Final Exam - Exam 3
11) Coral and algae have a reciprocal relationship in which the algae perform photosynthesis, providing the coral with some nutrients and helping with the calcification process. In return, the coral provide the algae with certain nutrients and a place to live in a lighted environment. This is an example of a ________ relationship. A) opportunistic B) symbiotic C) parasitic D) predator/prey
B
15) An interruption in a stream's graded profile of equilibrium is called a A) longitudinal interruption. B) nickpoint. C) gradation. D) base level.
B
16) When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operation is A) chemical weathering. B) physical weathering. C) carbonation. D) hydrolysis.
B
17) The ultimate base level is A) dependent on the geological substrate. B) sea level. C) a dam. D) a drainage divide.
B
33) Which of the following is an example of a first order of relief? A) The Shenandoah Valley C) The Tibetan Plateau B) North America plate D) The Alps and Rockies
B
35) What type of rock is derived from the bits and pieces of former rocks? A) Igneous B) Sedimentary C) Hydrothermal D) Metamorphic
B
36) Which of the following is an example of an age -relationship based on relative dating? A) Australopithecines were alive 3.2 million years ago. B) Australopithecines evolved before Homo erectus. C) Clovis points have been dated at 11,000 years old in North America. D) The Neanderthals became extinct 35,000 years ago.
B
42) The process that breaks down rock at Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as A) landmass denudation. B) weathering. C) erosion. D) mass movement.
B
44) An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a A) mineral.B) rock. C) molecule.D) granitic compound.
B
45) A watery mix of falling and tumbling rock, debris, and soil is a A) mudflow. C) landslide. B) debris avalanche. D) rockfall.
B
50) Which of the following are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering? A) Nitrogen, oxygen, argon B) Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide C) Magnesium, water, limestone D) Oxygen, silicon, aluminum
B
53) What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material? A) sedimentary B) igneous C) metamorphic
B
54) The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed A) saltation. B) deflation. C) abrasion. D) deposition.
B
58) At which of the following locations is new ocean crust being formed? A) In oceanic trenches B) Mid-ocean ridges C) Along collision zones between two oceanic plates D) Along collision zones between two continents
B
59) Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? A) Tension stretching or faulting C) Compression shortening or folding B) Shearing stretching or faulting D) Tension normal fault
B
60) Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called A) explosive debris. B) tephra, or pyroclastics. C) volcanic ash. D) cinders.
B
5) The sediment load that travels in solution is A) flow load. B) bed load. C) dissolved load. D) suspended load.
C
51) Natural levees are created during A) low flow conditions. B) degradation. C) floods. D) normal flow conditions.
C
65) The general term for the undulations and other variations in the shape of Earth's surface is called A) terrain. B) geomorphology. C) topography. D) relief.
C
67) After a threshold is crossed, the landscape A) remains unstable thereafter. B) returns to the conditions that existed prior to the crossing the threshold. C) adjusts to a new equilibrium condition. D) looks identical to the landscape that existed prior to the crossing of the threshold.
C
68) The angle of repose represent a balance between the driving force and resisting force. Which of the following is the driving force? A) Inertia B) Friction C) Gravity D) Shear
C
71) Processes that are related expressly to streams and rivers are termed A) limnetic. B) lotic. C) fluvial. D) geomorphic.
C
72) Compressional stress along a fault resulting in rocks moving upward along the fault plane is an example of a A) normal fault. B) strike -slip fault. C) reverse fault. D) lateral fault.
C
75) Cone-shaped deposits of sediment often found at mouth of canyons in arid and semiarid climates are called A) clastics. B) deltas. C) alluvial fans. D) deposition.
C
8) Which of the following is CORRECT? A) Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust and is composed primarily of granite. B) Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust and composed primarily of basalt. C) Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust and is composed primarily of basalt. D) Continental crust is denser than oceanic crust and composed primarily of granite.
C
14) ________ is the general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water. A) Degradation B) Aggradation C) Deposition D) Alluvium
D
2) Molten rock that pours forth on Earth's surface is called A) magma. B) metamorphic. C) intrusive. D) lava.
D
22) If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of A) inertial resistance of the material. B) the cohesion of particles to each other. C) friction. D) friction, cohesion of particles, and inertial resistance.
D
24) The grinding and shaping of rock surfaces by the "sandblasting" action of particles carried by wind is A) deflation. B) deposition. C) saltation. D) abrasion.
D
26) If the load exceeds a stream's capacity, sediment accumulates in the bed in a process called A) downcutting. B) saltation. C) degradation. D) aggradation.
D
27) Coral bleaching refers to A) the killing of coral formations by chlorine bleach pollution. B) the replacement of normal, colored algae by white algae. C) the process whereby coral change color to avoid detection by predators. D) the loss of algae from the coral.
D
1) Limestone is a type of ________ rock that forms when ________. A) sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates, or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment B) sedimentary; broken fragments of rock are deposited in a water environment and are then cemented together. C) igneous; magma cools D) igneous; lava cools
A
10) Uniformitarianism assumes that A) the same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time. B) Earth is quite young and is shaped by dramatic events. C) mountains, plains, and canyons formed by catastrophic events. D) catastrophic episodes have regularly occurred.
A
12) A gently sloping mountain landform built from effusive eruptions is known as a A) shield volcano. B) cinder cone. C) crater. D) caldera.
A
18) Seawater that exceeds the 3.5% average is termed A) brine. B) mesohaline. C) freshwater. D) brackish.
A
20) This drainage pattern results when streams flow off a central peak or dome. A) Radial B) Rectangular C) Annular D) Trellis
A
3) An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or a volcanic eruption is capable of producing a A) tsunami. B) tidal wave. C) wave in the open ocean of great height. D) slow-moving giant swell.
A
34) Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called A) yardangs. B) ventifacts. C) alluvial rock structures. D) desert pavements.
A
37) ________ is the theory that describes the motion of Earth's lithosphere. A) Plate tectonics B) Pangaea C) Sea floor spreading D) Metamorphism
A
39) Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as A) relief. B) crust. C) an order of relief. D) topography.
A
47) Extensive landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone and other carbonate rock and characterized by pitted, bumpy surface topography, poor surface drainage, and well developed solutions channels are known as A) karst topography. B) high tablelands. C) plains. D) basins.
A
48) The measurement of land elevation relative to sea level is known as A) hypsometry. B) geodesy. C) topography. D) bathymetry.
A
52) A mass of water above base level in a stream has ________ energy; as it flows downstream, this energy becomes ________ energy. A) potential; kinetic B) kinetic; potential C) kinetic; kinetic D) potential; potential
A
56) The term eolian refers to A) erosion, transportation, and deposition by wind. B) stream-related processes. C) glacial processes in areas outside polar regions. D) weathering and mass movement in humid regions.
A
57) A stream's volume of flow per unit of time is its A) discharge. B) speed. C) velocity. D) flow rate.
A
6) The discharge of an exotic stream __________ in the downstream direction. A) decreases B) remains fairly constant C) increases
A
63) The scientific study of rock strata (layers) is known as ________ and based on the principle of ________. A) stratigraphy; superposition. B) Paleontology; catastrophism. C) Paleogeography; plate tectonics. D) geomorphology; uniformitarianism.
A
66) Wind is __________ effective at eroding and transporting materials than other geomorphic agents because __________. A) less; is less dense than other materials C) more; it can carry more material B) more; it reaches higher velocities D) less; it does not erode to base level.
A
70) A squeeze -and-release action works to loosen and lift rocks in a stream channel. This is an example of A) hydraulic action. B) suspension. C) deposition. D) abrasion.
A
7) These features on the shore of Lake Michigan disrupt sediment movement along a coast. A) Breakwaters B) Groins C) Jetties D) Tombolos
B
73) Weathering that softens and rounds the sharp edges and corners of jointed rock is known as A) hydrolysis. B) spheroidal weathering. C) hydration. D) exfoliation.
B
9) The worldwide average salinity of seawater is A) 0.5%. B) 3.5%. C) 5.5%. D) 7.5%.
B
19) Which of the following is an endogenic process? A) Glacial erosion B) Stream deposition C) Volcanism D) Weathering
C
21) Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is A) carbon dioxide. B) nitrogen. C) water. D) oxygen.
C
23) A niche in sandstone, such as that in Arizona's Canyon de Chelly, is indicative of which weathering process? A) Exfoliation B) Frost wedging C) Salt-crystal growth D) Carbonation
C
25) Explosive eruptions tend to build up A) many subsequent lava flows. B) shield-shaped volcanoes. C) composite volcanoes. D) plateau basalts.
C
30) The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to A) create a base flow. B) increase lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. C) decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. D) decrease runoff.
C
32) The portion of each meandering curve subject to the slowest water velocity undergoes aggradation. This results in a(n) A) oxbow. B) cutback. C) point bar. D) meander scar.
C
41) When the Sun and Moon are on the same side Earth or on opposite sides of earth, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides. A) spring; lowest B) neap; lowest C) spring; greatest D) neap; greatest
C
49) Desert pavement refers to A) specially constructed roadbeds in dry and hot regions. B) deposits of silt and clay. C) surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels. D) sand-covered surfaces.
C
28) Ocean floor subducts under continents because A) the ocean floor has a lower density and therefore sinks more easily. B) the weight of the continents is so great that they push the ocean floor material downward. C) the ocean floor is made of silica and aluminum s and is heavier than continental material. D) the ocean floor is made up of silica and magnesium and is more dense than continental material.
D
29) The area of land from which all water in it drains into the same place is known as a(n) A) interfluve. B) drainage divide C) fluvial units. D) watershed.
D
31) Which of the following is an example of a coastal wetland? A) Saltwater marshes B) Playa lake C) Mangrove swamp D) Both mangrove swamp and saltwater marsh E) Playa lake, mangrove swamp, and saltwater marsh
D
38) When rock is broken down and disintegrated in the presence of water and with chemical alterations to the rock, the process in operation is A) physical weathering. B) carbonation. C) hydrolysis. D) chemical weathering.
D
4) Which of the following gives the CORRECT sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center? A) Crust, inner core, mantle, outer core C) Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust B) Mantle, crust, inner core, outer core D) Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
D
40) Which of the following lists of processes are in the CORRECT sequence from beginning to end? A) Weathering, erosion, deposition, transport B) Deposition, erosion, transport, weathering C) Weathering, deposition, erosion, transport D) Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
D
43) A rock transformed from any other rock through extreme heat and or pressure is referred to as A) ancient. B) sedimentary. C) igneous. D) metamorphic.
D
46) Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by A) Climatic periods based on paleoclimatological reconstructions. B) using a quantile method whereby the number of years in each subdivision is determined by dividing the number of years by the desired number of classes. C) dividing the time range of the interval by the number desired subdivisions, thereby creating equal intervals between the divisions. D) Major events in Earth's history, such as major extinctions.
D
55) Factors influencing the weathering process include A) rock composition and structure B) the amount of vegetation in an area. C) the climate of an area. D) rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation. E) only the climate of an area and rock composition.
D
61) The subsurface area where the motion of seismic waves is initiated along the fault plane is called the A) fault area. C) Richter zone. B) epicenter. D) focus, or hypocenter.
D
62) Which of the following is NOT a denudation process? A) Erosion B) Weathering C) Mass movement D) Orogeny
D
64) Channels with gradual slopes often develop a sinuous form called a ________ pattern. A) straight B) braided stream C) anabranching D) meandering stream
D
69) Orogenesis refers to A) the formation of mountains without faulting, folding, or the capture of migrating terranes. B) a general thinning of the crust. C) the beginning of extensive faulting. D) a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust.
D
74) Which of the following is NOT correct regarding tides? A) They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude. B) They are complex twice daily oscillations in sea level. C) They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins. D) They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun.
D
13) Bed load is moved by A) suspension. B) traction. C) saltation. D) saltation, traction, and suspension E) both saltation and traction, but not suspension.
E