Final Exam review Questions

Which of the following statements regarding the racial gap in household wealth and income between white and black Americans is FALSE

Black Americans have made no gains in income since the civil rights movement

During a lecture about race in his sociology class, Thomas (20) becomes confused. He recently discovered that on his birth certificate he was labeled as white, yet his much younger brother Carlos (5) is classified as Hispanic on his birth certificate. What could best explain this discrepancy in labels?

How social institutions choose to label and identify racial and ethnic groups changes over time

Which of the following is NOT an example of a stereotype?

Isiah cooking his girlfriend a meat-free dinner because she is a vegetarian

In the US, _____, which were in place for about 100 years, from the post-Civil War era until 1968, kept blacks from voting, from attending quality schools, and from participating equally in a wide variety of social institutions in the US including various opportunities to build wealth

Jim Crow Laws

According to the lecture, which of the following is NOT a reason we see a growing gap between the rich and poor?

Labor union membership has increased, which reduces wages of workers while benefiting those in high-power negotiating positions within labor unions.

Which of the following is NOT a critical issue to consider in conducting and evaluating research on gender differences?

One must recognize that there are more difference s between men and women than within difference groups

Sociologists describe race as a social construct. What does this statement mean?

Race is a system that is invented, created by human beings

which of the following describes a difference between sex and gender?

Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies with masculine or feminine traits and behaviors.

Alienation, according to Karl Marx, refers to:

The condition in which the individual is isolated and separated from meaningful human experiences and one's sense of self

Which of the following is NOT a major assumption of Davis and Moore's Theory of Stratification?

There are often major disagreements in society about which jobs are more desirable and prestigious

Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men?

Women in the workforce, by choice and/or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs.

What is "race ideology" that is used to justify racial inequality and discrimination?

a belief system used to justify a status hierarchy based on race, with beliefs that certain racial groups are naturally inferior to others

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination

a corporation's systematic denial of qualified women into managerial positions

Which of the following is an example of a patriarchy?

a government where officials are mostly male

Ethnicity refers to;

a group with a shared common historical and cultural heritage

An ideology that includes an explanation for existing inequalities in a way that supports social stratification in a given society, is found in ___.

all types of stratification system

if we apply our sociological imaginations to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that:

although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has change through time and place

A stratification system with a few leaders who broadly hold the power in society- is called a(n) _____ system.

estate system

Karl Marx criticized capitalism as an economic system for ____.

exploiting worker by paying them less than their value

DNA ancestry tests and other genetic test can accurately identify one's race (T/F)

false

Since the 1980s, the middle class has increased in terms of both population size and its size relative to other social classes (T/F)

false

The probability that an American will experience upward, intergenerational mobility (i.e. attain a higher social class/income compared to one's parents) has increased since the 1970s (T/F)

false

According to Evolutionary Psychology: Males have evolved to be more risk-taking because of ___ intra-sexual competition for mates among males; females have evolved to be risk-averse, in part, because of ___ intra-sexual competition for mates among females

high; low

____ refers to the receipt of money over a period of time, whereas ____ refers to the net value of assets that one has a given point in time.

income; wealth

Between the 1960s and today, the top 1 percent of families in the United States saw their share of all income ____.

increase significantly, compared to the other 99% of Americans

Which American job sector has greatly increased since the 70s?

low-wage service jobs

In one study on gender and aggression reviewed in lecture, which of the following patterns of behavior emerged under conditions of anonymity?

men and women show similar levels of aggression

Which of the following is an assumption of the "no race theory" offered by the fields of physical anthropology and human genetics

more biological variability exists within racial groups than between racial groups, physical characteristics used to identify race are NOT transmitted along with the stereotyped abilities society attaches to certain racial groups, and biologically and psychologically distinct racial groups do not exist because isolation of groups has been infrequent and populations have always interbred (all)

Compared to other high-income nations, the United States has _____.

more economic inequality

According to Davis and Moore, a system of unequal rewards increases productivity by ____.

motivating people to work longer, harder, and/or better

Kent is passionate about early childhood education. After college he is quickly able to find a job in a local elementary school as a second grade teacher. Kent is one of only two male teachers in the entire school. which concept would a sociologist most likely use to describe the percentage or occupations such as teaching that are male?

occupational sex segregation

A common micro-level pattern involving social interaction is that ___.

people tend to socialize with others that hold a similar social position in the stratification system.

before her engineering exam, Tessa was having a conversation with a male classmate about feeling nervous about the test. In response, he commented, "no one will fault you if you don't do well on the exam. everyone knows that men are better at math and engineering than women are." According to the findings of sociological research about gender stereotypes referred to as stereotype threat, after hearing this comment, Tessa will be more likely to ____.

perform poorly on the exam

In 1942, 120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal oder to internment camps. Afterward, all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or US citizenship status) went from being a relatively unnoticed ethnic group to a to a group being singled out for discrimination. This process, by which a formerly unknown/unnoticed social group are labeled and characterized by society as different and inferior compared to other groups, is called:

racialization

Jenny is given a doll for her 2nd birthday, while her brother, tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender _____.

socialization

Conspicuous consumption refers to:

spending on things that serve no practical or necessary purpose as a way to enhance one's social status

Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunter-gatherers and bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. After WWII, changes in the family structure allowed women to become breadwinners also, altering the roles of the family. In other words, Tasha thinks that changes in the economy will lead to changes gender role patterns of the family. Which perspective is most consistent with Tasha's viewpoint?

structural functionalism

"Poverty is inevitable. It is necessary for societal stability because it motivates people to try hard in order to stay out of poverty." This statement is most consistent with which of the following sociological perspectives?

structural-functional approach

In the Disney film "Dumbo," the crows that teach Dumbo how to fly are often brought up as an example of racial stereotype in cartoons. The "jive-talking" crows are depicted as uneducated and poor, and speak in a stereotypically black manner. Today, this is widely considered an inappropriate stereotype. Many children, however, are still raised watching this film, unaware that such stereotypes are negative. In other words, children may be socialized to accept certain stereotypes as natural and acceptable. Which theory of prejudice reflects this argument?

the Culture of Prejudice Theory

The series of personality characteristics, which tend to correlate with racist beliefs and actions, including a rigid adherence to conventional lifestyles and values, admiration of power and toughness in interpersonal relationships, submission to and an emphasis on obedience, and a fear of things that are different is called:

the authoritarian personality

Applied to the relationship between sex and gender, biological determinism refers to:

the belief that one's biological sex is the primary cause of one's expression of masculine and feminine traits.

Scapegoat Theory (Frustration Theory) states that a person is more likely to be prejudiced when faced with:

the inability to achieve his or her goals in society

According to the Davis-Moore thesis (structural functionalist): ____

the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is

The example of Caster Semenya discussed in the lecture was used to demostrate:

the social construction of both sex and gender

How do American families with modest incomes (middle class) most commonly acquire some wealth?

through home ownership

Chase grew up wanting to wear his sister's dresses over his brother's pants and button up shirts. When Chase turns 18, he decides to begin living as a woman, though he's still only sexually attracted to women. He decides he doesn't want to undergo surgery. Chase is:

transgender

According to sociological research using meta-analysis, there is more variation in attributes within groups of males or within groups of females than between the two groups. (T/F)

true

In general, income inequality is greater in lower income nations than it is in higher-income nations. (T/F)

true

In the United States, wealth is distributed more unequally than income (T/F)

true

Current examples of institutional discrimination include all of the following EXCEPT:

when a landlord refuses to rent to members of a certain racial group