilage c) hyaline cartilage d) dense fibrous connective tissue
c) hyaline cartilage
The number of protons always equals the ________ in a neutral atom. a) number of neutrons b) number of valance shells c) number of electrons d) atomic weight e) atomic mass number
c) number of electrons
Nuclear envelope and nucleoli break down and disappear a) anaphase b) telophase c) prophase d) metaphase
c) prophase
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up (synthesized) from their basic building blocks by the ______. a) addition of a carbon atom between each 2 units (carbonation) b) addition of a water molecule between each 2 units (hydrolysis) c) removal of a water molecule between each 2 units (dehydration synthesis) d) removal of a carbon atom between each 2 units (decarbonation)
c) removal of a water molecule between each 2 units (dehydration synthesis)
Which of the following movements does NOT increase or decrease the angle between bones? a) extension b) circumduction c) rotation d) abduction
c) rotation
The type of joint between the carpal (trapezium) and the first metacarpal is a ________ joint. a) condylar b) plane c) saddle d) hinge
c) saddle
Which of the following glands secrete sebum, an oily like substance? a) eccrine glands b) apocrine glands c) sebaceous glands d) merocrine glands
c) sebaceous glands
Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs? a) simple cuboidal b) pseudostratified columnar c) simple squamous d) simple columnar
c) simple squamous
The sella turcica is part of the ________ bone and houses the ________ gland. a) ethmoid; pituitary b) ethmoid; thymus c) sphenoid; pituitary d) sphenoid; thymus
c) sphenoid; pituitary
Immovable joints are functionally classified as _____. a) diarthroses b) amphiarthroses c) synarthroses d) symphyses
c) synarthroses
Which of the following are cartilaginous joints? a) syndesmoses b) gomphoses c) synchondroses d) sutures
c) synchondroses
Which of the following statements about resting membrane potential is false? a) the inside of the membrane is slightly negative and the outside of the membrane is slightly positive b) the concentration of potassium is greater inside the cell than outside the cell c) the concentration of sodium is greater inside the cell than outside the cell d) the membrane uses both active and passive transport mechanisms to maintain resting membrane potential
c) the concentration of sodium is greater inside the cell than outside the cell
A chemical reaction in which bonds are created is usually associated with ____. a) degradation b) the release of energy c) the consumption of energy d) forming a smaller molecule
c) the consumption of energy
The glenohumeral joint that articulates the humerus to the pectoral glands is a highly mobile joint. The mobility comes at a cost because _____. a) muscles that span this mobile joint will only provide a reduced amount of power b) the blood vessels that lead to the arm and hand can easily be cut off by the free range of motion c) the joint is relatively unstable and can easily dislocate d) these type of joints are harder to control and coordinate
c) the joint is relatively unstable and can easily dislocate
Wolff's law is concerned with _____. a) the function of the bone being dependent on shape b) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age c) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it d) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
c) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
What is the purpose of the negative feedback process? a) to keep the body's blood sugar level low b) to regulate excretion via the lungs c) to prevent severe changes in the body d) to control body movement
c) to prevent severe changes in the body
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________. a) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature b) provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis c) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules d) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
d) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? a) areolar tissue b) fibrocartilaginous tissue c) cartilage tissue d) bone (osseous tissue)
d) bone (osseous tissue)
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? a) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake b) by observing the tissues that are usually moist c) through blood analysis d) by using the "rule of nines"
d) by using the "rule of nines"
Mitochondria________. a) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell b) contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses c) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP d) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
d) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
The digits are _____ to the carpal region. a) medial b) lateral c) anterior d) distal e) proximal
d) distal
The lining of the marrow cavity. a) osteoclasts b) lamellae c) canaliculi d) endosteum
d) endosteum
Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________. a) metabolism b) maintaining boundaries c) responsiveness d) excretion of metabolic waste
d) excretion of metabolic waste
Nutrients and ions can pass directly from cell to cell through special membrane junctions known as _____. a) desmosomes b) microvilli c) inclusions d) gap junctions e) tight junctions
d) gap junctions
Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin? a) holds a portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when needed b) delivers important information about our environmental conditions to our brains c) conducts chemical reactions using the sun's energy to initiate vitamin D synthesis d) gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age
d) gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age
Which is TRUE concerning muscle tissue? a) is unresponsive, does not contract b) cuboidal shape enhances function c) is a single-celled tissue d) highly cellular and well vascularized
d) highly cellular and well vascularized
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane a) appositional growth b) epiphysial line c) epiphysial plate d) intramembranous ossification
d) intramembranous ossification
The hyoid bone is unique because it _____. a) is the only irregular bone found in the neck b) is the only bone formed by the fusion of right and left halves c) is composed of three bones joined together d) is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone
d) is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone
Anatomical position is important because ________. a) it is the position most comfortable to hospital patients b) it provides the greatest circulation to the extremities c) it allows diagrams within textbooks to display a greater surface area of the body with one simple diagram d) it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships
d) it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships
In which body cavities is the heart located? a) pleural, dorsal, and abdominal b) pericardial, dorsal, and thoracic c) pleural, ventral, and thoracic d) mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral
d) mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral
Chromosomes align at the center of the spindle a) anaphase b) telophase c) prophase d) metaphase
d) metaphase
The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior environment is a _____. a) serious membrane b) cutaneous membrane c) endothelial membrane d) mucous membrane
d) mucous membrane
The hip joint is a good example of a(n) _____ synovial joint. a) biaxial b) nonaxial c) uniaxial d) multiaxial
d) multiaxial
Which tissue is made up of highly specialized cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses? a) simple squamous epithelium b) smooth muscle c) connective tissue d) nervous tissue
d) nervous tissue
All of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability except? a) strength and tension of joint ligaments b) arrangement and tension of the muscles c) structure and shape of the articulating bone d) number of bones in the joint
d) number of bones in the joint
Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones. a) rickets b) osteomalacia c) Paget's disease d) osteoporosis
d) osteoporosis
While playing soccer, Jennifer received a ragged fracture to her fibula due to twisting her leg. This type of fracture is _____. a) depressed fracture b) impacted fracture c) simple fracture d) spiral fracture e) compression fracture
d) spiral fracture
The proximal end of the ulna illustrates the relationship of form and function. The rounded trochlear notch articulates with the hourglass shape of the trochlea. This forms a joint that allows for _____. a) the hyper extension of the forearm b) the rotational motion of the forearm c) the curling of the fingers d) the hinge like motion of the forearm
d) the hinge like motion of the forearm
Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body? a) the cervical region b) the sacral promontory c) the sacrum d) the lumbar region
d) the lumbar region
The antebrachium is composed of which of the following two bones? a) the humerus and the radius b) the humerus and the clavicle c) the scapula and the clavicle d) the radius and the ulna
d) the radius and the ulna
The axial skeleton contains _____. 1. skull 2. scapula 3. true and false ribs 4. vertebrae 5. phalanges a) 1, 2, 3, 5 b) 2, 5 c) 2, 3, 4, 5 d) 1, 3, 4, 5 e) 1, 3, 4
e) 1, 3, 4
The brachial region is _____ to the antebrachial region. a) medial b) lateral c) anterior d) distal e) proximal
e) proximal
Match the following descriptions to the most appropriate number on the diagram. A change in the temperature of the external environment (getting warmer).
1
Match the following descriptions to the most appropriate number on the diagram. Information about body temperature is sent through afferent pathways to the brain.
3
Match the following descriptions to the most appropriate number on the diagram. Appropriate response information is sent through efferent pathways.
4