Final exam Physiology

Goblet cells Paneth cells Where are these found and what do they secrete?

Goblet cells found in villi, secrete mucus panted cells found in villi, secrete antibacterial molecules that target pathogens(bacteria)

What does insulin measure? What is the function of this measurement?

Helps measure kidney function by

Functional unit of the liver is?

liver lobules

Kupffer cells are?

macrophages in the liver, that are the first innate cell to protect against bacteria

Give the 3-5 functions of the liver talked in lecture?

~stores vitamins ~stores glucose as glycagon ~detoxifies poison ~converts ammonia into urea ~destroys old red blood cells and helps store iron

"Microbiota" describes what?

Community of bacteria within the colon

What smooth muscle makes up the wall of the urinary bladder?

Detrusor muscle

What does the stomach do?

-food absorption -It produces pepsin break down proteins -It produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give the right pH for pepsin to work -feeding nutrients into the small intestine

CH.17 Kidneys What are the five functions of the urinary system/kidneys?

1. Removes wastes and extra fluid, kidney is like a filtration system and urinary system is what exerts the waste out through peeing. 2. Help control blood pressure 3. Makes red blood cells 4. Helps the concentration of electrolytes 5. Helps control PH levels

What are the two regions of the kidneys?

1. Renal Cortex putter layer(reddish in color due to the capillaries present) 2.Renal Medulla inner layer( has pyramids which drain into the minor and major calyces which spill into the renal _pelvis_which narrows forming the ureter)

Within normal circumstances what two molecules are reabsorbed by the kidney?

1. bicarbornate 2. glucose

What three anatomical adaptation increase the surface area of the small intestine ?

?

Label the functions of the following within the pancreatic juice

Amylase-digest carbohydrates ex. starch Lipase-break down fat Bicarbonate-buffer Trypsin-digest proteins and activates other enzymes

What hormone promotes salt reabsorption and why would this be necessary?

Antidiuretic hormone, necessary for more water intake ?

Are ion concentrations regulated by reabsorption or secretion or both?

Both ?

The term used to describe the partially digested contents of the stomach is ?

Chyme

Carbonic reversible chemical reaction?

CO2 + H2O--->H2CO3--->HCO2-+H+

Chief cells Parietal cells Neck cells they are found where and secrete what ?

Chief cells, produced in stomach, secrete pepsin, that ingest protein Parietal cells, produced in stomach, secrete HCl Neck cells, found in stomach, secrete mucus which protects the inner lining of the stomach walls from acid

Stimulus above leads to a release of what hormone ?

Cholecystokinin

the primary molecular component of gallstones is?

Cholesterol

Where are most of the internal microbes of the human body located?

Colon

Why are women more prone to urinary tract infections than men?

Due to the uretha being shorter in women at 2in, than the men at 8inches, bacteria and pathogens can enter the bladder in a quicker way.

What doe the bile do?

Emulsify fat globules down to smaller fat molecules to be used an nutrients and energy

Define Glycosuria

Is the presence of glucose in the urine.

what type of receptor alerts the brain of a full bladder?

Micturation

How is water drawn out of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate and Cl- follows passively by electrical attraction so water follows salt

How does ADH secretion result in an increase in water reabsorption?

The ADH makes the collecting duct more permeable to water

Which activates which in the questions above?

Trypsin acts as an enzyme converting zymogens into their active forms

What is a metabolic waste product resulting from protein metabolism?

Urea

What is bilirubin?

a orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile

What is the Chylomicron?

a particle of lipids and proteins secreted by intestinal epithelial cells into lymph and transported by lymphatic system to the blood

What is the cause of acid reflux?

back flow or splashing of stomach acid into the esophagus

Hepatic portal circulation describes?

blood flow from a capillary bed to a vein to another capillary then to another vein

How doe simple sugars enter the blood stream?

cells move sugar through the extracellular fluid to be absorbed by the blood stream

cholera bacteria cause what disease in humans?

diarrhea, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

What is secretion?

elimination of waste products into the urine occurs in the urea

What function may the appendix perform?

immune function, has lymphatic nodules and houses beneficial bacteria

What are the opposing roles of insulin and glucagon?

insulin decreases blood sugar levels and glucagon increase blood sugar levels and destroys the fat where sugar is stored

What's the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron, which works through a two step process the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes through your urine

What is the purpose of the countercurrent system?

reabsorption of water

What is reabsorption ?

reuptake of nurtrients such as glucose back into the blood stream and appears in the proximal tubule

What stimulus promotes secretion of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine?

stimulus is the arrival of food from a meal

Gallbladder does what?

stores and concentrates bile and delivers as well

What is inulin?

sugar produced by plants which measure the glomerular filtration rate

How do amino acids enter the blood stream?

the amino acids are transported from the intestinal lumen through the intestinal cells to the blood. This movement of individual amino acids requires special transport proteins and the cellular energy molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

What does the "Brush Border" describe?

the appearance of microvilli under high magnification

Which organ regenerates itself?

the liver

What is Excretion?

the process of removing waste from the body, so peeing it out

What is filtration?

the process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture

There are two sphincters what muscle composes them?

upper sphincter muscle, smooth involuntary muscle part of the automatic nervous system ANS (internal urethral) lower sphincter muscle, voluntary skeletal muscle controlled by somatic nervous system SNS (external urethral)

What is peristalsis?

wave-like involuntary smooth muscle contractions

Jaundice is?

yellow skin and white of eye coloring, caused by elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood