FINAL EXAM study guide CH 7 blood

water

Water helps keep your temperature normal and carries oxygen to blood and cells within the body

Leukocytosis

When the number of white cells in your blood is higher than normal

myelocytic

a bone marrow cell especially : a motile cell with cytoplasmic granules that gives rise to the blood granulocytes and occurs abnormally in the circulating blood (as in myelogenous leukemia)

Globulins

are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune system. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection. There are four main types of globulins. They are called alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma.

Antigens

are molecules capable of stimulating an immune response. Each antigen has distinct surface features, or epitopes, resulting in specific responses.

Plasma

carries water, salts and enzymes. The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also put their waste products into the plasma. The plasma then helps remove this waste from the body.

Describe the process of erythropoesis

the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes)

viscosity

the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction.

blood doping

is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream in order to enhance athletic performance. Because such blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration in the blood can improve an athlete's aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and endurance.

Eosinophil

stored in tissues throughout the body, surviving for up to several weeks. The bone marrow continually replenishes the body's white blood cell supply. responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates specialized white blood cells that curb infection and boost inflammation

formed elements perform the functions of Transportation

Blood transports: · Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract · Metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination · Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

anemia

hemoglobin level will be low too. If it is low enough, your tissues or organs may not get enough oxygen. Symptoms of anemia -- like fatigue or pain -- happen because your organs aren't getting what they need to work the way they should.

Deployment of leukocytes at the site of tissue damage

i) Margination Slow down by cell adhesion molecules secreted by endothelial cells ii)Diapedesis Leukocytes slip out of the capillary blood vessels. iii)Chemotaxis Gather in large numbers at areas of tissue damage and infection by following the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes iv)Phagocytosis Destroy foreign substances or dead cells

Leukemia

is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells. Leukemia can develop due to a problem with blood cell production. It usually affects the leukocytes, or white blood cells.

albumin

is a protein made by your liver. Albumin helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn't leak into other tissues. It is also carries various substances throughout your body, including hormones, vitamins, and enzymes. Low albuminlevels can indicate a problem with your liver or kidneys.

Structure of Hb

Each hemoglobin molecule is made up of four heme groups surrounding a globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure. Heme, which accounts for only 4 percent of the weight of the molecule, is composed of a ringlike organic compound known as a porphyrin to which an iron atom is attached.

formed elements perform the functions of Protection

Prevents blood loss by: · Activating plasma proteins and platelets · Initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken • Blood prevents infection by: · Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies · Activating complement proteins · Activating WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders

leukocytes

White blood cells (WBCs) Function: They protect you against illness and disease. Think of white blood cells as your immunity cells. In a sense, they are always at war. They flow through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that threaten your health.

Thalassemia

a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.

red blood cell count

a blood test that your doctor uses to find out how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. It's also known as an erythrocyte count. The test is important because RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to your body's tissues. The number of RBCs you have can affect how much oxygen your tissues receive. Your tissues need oxygen to function.

Thrombocytopenia

a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.

pernicious anemia

a disease where large, immature, nucleated cells (megaloblasts, which are forerunners of red blood cells) circulate in the blood, and do not function as blood cells; it is a disease caused by impaired uptake of vitamin B-12 due to the lack of intrinsic factor (IF) in the gastric mucosa.

hemolytic anemia

a disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. The destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of your body. If you have a lower than normal amount of red blood cells, you have anemia

osmolarity

the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter.

salinity

the saltiness or dissolved inorganic salt content of a body of water. Substances that are dissolved in water are usually called solutes.

lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(also called CLL) is a blood and bone marrow disease that usually gets worse slowly. CLL is one of the most common types of leukemia in adults.

Blood Typing and Cross-Matching Ensure Blood Compatibility

Crossmatching is a way for your healthcare provider to test your blood against a donor's blood to make sure they are fully compatible. Crossmatching takes 45 minutes to an hour. It's essentially a trial transfusion done in test tubes to see exactly how your blood will react with potential donor blood.

Neutrophil

(also known as neutrocytes or heterophils) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in different animals. Basophila type of white blood cell. Although they're produced in the bone marrow, they're found in many tissues throughout your body. They're part of your immune system and play a role in its proper function. If your basophil level is low, it may be due to a severe allergic reaction. Basophils are the least common type of granulocyte, representing about 0.5% to 1% of circulating white blood cells.

Explain the process of hemostasis

(clotting of blood) Stages i)Vascular Spasm: constricts blood vessels to reduce blood flow ii)Platelet Plug Formation: seals the ruptured blood vessel i ii)Coagulation: forms blood clots

Antibodies

(immunoglobins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells of the immune system in response to exposure to antigens.

septicemia

(sepsis)occurs when chemicals released in the bloodstream to fight an infection trigger inflammation throughout the body. This can cause a cascade of changes that damage multiple organ systems, leading them to fail, sometimes even resulting in death. Sepsis is a potentially fatal whole-body inflammation (a systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS) caused by severe infection due to bacteria,fungi or viruses. Sepsis can continue even after the infection that blood poisoning, especially that caused by bacteria or their toxins.

Leukocytes

(white blood cells) a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell. There are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.

Discuss the principles of ABO blood typing.

ABO blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood.

Describe the importance of screening all Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy and the hemolytic disease of the new born

Almost all women will have a blood test to learn their blood type early in pregnancy. If you're Rh negative and have not been sensitized, you'll get a medicine called Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM). This medicine can stop your antibodies from reacting to your baby's Rh positive cells. HDN happens most often when an Rh negative mother has a baby with an Rh positive father. Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a condition in which the neonatal red cells have a shortened lifespan because antibodies of maternal origin have crossed the placenta and coated them. These cells are then removed by the immune system. The mother will have produced the antibodies following fetal-maternal haemorrhage. It is not uncommon in pregnancy for small 'silent' bleeds to occur that are too small for detection.

formed elements perform the functions of regulation

Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat to other parts of the body -Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems -Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

Compare the function of T and B lymphocytes

Both T cells and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The T cells migrate to the thymus for maturation. ... The main difference between T cells and B cells is that T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating toantibodies). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific "non-self" antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation.

structure of Hemoglobin

Each hemoglobin molecule is made up of four heme groups surrounding a globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure. ... There are four iron atoms in each molecule of hemoglobin, which accordingly can bind four atoms of oxygen. Globin consists of two linked pairs of polypeptide chains

pH

In chemistry, pH is a scale used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution is. Acidic solutions have a lower pH, while basic solutions have a higher pH. At room temperature, pure water is neither acidic nor basic and has a pH of 7

Explain how the structure of the red blood cells are appropriate for their function

In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. •Primary cell content hemoglobin, the protein that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide. • Lack nuclei and most organelles, to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin. • Approximately2.4millionnew erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults

Iron-deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia — a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues. As the name implies, iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient iron.

hemorrhagic anemia

Loss of Blood (Hemorrhagic Anemia): If there is massive bleeding from a wound or other lesion, the body may lose enough blood to cause severe and acute anemia, which is often accompanied by shock. Immediate transfusions are generally required to replace the lost blood.

Compare the function of monocytes and macrophages

Monocytes and macrophages are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system, a component of innate immunity. Monocytes are bone marrow derived leukocytes that circulate in the blood and spleen. ... Once recruited to tissues, monocytes are capable of differentiating into macrophages and dendritic cells.

multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Plasma cells help you fight infections by making antibodies that recognize and attack germs. Multiple myeloma causes cancer cells to accumulate in the bone marrow, where they crowd out healthy blood cells.

Discuss the origin and function of platelets.

Platelet Production. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow, the same as the red cells and most of the white blood cells. Platelets are produced from very large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes. Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage. they form a plug (clot) to fix the damage. Platelets are irregularly shaped, have no nucleus, and typically measure only 2-3 micrometers in diameter. Platelets are not true cells, but are instead classified as cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes. Because they lack a nucleus, they do not contain nuclear DNA.

thrombocytes

Platelets Function: so small, they make up just a tiny fraction of the blood volume. The principal function of platelets is to prevent bleeding. Red blood cells are the most numerous blood cell, about 5,000,000 per microliter.

polycythemia

Polycythemia means increased red blood cell volume. Polycythemia is divided into two main categories; primary and secondary. Polycythemia can be linked to secondary causes, such as, chronic hypoxia or tumors releasing erythropoietin. Abnormally increased red cell production in the bone marrow causes polycythemiavera.

Describe how red blood cells are destroyed and recycled.

RBC life cycle -Cannot synthesize new components - no nucleus -Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver -Breakdown products recycled -Globin's amino acids reused Iron reused -Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown pigment stercobilin in feces

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBSs) Function: to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs. Hemoglobin (Hgb) is an important protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of our body.

Rh System and Rh Factor in Pregnancy

The Rh factor is a type of protein that's usually on blood cells. ... Normally, being Rh-negative has no risks. But during pregnancy, being Rh-negative can be a problem if your baby is Rh-positive. If your blood and your baby's blood mix, your body will start to make antibodies that can damage your baby's red blood cells.

ABO System: Major Blood typesA and B antigens

There are 4 main blood groups defined by the ABO system: blood group A - has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma. blood group B - has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma. blood group O - has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

sickle cell anemia

a disorder of the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells). The abnormal hemoglobin causes distorted (sickled appearing under a microscope) red blood cells.

Leukopenia

a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) is a decrease in disease-fighting cells (leukocytes) in your blood. Leukopenia is almost always related to a decrease in a certain type of white blood cell (neutrophil). The definition of low white blood cell count varies from one medical practice to another.