Final Exam-KIN 157

The prediction equations used in the anthropometric lab to estimate body fat percentage from circumference measurements have been shown to accurately predict body fat in a given population. This indicated that these equations are

Valid

On the BESS, if any individual simultaneously takes a step and open his/her eyes that should be counted as 2 errors

False

One of the assumptions of the BIA method is that the body is irregularly shoaled with hollow spaces, such as the lungs and GI tracts

False

Optimal standing posture requires some hyperextension of the knees

False

The attenuation, o weakening, of X-ray energies is similar for muscle, fat, and bone tissue

False

The distribution of fat (I.e. fat patterning) is similar among different ethnic groups.

False

The skinfold method is recommended for monitoring body composition changes in obese clients

False

There is a direct relationship between force and velocity: as the velocity of joint motion increases, the maximal force that can be exerted increases.

False

There is a high positive correlation between hip and shoulder flexibility (I.e. individuals with good flexibly in the hips typically have good flexibly in the shoulders).

False

Typically, intercollegiate athletes exhibit greater hamstrings strength compared to quadriceps strength.

False

Which of the following soft tissue structures contribute the most to joint flexibility or lack of flexibility?

Muscle and fascia, joint capsule

Circumference is affected by

Muscle mass Skeletal size Fat Mass

Which of the following is most likely to occur with an obstructive pulmonary disease (e.g COPD, asthma)?

Normal TLC and VC, Decreased MVV and FEV1/FVC ratio

Having two different measurers take measurements on the same client is a way to check

Objectivity of the measurements

7 movement Tests:

Overhead squat Hurdle step In-line Lunge Shoulder Mobility Active Straight Leg Raise Trunk Stability Push Up Rotary Stability (same side)

Predicting residual volume, rather than measuring it, likely increases the error in determining body density using hydrostatic weighing.

True

Right and left limb imbalances in peak torque often result from previous injuries.

True

Scored on the Berg Balance Scale are associated with risk of falling

True

Shortened OR lengthened muscles may contribute to poor postural alignment

True

Skinfolds and circumference measurements may be used to monitor changes in your client's anthropometric profile over time.

True

Some BIA instruments estimate total body water (TBW)

True

Some postural deviations may allow for greater production and application of force by athletes

True

The 4-electrode BIA method applies an electrical current at the distal electrodes on the hand and foot, and the voltage drop due to impedance is detected by the proximal electrodes on the wrist and ankle.

True

The Biodex balance system allows an individual to test balance in static AND dynamic formats

True

The Biodex balance system may be used to assess fall risk as well as a training tool to reduce the risk falling

True

The Bod Pod determines body composition by measuring density of the body

True

The Bod Pod is calibrated using a cylinder with a known volume

True

The Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale assess fall risk in community-dwelling, older adults.

True

The Y-balance test has been used to assess soccer players' risk of sustaining a lower extremity injury

True

The client should be seated when measuring forced vital capacity and/or maximals voluntary ventilation (maximal breathing capacity).

True

The client/patient may be seated, standing, or supine lying when measuring the elbow flexion

True

The hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio may be used as a rehabilitation goal following ACL injury

True

The ratio of FEV1/FVC is likely to be greater than 90% in individuals with a restrictive lung condition

True

The sequence of muscle contraction in response to a perturbation in balance may differ in older and younger adults.

True

The skin fold method ASSUMES that the distribution of visceral fat and subcutaneous fat is similar for all individuals pithing a population (e.g African-Am. women 20-64 years of age)

True

The velocity of joint movement (e.g. 30 deg/sec vs. 300 deg/sec) affects the hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio.

True

There are differences in the density of the fat-free body among different ethnic groups

True

Vertebral compression fractures resulting from osteoporosis may lead to kyphosis

True

Waist circumference is used to assess risk for obesity-related conditions

True

When measuring forearm portion and supination, the upper arm must be stable against the body

True

When measuring hip extension, both hips must be stabilized (I.e. both ASIS firmly on the table)

True

When monitoring body composition changes over time, multicomponent models offer grater accuracy than two-component models such as skinfolds and BIA

True

When peak knee extension torque (concentric, measured at 60deg/sec) is expressed relative to body mass, there is little difference between values for different athletes (e.g football linemen vs. golfers).

True

When using an anthropometer to measure biacromial diameter, the tips of the measurer's index fingers should be adjacent to the tips of the anthropometer blades.

True

Air displacement plethysmography (I.e Bod Pod) measure ____ component(s) of body composition

Two

Body composition is a ___ component model

Two

Which components of body composition can be determined using skinfold measurements and equations?

Two components: Fat mass and fat-free mass

Which of the following is the normal range of variability in peak torque between the right and left limbs in individuals with no previous or current injury, and not engaged in a unilateral sport, such as tennis?

Up to a 10-15% difference between limbs

What method may be used to check the calibration of a skinfold caliper?

Use a calibration bar. If the caliper correctly reads the size of the bar, the caliper is calibrated at that measurement

If the body fat results obtained using a BIA instruments are similar to values obtained using a criterion method, such as hydrostatic weighing, BIA is considered to be a/an ___ method of body composition

Valid

Osteoporotic bones are at a high risk fracture

True

Cardiovascular Endurance

Ability to perform prolonged, large muscle dynamic exercise at moderate to high intensities

Postural sway is directly related to one's risk of falling (I.e greater postural sway increase risk of falling).

True

Maximal Oxygen Consumption

(15.3 x age predicted max HR)/(resting HR)

What is the theoretical accuracy of BIA measures of body fat percentage compared to values obtained by criterion methods?

+/- 3-4% of values obtained by the criterion method

What is the theoretical accuracy of skin fold measurement of body fat percentage compare to the values obtained by criterion methods such as hydrostatic weighing?

+/- 3.5% if values obtained by the criterion method

^The 130 lb (59 kg) person will burn approximately how many Kcals daily (24 hours x 60 min/hr = 1440 min/day) to maintain the body at rest?

- 1450 Kcal

Your client is a 24 year-old male, 210 lbs (95.3 kg) and 72 inches (183 cm) tall. Using the Bod Pod, he is 28% body fat. If his target is 22% body fat, what will he weigh, assuming there is no change in lean body mass?

- 194 lbs

Jogging 5 miles/hour (12 min mile) on flat ground is an 8.6 MET activity. If an individual weighs 154 lbs (70 kg), approximately how many Kclas will be burned in 36 mins (3 miles)

- 380 Kcals --> (METS) x (3.5 O2 kg/min / 1 MET) x (Weight in Kg) = x --> x / 1000 = a --> (a L O2/min) x (5 kcal/L O2) = b kcal/min --> (b kcal/min) x (mins burned) = Answer

What is required when working with blood and body fluids?

- A biohazard bag to dispose of non-sharp, contaminated materials - Gloves when collecting the sample - A sharps container to disposed of used needles and lancets - Trash for paper and any waste without blood.

Which of the following is NOT scored as an error on the BESS? - Abducting the hip 10 degrees - Lifting the heel off the testing surface - Flexing the hip 40 degrees - Moving the hands off the iliac crests

- Abducting the hip 10 degrees

To obtain valid and reliable spirometric measurements, which of the following is required?

- Accurate and precise instrumentation - A cooperative client/patient who is capable of performing acceptable and repeatable trials - A technician who can communicate the proper technique from the client/patient

Which are the pretest instructions for hydrostatic weighing?

- Avoid carbonated beverages and food for 3-4 hours before measurement - Avoid strenuous exercise or smoking for at least 3-4 hours before measurement - Avoid gas-producing foods (beans) for 12 hours before measurement - NO lotions, hair gels, water soluble make-up - Void bladder

What are the p.a guidelines established in 2018?

- Avoid inactivity - Adults should accumulate 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic act. or 75 min/week of vigorous aerobic activity, or a combination of both. - Adults should perform moderate to high intensity muscle strengthening activities at least 2 days/week.

Which of the following is recommended during pregnancy to help maintain good posture and reduce pelvic and back pain?

- Balance training - Training core muscles - Training the pelvic floor muscles

The Polar Body Age System includes which of the following as part of its health and fitness assessment?

- Body comp. using skin fold measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis, or a body fat % directly entered into the system - The sit-and-reach test to assess lower back and hamstring flexibility - Health appraisals for nutrition and stress

Which of the following is NOT measured by DXA? - Fat mass - Bone mass - Body water - Body mineral density

- Body water

What is a component of the female athlete triad?

- Bone demineralization - Disordered eating - Menstrual dysfunction

Compared to non athletes, athletes often have greater

- Bone mineral content - Bone mineral density - Fat-free mass (lean body mass)

Which are considered a component of health-related physical fitness?

- Cardiorespiratory endurance - Flexibility - Muscle Endurance - Muscle Strength - Body Composition

What may be used to quantify the intensity of physical activity?

- Categorizing activity into sedentary, light, mod. and vigorous levels - Categorizing activity by MET level - Measuring kilocalories (Kcals) expended during physical activity

When measuring FVC, the client must

- Continue exhaling until he/she cannot expel any more air or 6 second for adults - Maximally inspire - Blast the air out as hard as possible

What provide input to help maintain balance?

- Cutaneous skin receptors - Muscle and joint proprioceptors - Vestubular system, including semicircular canals - Visual sytem

What is formula that correctly defines density

- Density=Mass/Volume

What may account for differences in the density of the fat-free mass (or lean body mass) between individuals?

- Differences in density of body fat & bone mineral density.

Spirometry may be used

- For preoperative evaluation - To screen for general respiratory health - To measure the effects of disease on pulmonary function

Which assessments include test items to evaluate balance while performing activities of daily living?

- Fullerton advanced balance scale - Berg balance scale

A body builder will likely show what on the Seca mBCA report?

- Increased proportion of water and a high phase angle

When standing upright and viewed from the side, a plumb line should go through all:

- Just in front of the lateral malleolus of the ankle - Center of the shoulder joint (I.e lateral projection of the acronym process) - The midline of the knee (or slightly anterior) - The greater trochanter

To obtain accurate body composition values using the Bod Pod, which is required?

- Men: speedo (spandex swim suit or single layer compression shorts - Women: Lyrca/spandex, compression shorts or sports bra ** form-fitting clothing and a swim cap ** remove jewelry or glasses

What can measure or quantify p.a?

- Pedometers and accelerometers - Questionnaires

Which of the following does describe isokinetic training?

- Performed at a constant speed throughout the range of motion - Can perform static, concentric, and eccentric training - The isokinetic dynamometer matches resistance to the force exerted

Which of the following reduces the risk of cross-contamination when performing pulmonary function testing?

- Sanitizing mouthpieces between clients/patients or using disposable mouthpieces - Disposable noseclips - In-line filters

Which progressions may be used with the Biodex Balance System?

- Stable to unstable surfaces - Static to dynamic formats - Bilateral to unilateral stance - Training or testing

Cardirespiratory endurance is dependent upon

- The ability of the heart to pump blood and oxygen to working muscles - The ability of working muscles to use oxygen to produce energy aerobically - The ability of the lungs to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

How does Cholestech measure blood lipids and glucose?

- The amount of reflected light is measured to determine lipid and glucose levels - RBC are separated from the plasma when the blood sample is placed into the cassette well. - The plasma reacts with the reagents on the cassette, causing a clot change.

Which of the following is recommended when testing knee flexion and extension using an isokinetic dynamometer?

- The rotational axis of the dynamometer should be aligned with the lateral epicondyle of the femur. - Arms should be across the chest. - The pelvis should be restrained.

Which of the following is NOT recommended when testing knee flexion and extension using an isokinetic dynamometer?

- The shin pad should be placed before the knee

Muscle Endurance

Ability to perform submax contractions or maintain a submax contraction (resistance to fatigue). Measured by curl-up, push up test.

Which of the following does describe isokentic testing of the quadriceps and hamstrings as illustrated in the video?

- The thigh of the leg being tested should be strapped for stabilization. - The upper body should be stabilized before beginning the test. - The range of motion should be set before testing begins.

The Harvard Alumni Study measured p.a at two time points, approximately 11-15 years apart. Which of the following describes individuals who did not spend >2000 Kcals/week at the first time point, but had increased their p.a to this level at the second time point?

- Their relative risks of dying prematurely decreased substantially, approaching the level of individuals who expended >2000 Kcals/week at both time points.

According to the data from the National Weight Control Registry, which of the following are reported by the majority of individuals who have successfully maintained weight loss?

- They exercise approximately 1 hour/day and eat a low fat, low calorie diet.

Which of the following is NOT assessed using the Berg Balance Scale? - Moving from a standing to a sitting position - Reaching forward while standing - Pick up an object off the floor - Walking 8 feet and turning around a corner

- Walking 8 feet and turning around a corner

What will result in accumulating at least 500 MET-min/week of moderate and/or vigorous p.a?

- Walking/jogging 4 mph (15 min mile, 6 METS), 30 min/day, 3 days/week - Walking 3 mph (20 min mile, 3.3 METS) 40 min/day, 5 days/week - Jogging 6 mph (10 min, 9.8 METS) 20 min/day, 3 days/week

A 130 lb (59 kg) individual burns approximately how many Kcals per minute at rest?

1 Kcal

Kyphosis

Abnormal curvature of thoracic spine causing a hunchback

Lordosis

Abnormals inward or forward curvature of vertebral column Results in an anterior pelvic tilt

Approximately what percentage of US adults meet the p.a guidelines for BOTH aerobic and muscle strengthening activity?

20%

According to the p.a guidelines, what describes moderate-intensity p.a for most adults?

3 to 5.9 METS

Lung Volumes that deviate from predicted values by 5% or more suggest pulmonary disease

False

Moving the head forward decreases the force or weight of the head of the spine

False

Which of the following is/are considered minimal body fat values for male and female athletes over 16 years-of-age?

5% body fat for male athletes 12-14% body fat for female athletes

Which of the following is a typical hamstring-to-quadriceps peak torque ratio (measure at 60 deg/sec) across a range of athletes (e.g. gymnasts, swimmers, and shot putters)?

60-70%

What is a considered desirable level for total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol?

<200 mg/dl >60 md dl

How many steps/day are associated with a sedentary lifestyle, and how many steps are recommended to achieve an active lifestyle?

<5000 >10,000

When performing pulmonary function testing in a clinical setting, obtaining adequate result typically requires

A minimum of 3 acceptable FVC and FEV1 trials that differ by no more than 150 mL (0.150L).

Which of the following can affect pulmonary function measurements and should be considered when developing norms for predicted values

Age, gender, ethnicity

Which of the following best describes the position of the goniometer when measuring shoulder internal rotation?

Axis at olecranon process of ulna, moving arm of goniometer parallel to forearm

What evaluates balance while standing on one foot on a firm surface AND on a less stable surface?

Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)

What test would be more appropriate for older, frail adults?

Berg Balance Scale

Moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise is likely to have which of the following acute effects on body composition measured using BIA (I.e body composition measured shortly after the exercise session)?

Body fat will be underestimated and FFM will be overestimated

After calibrating the Bod Pod, when the client enters and sits quietly, breathing for 50 seconds, what is been measured during this step. (Assume no other measurements have been made).

Body volume - By measuring changes in pressure within an enclosed chamber

Scoliosis

C-shaped, S-shaped (two curvatures) - Lateral curvature in the thoracic and/or lumbar spine

Physical fitness

Capability of the heart, blood vessels, lungs & muscles to function at optimal efficiency

During pulmonary testing, the flow volume look of an individual who has asthma and is experiencing airway obstruction will likely be

Concave

Calculating "target" weight

Current fat mass: (weight in lbs) x (% body fat in decimal) Current LBM: (weight in lbs) - (current fat mass) Target weight: (current LBM) / (desired % LBM in decimal) Desired % LBM: 100 - (target %)

Reducing body weight by dieting alone will likely result in which of the following?

Decreased basal metabolic rate

Total Cholesterol

Desirable: <200 mg/dl Borderline High: 200-239 mg/dl High: >240 mg/dl

Which of the following is a limitation of using pedometers to measure p.a? - Affected by emotions, meds, and caffeine - Difficult to use - High Cost - Don't measure intensity and type of exercise

Don't measure intensity and type of exercise

Y-balance test measures

Dynamic balance during lower extremity reaching - can identify athletes at greater risk of a lower extremity injury

Which of the following formulas defines vital capacity (VC)

ERV + TV + IRV TLC - RV IC + ERV

A graded exercise test to measure or estimate maximal aerobic capacity (max VO2) may be used to quantify daily physical activity.

FALSE

As education levels increase, physical levels decrease

FALSE

LDL-cholesterol picks up cholesterol from the arteries and moves it to the liver for disposal

FALSE

Which of the following are dynamic measures of lung function (I.e. time-independent)?

FEV1 & MVV

All skinfold prediction equations use the same location for each skin fold site (I.e all equations that require an abdominal skin fold use the same location on the abdomen).

False

Although there are a number of phone-based apps to measure the joint range of motion, they have not been shown to be valid or reliable compared to an electronic goniometer

False

Athletes should typically score a total of 3 or fewer errors on the BESS (total score for 6 test items).

False

Athletes who have a large amount of muscle hypertrophy are likely to have a density of the fat-free body (FFBd) greater than the typical population-specific value

False

BIA methods are often preferable to skinfold measurements for determining the body composition of athletes

False

BMI predicts obesity more accurately in children and older adults than in young and middle-aged adults

False

Compared to an eccentric contraction, individuals can exert more force during a concentric contraction

False

Compared to lean individuals, it is generally easier to obtain accurate skinfold measurements on obese individuals

False

Compared to older adults (e.g 65+ years.), younger adults typically take longer to respond to a perturbation in balance

False

Comparing individuals of the same age, height, and gender, aerobically fit individuals (e.g runner, cyclists) will have larger static lung volumes (e.g TV, SVC) than sedentary individuals.

False

Exahling to residual volume is necessary to obtain an accurate measure of body fat when using the Bod Pod

False

Fat stored on the lower body (e.g hips and thighs) increases risk for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes more than fat stored around the waist (upper body).

False

Hydrostatic weighing is considered the "gold standard" method of determining body composition because, when performed correctly, there is little to no error in the measurement of body fat.

False

In a neutral spine position, the pelvis is titled in a posterior direction which flattens the lower back (e.g if lying supine on the floor, there is no space b/w the lumbar spine and the floor.)

False

In general, male athletes have a greater incidence of knee injuries compared to female athletes.

False

Individuals with a higher body density will have more body fat

False

Individuals with a restrictive lung condition are likely to have a normal vital capacity

False

Values obtained from the upper body BIA instruments (e.g hand-held Omron) and lower body BIA instruments (e.g Tanita scale) are very similar; thus, for repeat measurements on a client, the instruments may be interchanged (e.g. can obtain a baseline measures using the Omron and a follow-up measurement, 3 months later, using Tanita scale).

False

Weight loss over 4-6 months is linear -- for every 3,500 Kcal energy deficit, individuals will consistently lose 1 lb of body fat.

False

When measuring hip abduction, the hip should be allowed to externally rotate

False

When the body is properly aligned, the dominant shoulder should be slightly higher than the non-dominant when viewed from the front or the back (ant/posterior views).

False

When using a goniometer, the stationary arm is placed parallel to the moving body segment

False

When performing the hydrostatic weighing, an accurate underwater weight can typically be determined from 1-2 trials, with little accuracy gained by measuring underwater weight more than two times.

False - 5-10 trials

When measuring maximal voluntary ventilation (or maximal breathing capacity), the recommended breathing rate is 40-50 breaths/minute.

False - 85-100 breaths/min MVV

A goniometer provides an indirect measure of the joint range of motion

False - Direct

When measuring bitrochanteric diameter, the anthropometer blades are placed on the anatomical landmark and very light pressure is applied to the anthropometer

False - Hard pressure!

When a person enters the Bod Pod, the air inside the chamber expands or is compressed as the temperature in the chamber changes; this describes isothermal conditions

False - Isothermal: Temperature of air remains constant as its volume changes.

Measuring skinfolds immediately after exercise (e.g 60 mins of moderate to high intensity exercise) is likely to result in an underestimation of body fat.

False - Skinfold will be more cos of swelling

Wearing loose or bulky clothing when using the Bod Pod will overestimate body fat

False - Underestimate

If a client is dehydrated, the BIA method will like underestimate the body fat percentage

False - it will overestimate it

Skinfold measures internal, visceral fat

False - measures skin and subcutaneous fat

When calculating body density, the value should be rounded to two decimals places to the right of the decimal

False - 4 decimal places

What suggests diabetes and would be confirmed by a follow-up test?

Fasting plasma glucose = 130 mg/dl

Two-component models of body composition measure

Fat mass and fat-free mass or lean body mass

Forward Head

Fatigue, chronic neck pain, restricted neck motion Phase 3: Rounded shoulders --> kyphosis

The Bod Pod rehires a measurement of body surface area. How is this obtained?

From the client's height and weight

What affects the density of the fat-free body?

Gender, ethnicity, age

During PNF stretching, contraction of the agonist muscle is designed to activate which sensory organ, and cause which reflex action?

Golgi tendon organ, causes reflex muscle relaxation

Good standing posture requires

Hips level Heels together, toes pointed at approx. 60 angle.

Which domain of p.a is NOT assessed by the Baecke P.A Questionnaire? - Sport Activity - Household or domestic activity - Non-sport leisure activity - Work activity

Household or domestic activity

The Functional Movement Screen is designed to

Identify: Movement deficiency Limitations or asymmetries

Which of the following sensory organs is activated during the myotatic stretch reflex, and what is the reflex action?

If muscle lengthens too quickly, muscle spindle is activated, causing reflex muscle contraction to resist lengthening

An individual who has uncontrolled hypertension or heat failure will likely show which of the following results on the Seca mBCA report?

Increased proportion of water and a low phase angle.

Using the Functional Movement Screen to assess movement patterns, corrective exercises should FIRST focus on which type of limitation?

Mobility Limitations

An optics checks cassette is used with the Cholestech

to check that the reflectance photometry is working properly

Which of the following activities is most likely to increase bone mass?

Jogging and weight training

When completing the 7-day physical activity recall, the individual should recall minutes spent in each of the following categories EXCEPT: - Light intensity p.a - Sleep - Mod. intensity p.a. - Hard intensity p.a - Very hard intensity p.a

Light intensity p.a

Which postural deviation is most likely to be observed in field sport athletes and sprint runners?

Lordosis and an anterior pelvic tilt

Which of the following is recommended to optimize energy expenditure while minimizing injury risk?

Low to moderate intensity activities performed for longer duration (30+ mins), at least 5 days/week

HDL Cholesterol

Low: <40 mg/dl (High CHD risk) High: >60 mg/dl (Low CHD risk)

When evaluating pulmonary function, measurements that fall within the lower limits of normal range are considered abnormal values. The lower limits of normal represents what percentage of people, or what percent on a bell curve?

Lowest 5%

An anterior curvature is normal in which spinal segments?

Lumbar and cervical

Muscle Strength

Max. force that a muscle can exert Measured as 1 rep.

Which of the following does NOT describe isokinetic training?

Maximal force is limited to the resistance exerted at the weakest point in the range of motion.

What method is recommended to efficiently obtain the most accurate results for waist, hip, and thigh circumferences?

Measure waits, then hip circumference, repeat measurements in this order. Recheck measurements that are not within an accepted range of variation Rotational Order

A young adult has a FEV1/FVC ration of 65%. How would this be interpreted?

Possible obstructive lung disease condition

Spirometry is used to measure

Pulmonary flow rates Lung volumes

Categorizing individuals' cardiorespiratory fitness by quintiles (q1 = least fit/scoring in the lowest 20% of the pop. tested, q5 = most fit/scoring in the top 20%), data from the Aerobics Center Long. Study show that increasing cardiorespiratory fitness has the most impact on reducing mortality when individuals more from

Quintile 1 to 2

Which of the following is most likely to stimulate gains in muscle mass?

Resistance train, adequate calorie and protein intake

Which position should the client/patient be in when measuring shoulder extension

Seated or prone lying

Which of these testing devices does NOT measure range of motion in degrees?

Sit-and-reach box

Diameter measurements assess

Skeletal size

Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the theoretical volume or air that can be exchanged in 1 minute.

True

Muscle imbalances may contribute to injury risk in athletes

True

Obesity can affect pulmonary test results.

True

Skill-related fitness

Speed Power Agility Balance Coordination Reaction & Movement Times

The Functional Movement Screen assesses performance on 7 movement tests that require:

Stability Mobility High level performance

Which of the following is recommended for improving flexibility?

Stretch to the point of mild discomfort, hold for 10-30 sec, 2-4 repetitions of each stretch

Which position should the client/patient be in when measuring hip flexion?

Supine lying

Which position should the client/patient be in when measuring knee flexion?

Supine lying

Which of the following is/are the criterion for diagnosing osteopenia

T-score of -1.0 to -2.4

Which of the following is/are the criterion for diagnosing osteoperosis

T-score: >-2.5

Based on health and fitness assessments, the Polar Body Age system calculates a "body age" that may be higher or lower than chronological age

TRUE

Because blood triglycerides levels are affected by meals, they must be measured in a fasting state (ex. 12 hour fast).

TRUE

HDL moves the cholesterol from the arteries to the liver

TRUE

In the US, the most active adults have mortality rates of 25-50% lower than the least active adults.

TRUE

Like other cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity should be regularly assessed

TRUE

Push-up and curl-up test measure endurance

TRUE

The Polar Body Age system can be used and motivate clients or patients

TRUE

When gathering information on physical activity using the 7-day Physical Activity Recall, the interviewer should cue and prompt the interviewee. For ex, "Did you take any walks? "Did your housework feel similar to how you feel when walking at a normal pace?"

TRUE

What is the standard technique for measuring skinfolds?

Tall all measurements on the right side of the body

Which of the following describes what is commonly observed in uninjured limbs?

The hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio increases as velocity increases

Which of the following best describes the Omron hand-held, upper body analyzer?

The hand-held Omron measures total body fat based on impedance in the upper body only.

A major source of variability when using skin fold measurements to determine body composition is the prediction equation selected to convert skin fold to % body fat

True

A skinfold measures two layers of skin and the underlying subcutaneous fat.

True

After lifting the skinfold, you should continue holding the skin fold while reading the caliper

True

Air in the lungs and thorax is a source of isothermal air when using the Bod Pod to measure body composition

True

Air that is not exhaled underwater increases buoyancy of the body and will result in an overestimation of body fat.

True

An anthropometric tape with a Gulick handle helps to ensure that consistent tension is applied on the tape

True

An individual's loss of weight in water is directly proportional to the volume and weight of the water displaced by the body.

True

An isokinetic dynamometer allows a therapist to limit strength training to a pain-free range of motion.

True

Anthropometry refers to measuring the size and proportion of the human body

True

As the sun if the skinfolds increases, the density of the body decreases

True

As visceral fat increases, waist circumference increases

True

Assessing standing posture may indicate muscle impairments that can be addressed through a strength and conditioning program

True

BIA is based on the principle that biological tissues act as conductors or insulators to the flow of the an electric current

True

Compared to adipose tissue, muscle is a good conductor of an electrical current

True

Compared to population-specific equations, generalized equations are appropriate for a more diverse, heterogeneous population

True

Compensations to overcome balance, flexibility, or strength limitations may predispose individuals to injury

True

DXA scanners pass two different X-ray energies through the body

True

During pulmonary testing, the client should be encouraged and coaxed when maximal effort is required

True

Elbow breadth (diameter) may be used to estimate frame size in adult men and women

True

Equations using only circumferences estimate body fatness of obese individuals more accurately than skin folds

True

Goniometers are used to measure static flexibility

True

Good posture is characterized by skeletal and muscle balance and alignment

True

Good posture should minimize the energy required to maintain the body position in space

True

Healthy individuals are not limited by pulmonary system but by cardiovascular

True

Height affects lung volumes; taller individuals have larger static lung volumes than shorter individuals.

True

In addition to measuring total body fat, DXA also provides values for different body regions, (e.g arms, legs, trunk).

True

Increasing muscle temperature generally increase flexibility

True

Individuals with greater than average muscle development may be classified as obese when using BMI to assess body composition

True

Isokinetic testing is typically used to compare strength and power of an injured limb to the uninjured side (e.g. right injured know to the left uninjured knee).

True

One of the assumptions of the skinfold method is that measuring skinfold thickness at multiple sites provides a good measure of subcutaneous fat. This assumption reflects which measurement concept?

Validity of the skinfold method

Which of the following describes a moderate-intensity activity when responding to the 7-day p.a recall?

Walking at a normal pace or walking as you would when going somewhere

At what depth should the caliper tips be placed when determining skinfold thickness?

Where the sides of the skinfold are approximately parallel, which is usually midway between the body and the crest of the skinfold

What test would be most appropriate for athletes?

Y-balance Test

Torso measurements should be measure

at the end of a normal exhalation

Limb circumference (e.g arm/biceps, forearm, mid-thigh, calf) should be measured

on the right side of the body