Final Exam (chapter 12

Which of the following strategies did abolitionists use to counter the racism of their time?

They argued against the pseudoscientific claim that blacks were inherently inferior.

How did abolitionists expand on the Christmas holiday in the decades before the Civil War?

They helped to create the idea of a Christmas shopping season.

How did the abolitionists link themselves to the nation's Revolutionary heritage?

They seized on the preamble to the Declaration of Independence as an attack against slavery.

Which is true of the efforts of the Colonization Society?

They were scorned and opposed by most free African-Americans.

Abolitionists consciously identified their movement with the heritage of the American Revolution.

True

Black abolitionists developed an understanding of freedom that went well beyond that of most of their white contemporaries.

True

Dorothea Dix advocated for better treatment of the mentally insane.

True

English writer Harriet Martineau criticized the idea of sending ex-slaves to another country or kingdom.

True

Institutions like jails, mental hospitals, and public schools were inspired by the conviction that those who passed through their doors could eventually be released to become productive, self-disciplined citizens.

True

Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman influenced future women's rights leaders.

True

Mob attacks and attempts to limit abolitionists' freedom of speech convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with the democratic liberties of white Americans.

True

Nineteenth-century institutions such as poorhouses and insane asylums were grounded in a perfectionist ideal.

True

Owen promoted communitarianism so that workers received the full value of their labor.

True

The Shakers believed God had a dual personality, both male and female.

True

The abolitionist movement split following the appointment of Abby Kelley to an office within the American Anti-Slavery Society.

True

What was the source of the term "utopia" as applied to utopian communities in America in the nineteenth century?

a sixteenth-century novel by Thomas More

The House of Representatives' gag rule of 1836

convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with the democratic liberties of white Americans.

The death of Elijah Lovejoy in 1837

convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with white Americans' liberties.

Catherine Beecher believed that

heaven had designated men superior and women as subordinate.

How did Frederick Douglass characterize celebrating the Fourth of July?

hypocritical

Burned-over districts were

in New York and Ohio, where intense revivals occurred.

Although it lasted only a few years, the New Harmony community

influenced education reformers and women's rights advocates.

What was the greatest accomplishment of the abolitionists by 1840?

making slavery a prominent topic of conversation

Abby Kelley

married a leading temperance advocate. X was the first American woman to speak in public. X quit speaking publicly against slavery after her child was born. X

The Declaration of Sentiments condemned the "injuries and usurpations" of

men against women.

Which tactic did abolitionists use most often in the 1820s and 1840s?

presenting slavery as morally wrong

Which of the following did Horace Mann NOT propose as a goal of public schools?

reinforce social stability X ensure that children were disciplined in a consistent way X reduce class differences X

Dorothea Dix devoted much time to the crusade for the

right for women to vote in local school elections. X

Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because most Americans

saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted that members give up their property.

William Lloyd Garrison

secretly financed Nat Turner's Rebellion. X attracted little support from fellow abolitionists, but historians have discovered his importance. X began publishing his newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, in 1831, but moved it to friendlier territory two years later.

What does the Declaration of Sentiments accuse men of ?

seeking to keep women dependent on men

What issue enabled abolitionists to expand the appeal of their arguments to those who may not have cared much about slavery?

state's rights X economic growth X women's rights X birthright citizenship X

The gag rule

stated that newspapers could not print antislavery materials. X was adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention to symbolize that women did not have a voice in politics. X denied women the right to speak in mixed-sex public gatherings. X prevented Congregational ministers from preaching against Catholics. X

The American Tract Society was focused on

suffrage. X slavery. X feminism. X

Which was a goal of education in the New Harmony community?

teach the discipline needed to succeed in an industrial economy X ensure strong Biblical knowledge and understanding X

The proliferation of new institutions such as poorhouses and asylums for the insane during the antebellum era demonstrated the

tension between liberation and control in the era's reform movements.

The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments was modeled after

the Declaration of Independence.

Which aspect of American society in the period between 1820 and 1840 is most opposite to the ideal expressed by John Winthrop?

the Oneida community

By saying all humans are "moral beings," Angelina Grimké was in a way extending what concept?

the Second Great Awakening idea that people had to choose whether they wanted salvation X Thomas Jefferson's concept that the United States was an "empire of liberty" X John Winthrop's concept of Massachusetts as a "city on a hill"

What is the focus of Angelia Grimke's letter in The Liberator of August 2, 1837?

the social roles of men and women

The reform communities established in the years before the Civil War

usually followed standard gender and marital relations.

Common schools

were intended to promote social equality.

The first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women

were the Grimké sisters.

Frederick Douglass wrote, "When the true history of the antislavery cause shall be written, __________ will occupy a large space in its pages."

women

Abolitionists agreed with the labor movement's argument that workers were subjugated to "wage slavery."

False

Brook Farm was one of the longest-lasting utopian communities of the nineteenth century.

False

By 1860, all but two states had established tax-supported school systems for their children.

False

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, when published, went virtually unknown for two decades but then became popular in the 1850s.

False

In general, Catholics supported the temperance movement.

False

Relocating to the colony of Liberia was a dream of most free blacks in the 1820s and 1830s.

False

The American Temperance Society directed its efforts at the drunkards but not the occasional drinker.

False

The antebellum utopian communities were largely located in the Upper South.

False

The question of slavery dominated public life in America from the time of the Revolution until the Civil War.

False

How did the views of William Lloyd Garrison differ from those of Frederick Douglass?

Garrison described the Constitution as an evil document.

The antislavery poet John Greenleaf Whittier compared reformer Abby Kelley to

Helen of Troy, who sowed the seeds of male destruction.

How did the crusade against slavery affect American understandings of citizenship?

It created resentment toward immigrants seeking naturalization. X

How did the Second Great Awakening influence American society?

It inspired some to combat the sins of society, such as alcoholism.

What was the significance of the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin?

It portrayed slaves as sympathetic and Fully human characters.

In his speech about the Fourth of July, how did Frederick Douglass critique the founding of the United States?

It was acceptable for Thomas Jefferson to be a slaveholder because he achieved many accomplishments. X

What inspired Noyes's idea of achieving perfection?

Jefferson's ideas on democracy X

Which statement is true about black abolitionists?

Many formerly enslaved people published accounts of their lives in bondage, which together convinced thousands of northerners of the immorality of slavery.

Who wrote, "I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—and I will be heard"?

Margaret Fuller X

Which of the following correctly pairs the reform community with the state in which it was located?

Modern Times: Tennessee X Oneida: Massachusetts X Zoar: Maine X

Which statement is true regarding women in the abolition movement?

Most women abolitionists were from southern states. X Women abolitionists were rarely involved in other reform movements. X

Which state enacted a far-reaching law allowing married women to sign contracts and buy and sell property?

New York

By 1860, what was true about common schools?

Northern school systems received support from labor organizations, factory owners, and middle-class reformers.

Which idea did John Humphrey Noyes profess?

People could achieve a state of sinlessness.

Which phrase best describes the abolitionists' concept of freedom?

Personal freedom derives from the ownership of productive property. X Social hierarchy is natural and elite rulers can best preserve a free society. X

What contribution did Sojourner Truth make to the women's rights movement?

She urged a focus on the plight of poor and working-class women.

Which is true of the "colonization" of freed slaves before 1830?

Some African-Americans emigrated to Liberia to enjoy rights they did not have in America.

The Oneida community

controlled which of its members would be allowed to reproduce.

By 1840, how many northerners had joined abolitionist organizations?

10,000 X

About __________ reform communities, often called utopian communities, were established in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century.

100

The Declaration of Sentiments states, "He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction which he considers most honorable to himself." Which of the following is an example of this claim?

A woman could not work as a lawyer while a man could.

In 1841, who wrote "In the history of the world, the doctrine of reform has never had such hope as at the present hour."

Alexis de Tocqueville X

How did Shaker communities differ from most other religions?

All members of the community practiced celibacy.

To whom can the following quotation be attributed? "I know nothing of men's rights and women's rights. My doctrine, then is, that whatever it is morally right for man to do, it is morally right for woman to do."

Angelina Grimké

In regard to utopian communities, how do spiritually oriented groups compare to societies with a worldly orientation?

Both groups were anomalies that had little influence on the world. X World-orientation societies were more likely to regulate relations between the sexes. X World-orientation groups had no dissension. X

What was the significance of Theodore Weld's arguments concerning slavery?

By equating slavery with sin, he made abolition seem urgent.

Members of which one of the following groups were generally opposed to the temperance movement?

Catholics

How did the Catholic viewpoint differ from the Protestant viewpoint in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Catholics viewed sin as an inescapable part of human society.

Who influenced the start of Brook Farm?

Charles Fourier

What prompted the debate between Catherine Beecher and the Grimké sisters?

The Grimkés thought the abolitionist movement was too radical. X The Grimkés did not like Beecher's father, Lyman, who was a minister. X

The role of African-Americans in the abolitionist movement

grew over time until, by the 1850s, the movement was dominated by blacks.

The drop in the birth rate during the nineteenth century is evidence of women's power in the home.

True

To members of the North's emerging middle-class culture, reform became a badge of respectability.

True

With his abolitionist writings, David Walker employed both secular and religious language.

True

Which book was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson?

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Overall, how did utopian societies and worldly communities perceive women?

Women needed to be treated as equals.

Which of the following examples from modern life is in opposition to the goals of the American Tract Society?

bars and restaurants being open on Sundays

Advocates for building asylums, prisons, poorhouses, and orphanages

believed that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated.

The new breed of abolitionists that arose in the 1830s

called for immediate abolition of slavery and equal rights for all African-Americans.

According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what were the most important institutions for organizing Americans?

churches X the state and federal governments X political parties X schools

William Lloyd Garrison argued in Thoughts on African Colonization that

colonization should be subsidized through a tax on cotton. X blacks were not "strangers" in America to be shipped abroad but should be recognized as a permanent part of American society.

Which provided the first significant career opportunity for women in the nineteenth century?

common schools

What colonial-era approach did institutions such as orphanages and poorhouses replace?

community- and family-based care for those in need

The organized abolitionist movement split into two wings in 1840, largely over

disagreements concerning the endorsement of colonization. X

By 1840, the temperance movement in the United States had

encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol.

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

established equal rights as the basis of the early women's rights movement.

Common schools

existed in every northern state by the time of the Civil War.