Final exam study guide (all quiz and test questions/answers)
What are the parts of Koch's postulates?
1. same microbe is present in every case of a disease 2. isolate the microbe and grow it in pure culture in a lab 3. inoculate a healthy subject with pure culture and subject develops the same disease 4. re-isolate same microbe from the new host
In what year did Darwin begin his journey? What was the name of the ship on which he traveled?
1831, Beagle
In what year did Darwin arrive in the Galapagos Islands?
1835
How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis ONLY?
2
What percentage of female elephants are typically tuskless in an elephant population less affected by poaching?
2-6%
Down syndrome occurs when individuals have an extra copy of which chromosome?
21
Plant cells DO NOT contain which of the following structures? Chloroplast, Cell Wall, Plasma membrane, Lysosome
Lysosome
What scientist built on Darwin's findings to later describe the Law of Inheritance?
Mendel
What scientist also analyzed all the samples Darwin collected in the Galapagos Islands?
Richard Owen
What is the name of the book written by Darwin explaining natural selection? In what year was written? What was the name of Darwin's publisher while writing the book?
The Origin of Species by Natural Section, 1859, John Murray
When performing an experiment using the scientific method, which of the following should you do first? form a hypothesis, draw conclusions, make a prediction, ask a question?
ask a question
What is the purpose of chemokine during inflammation?
attract white blood cells to the right area of the body
What type of symbiotic relationship takes place when one organism benefits and one organism is unharmed from their relationship?
commensalism
What type of toxins specifically target one type of host cells in the body during an infectious disease?
exotoxins
(T/F) All cells are surrounded by three layers of phospholipids
false
(T/F) Saturated fats are liquid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are solid at room temperature
false
(T/F) Trans fats share many of the same health benefits as unsaturated fats?
false
Describe the archaeopteryx. What two groups of animals does this organism seem to be a link between?
feathers on wings and tail, claws on wings, jaw, bones in tail Link between reptiles and bird
Index case
first person to have disease during outbreak
What type of cell junction allows small molecules to be passed from the cytoplasm of one animal cells to another?
gap junctions
What would probably happen to a male elephant that doesn't have tusks?
he could be severely wounded while fighting another male
What is the purpose of the bioluminescent glow produced by the light organ of the bobtail squid?
hide from predators and prey, illuminate the ocean floor so it can locate prey
The main difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, on a molecular level, is the amount of ____ attached to carbon molecules
hydrogen
Is tusklessness an inherited or acquired trait?
inherited
What are the purpose of leukocidins?
kill host immune cells
What chemical or structure can microbes use to directly kill our body's white blood cells
leukocidin
What type of infection only occurs at one location on the body?
localized infection
Focal infection
microbes break loose from a local infection and move to another site in the body
Toxemia
microbes remain in one place but toxins move throughout the body
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy for living cells?
mitochondria
Explain the concept of natural selection
only the fittest survive. Animals have many offspring and the characteristics that allow those animals to survive the best are the ones that carry on to the next generation
One of the main functions of the liver is to break down fatty acids and get rid of toxic substances inside the body. Which organelle helps liver cells perform these functions?
peroxisome
Mimicry is an example of which type of defense?
physical defense
What type of cells produce antibodies?
plasma cells (B cells)
Name one other animal that appears to be a link between two groups of animals. Which two groups of animals does it link together?
platypus - link between reptiles and mammals (lays eggs in a nest)
Which member of a typical food chain would be considered an herbivore?
primary consumer
Phagocytosis
process by which microbes are engulfed by and destroyed within white blood cells
What is the main function of the carbohydrates in living organisms?
provide energy
Which invasive species is currently growing out of control in Australia?
rabbit
Flowers with seeds that are dispersed by the wind would be classified into which of the following species distribution patterns?
random
Is tusklessness in male elephants a rare or common trait?
rare
What happens during an anabolic metabolic pathway?
small molecules are joined together and energy is used
Systemic infection
spread throughout the body (via bloodstream)
What is the name of the test you could perform to determine a genotype of a random plant?
test cross
If no Vibrio fischeri are present in the environment, what is most likely to happen during the development of the bobtail squid
the light organ does not completely develop
What best describes the law of independent assortment?
the way in which one gene is inherited is not influenced by the inheritance of a second gene
What happened in Mozambique between 1977 and 1992? How did this event affect the size of Gorongosa National Park's elephant population?
there was a civil war, during which 90% of the elephants were killed
Mortality rate
total number of deaths
(T/F) Unsaturated fat molecules do not stack together as tightly as saturated fat molecules
true
What are tusks? How does an elephant use its tusks?
tusk are elongated incisors (teeth) that continue to grow throughout an elephant's life. Elephants use their tusks to strip bark from trees or dig holes for water and minerals. Male elephants also use their tusks to fight other males for females
After learning about the scientific method, you decide to perform an experiment on your brother's pet hamster. When planning your experiment, what is important to remember?
you must have a testable hypothesis
What other scientist also came up with the idea of natural selection?
Alfred Russel Wallace
What is the correct order of the levels of organization of living things?
Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
When Mendel performed his hybridizations and crossed true-breeding plants with dominant and recessive traits, what did he find in the F1 generation?
100% dominant
Which of the following structures is present only in the eukaryotic cells? ER, Plasma membrane, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm
ER
Why were elephants with tusks targeted during the civil war in Mozambique?
Elephants were killed for ivory which was sold to buy arms and ammunition
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics used to define living things? Regulation, Adaptation, Independent thought, Order
Independent thought
Which part of the atom carries a positive charge and has a mass of 0?
None
Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system? Golgi, Peroxisomes, Nuclear envelope, Lysosome
Peroxisomes
Fomite
a cup that wasn't thoroughly cleaned in the cafeteria
What is unusual about the elephant population found in Gorongosa?
a high proportion of the female elephants are tuskless
How would you best describe the second law of thermodynamics?
all energy transformations lose a small amount of energy as heat
What are the 6 most abundant elements in living organisms?
carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur
Which type of molecules do cells prefer to use in order to produce ATP?
carbs
What is the maximum number of individuals that a particular environment can sustain in a given population?
carrying capacity
What is the smallest level of organization of living things at which something can be considered "alive"?
cell
What is the function of the flagella in prokaryotic cells?
cell movement
What structure stores water inside of plant cells?
central vacuole
What did Darwin learn about tortoises in the Galapagos Islands?
could determine the island they came from based on their shell shape Round shells = wetter islands Peaked shells = drier islands (could reach higher plants)
What type of chemical bond occurs when two or more atoms share electrons?
covalent bond
Where does glycolysis take
cytoplasm
What is the dominant plant species of the temperate forest biome?
deciduous trees
Isotopes are different forms of the same element that differ in what way?
different number of neutrons
You have decided to study the way in which fish interact with dirt and rocks in a particular pond. What are you studying?
ecosystem
Joyce Poole is an expert in what?
elephant communication and behavior
What did Darwin learn about finches in the Galapagos Islands?
finches had different types of beaks based on the types of food that they ate Thin beaks = ate insects Thick beaks = ate nuts Developed as they inhabited new environment
Which type of organism typically performs photosynthesis and acts as the base for a particular community?
foundation species
Law of dominance
in a heterozygous organism, one trait will hide the presence of another
What statistic represents the number of new cases of a disease during a given time period?
incidence
In some flowers, a cross between a plant with red flowers and a plant with white flowers can produce offspring with pink flowers. This is an example of which of the following?
incomplete dominance
Mutualism is defined as a close, prolonged association of two or more species that is of benefit to all participants. Explain how the relationship between the bobtail squid and Vibrio fischeri is an example of mutualism. Defend your claim with evidence
it is a close and prolonged relationship. Once Vibrio bacteria enter the light organ, a population of Vibrio will be there for the lifetime of the squid. Both species benefit from this relationship. The bacteria housed in the light organ are protected and nourished. Counterillumination provided by the glowing bacteria benefits the squid. It makes the squid "invisible" to both predators and prey
What is the simplest form of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
Which zone in the marine biome has the greatest biodiversity?
neritic zone
Is the link between heavy poaching and a high incidence of tuskless females unique to Gorongosa? What is the evidence?
no, high rates of poaching and tusklessness have also been seen in the Selous elephants in Southern Tanzania and in the Queen Elizabeth elephants in Uganda
How many adult males without tusks have been found in Gorongosa National Park?
none
Incidence
number of new cases over a given time period (# per 100,000 persons)
What can you learn from the atomic number of an element?
number of protons
Localized infection
occurs at one site on/in the body
Describe the experiment that proved the presence of Vibrio fischeri is required for the maturation of the light organ
scientists raised two sets of bobtail squid. Vibrio fischeri were present in the environment of one set of squid and absent from the environment of the other. Both sets of squid were healthy. But those raised in the absence of the bacteria did not form mature light organs. Those with the bacteria present in their environment did form mature light organs
What percentage of female elephants were tuskless in Gorongosa according to Poole's surveys?
the civil war survivors that were 20+ in age had a percentage of 50% and the offspring of the civil war survivors 10-20 years old had a percentage of 33%
The squid light organ has structural and functional similarities to an eye, including the ability to detect light. Explain why it is important to the squid's survival to be able to detect light as well as emit
the squid must be able to determine how bright the moonlight coming in from above is so that the amount of light emitted by the light organ matches it
Morbidity rate
total number of cases
Prevalence
total number of cases with respect to the entire population (%)
How do you calculate mortality rate?
total number of deaths divided by the number surviving, multiplied by 1000
(T/F) Rough ER has a "rough" texture because it is covered in ribosomes
true
Do tuskless female elephants have tusked or tuskless offspring?
tuskless
The bobtail squid and Vibrio fischeri serve as model organisms for studying cellular communication. Provide at least two examples of communication either between squid and bacteria or within bacteria from the film
without the ability to communicate with Vibrio fischeri, the bobtail squid would not be able to select for this species of bacteria and direct it to the appropriate location in the light organ. In turn, the bacteria communicate with the cells of the light organ to signal its maturation. Another example of cellular communication would be quorum sensing within the bacterial population. The squid and bacteria provide an attractive system for studying cellular communication because in the light organ, only one species of bacteria interacts with the host
