Final Psych 232

What did Watson use to explain human behavior? A. Classical and operant conditioning B. Traits C. Observational learning D. Unconscious motives

A. Classical and operant conditioning

Every time a boy visited his grandfather, he would pass a house with a large dog in the yard that would bark and scare the boy. Years later, the boy becomes anxious whenever he visits his grandfather, even though the dog is no longer there. The boy learned to become anxious in this situation through which process? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Observational learning D. Punishment

A. Classical conditioning

Which model for the relationship between gender-type and psychological adjustment has received the least support from research? A. Congruence model B. Androgyny model C. Masculinity model D. Classical conditioning model

A. Congruence model

When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical and emotion abuse of women, those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of A. a negative cognitive style. B. curiosity. C. positive emotions beginning to surface after two weeks. D. false interpretations of events since the trauma.

A. a negative cognitive style.

A woman complains to her therapist that lately she hasn't "felt like herself." The therapist plans to use a behavior therapy treatment by altering the rewards and punishments in the woman's environment. What is likely to be the first step the therapist takes in setting up this treatment? A. Define the woman's problem in terms of observable behaviors. B. Interview people the woman knows to determine the extent of the problem. C. Obtain baseline data for how often and when the problem occurs. D. Determine what in the woman's past has been responsible for causing this problem.

A. Define the woman's problem in terms of observable behaviors.

Denise and Carla both place a high value on good health. Denise is an internal and Carla is an external. We would predict that A. Denise will probably be in better health than Carla. B. Carla will probably be in better health than Denise. C. Both will probably be equally healthy and healthier than the average person their age. D. Both will probably be equally healthy and less healthy than the average person their age.

A. Denise will probably be in better health than Carla.

Which of the following do women tend to remember better than men? A. Information about relationships B. Important dates C. Names D. Facts about American history

A. Information about relationships

Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style? A. It is related to depression. B. Processing filters out positive information. C. It tends to identify one's problems with specific events. D. It is a form of negative reinforcement

A. It is related to depression

Which of the following is advocated by Bandura in his social-cognitive theory? A. Most behavior is performed in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments. B. People can be induced through external reinforcements to perform just about any behavior. C. We can determine how people learn by observing the behavior of rats in controlled laboratory investigations. D. External forces are almost always more powerful than internal forces in determining behavior.

A. Most behavior is performed in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments.

A psychologist teaches a snake-phobic client to relax. She then has the client imagine increasingly vivid scenes about snakes while relaxing. The psychologist is using which type of therapy? A. Systematic desensitization B. Aversion therapy C. Reinforcement therapy D. Biofeedback

A. Systematic desensitization

Which of the following is false about emotional memories? A. The links between emotional memories are stronger for men than women. B. Both happy and sad memories are more accessible for women than men. C. Women attend to and process information about emotions more than men. D. Recalling one sad experience is more likely to trigger another sad memory for women

A. The links between emotional memories are stronger for men than women

Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior? A. The situation often initiates behavior. B. Processing information in a "black box" is generally considered a myth. C. Cognitive-affective units are equally accessible from memory. D. Behavior becomes automatic when conscious attention is focused on it.

A. The situation often initiates behavior.

Which of the following is a similarity between animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans? A. They both have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors. B. They both show evidence for internal locus of control.. C. They both become highly agitated and aggressive. D. They both continue to try to escape adversity until exhaustion

A. They both have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors

Learned helplessness in the elderly often takes the form of A. a lack of motivation and activity. B. depression and suicide attempts. C. extreme agitation. D. none of the above

A. a lack of motivation and activity.

Male and female participants in one study were left alone to engage in a short conversation. The researchers found the least active and least enjoyable conversations took place when the couple consisted of A. a masculine male and a feminine female. B. two feminine people. C. two masculine people. D. two androgynous people

A. a masculine male and a feminine female.

Patsy is not sure how her teacher will react to watch she wrote on her assignment. She's unable to predict what will happen when the paper is returned. According to personal construct theory, A. anxiety is likely to accompany Patsy's thoughts. B. Patsy's constructs will likely fail to become impermeable. C. Patsy's construct system matches the ideal system instead of the real system. D. it will become impossible to modify Patsy's construct system.

A. anxiety is likely to accompany Patsy's thoughts.

Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that both procedures A. are used to increase the frequency of a behavior. B. are used to decrease the frequency of a behavior. C. take away something for inappropriate behaviors. D. are ineffective unless backed up with classical conditioning.

A. are used to increase the frequency of a behavior

Operant conditioning affects gender-role behavior A. as early as the first few years of life. B. starting at about age five. C. primarily after children reach puberty. D. primarily during the late teens.

A. as early as the first few years of life.

The four interrelated processes involved in observational learning of aggression are A. attend, remember, enact, expect. B. enact, expect, remember, imitate. C. attend, enact, reinforce, expect. D. repress, enable, expect, reinforce

A. attend, remember, enact, expect.

From research on violence we can say ________ are more likely to turn to violence themselves. A. children exposed to a violent environment B. when children are punished randomly, they C. children who frequently model punishing acts D. nothing about the personalities of children who

A. children exposed to a violent environment

People high in unmitigated agency often A. focus only on themselves. B. perform acts of altruism. C. have low scores on self-efficacy measures. D. perform random acts of kindness

A. focus only on themselves

Operant conditioning would be rather limited if every new situation required learning a new response. However, this is not the case because of A. generalization. B. partial reinforcement. C. second-order conditioning. D. discrimination.

A. generalization.

According to negative schema theory, compared to nondepressed people, depressed individuals are more likely to A. generate thoughts that cause them to become depressed. B. change their ideas about who they are and what they want from life. C. have a high self-image that is consistently contradicted by objective facts. D. have experienced trauma in childhood.

A. generate thoughts that cause them to become depressed.

According to the learned helplessness model, one way to treat depression is to A. give the depressed person a successful experience at controlling an important event. B. explain to the depressed person that he or she cannot control everything. C. give the depressed person a series of pleasant experiences. D. pair the unpleasant feelings with a pleasant experience

A. give the depressed person a successful experience at controlling an important event.

Jason is experiencing anxiety and adjustment problems with his new job. According to Kelly, this is probably because Jason A. has not yet developed constructs that will allow him to deal with the new people and situations he encounters. B. is unable to understand the way other people construe the world. C. has had difficulty in this type of situation before. D. is not yet motivated enough to develop hypotheses about how things operate in this new environment.

A. has not yet developed constructs that will allow him to deal with the new people and situations he encounters

A woman suffers from stage fright. If you were to use the most effective method to change her efficacy expectation for overcoming this problem, you would probably A. help her to have a successful experience speaking in front of a group. B. have her watch models who do well speaking in front of groups. C. give her a persuasive speech to convince her she can perform the behavior. D. point out to her that she does not appear anxious just before taking the stage

A. help her to have a successful experience speaking in front of a group.

In addition to allowing for rapid processing of schema-relevant information, self-schemas provide a framework for A. organizing relevant information. B. self-understanding. C. processing unconscious feelings. D. recalling life events.

A. organizing relevant information.

According to Bandura, we learn many behaviors by observing models. Whether or not we perform these behaviors depends on A. our expectations for rewards and punishments. B. the reinforcement value of the rewards. C. generalized expectancies. D. whether we are children or adults.

A. our expectations for rewards and punishments

Joshua classifies each person he meets as either sensitive or insensitive. A cognitive personality theorist would probably say that sensitive-insensitive is an example of a A. personal construct. B. prototype. C. self-schema. D. possible self.

A. personal construct.

In effect, the Rep Test was designed to measure A. personal constructs. B. possible selves. C. self-schemas. D. the use of irrational beliefs

A. personal constructs

Systematic desensitization is used by behavior therapists to help clients suffering from which problem? A. phobia B. anxiety C. shyness D. an undesirable behavior, such as a bad habit

A. phobia

Watson paired a loud noise with the appearance of a white rat to create a fear of the animal in a boy known as Little Albert. Watson performed this experiment to demonstrate that A. phobias can develop through classical conditioning. B. phobias can develop through operant conditioning. C. learning can take place in the absence of language skills. D. behaviors can be conditioned in children as young as 11 months old.

A. phobias can develop through classical conditioning

Possible selves serve which of the following functions? A. provide plans for how to perform behaviors B. provide incentives for future behavior C. help us interpret the personalities of others D. both A and B

A. provide plans for how to perform behaviors

In Rotter's model, a behavior potential is determined in part by A. the estimated likelihood that the behavior will lead to reinforcement. B. the strength of other behavior potentials. C. whether or not the role model was rewarded. D. the distinction between learning and performance.

A. the estimated likelihood that the behavior will lead to reinforcement.

Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is different from Skinner's radical behaviorism in that radical behaviorism A. uses a one-way model in which external events cause behavior. B. maintains that behavior influences external events. C. includes internal factors in its explanation of behavior. D. identifies more ways to change behavior.

A. uses a one-way model in which external events cause behavior

All of the following techniques are methods used by Kelly in psychotherapy except one. Which one? A. Asking people about their personal constructs B. Asking people to describe their ideal selves C. Asking people to define their personal constructs D. Forcing people to attend to their process of construing the world

B. Asking people to describe their ideal selves

A person can learn a behavior without ever performing it. This concept is part of which approach to personality? A. Skinner's radical behaviorism B. Bandura's social-cognitive theory C. Rotter's social learning theory D. Watson's behaviorism

B. Bandura's social-cognitive theory

Which of the following is the term in the scientific community that refers to the process Pavlov used in his famous demonstrations of learning? A. Instrumental conditioning B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Behaviorism

B. Classical conditioning

Which of the following accounts for the longer duration of depression relative to the duration of learned helplessness effects? A. There are many causes for depression in addition to learned helplessness. B. Depressed people think about the helplessness-inducing events. C. Reminders of the initial helplessness event can reactivate depression. D. all of the above

B. Depressed people think about the helplessness-inducing events.

Learned helplessness has been associated with which psychological disorder? A. Anxiety B. Depression C. Paranoia D. Phobias

B. Depression

Researchers find that depressed people recall depression-related words better than nondepressed people. This finding is used to support which concept? A. Learned helplessness B. Depressive schema C. Explanatory style D. Locus of control

B. Depressive schema

Bandura argued there are internal determinants as well as external causes of behavior. Which of the following is not an internal influence? A. Thoughts B. Experiences C. Beliefs D. Expectancies

B. Experiences

Which procedure might you use if you wanted to decrease the frequency of a response? A. Negative reinforcement B. Extinction C. Generalization D. Shaping

B. Extinction

The androgyny model of gender-type divides people into how many different groups? A. Two B. Four C. Six D. Eight

B. Four

Among the personal factors cognitive psychologists consider when predicting aggressive behavior, which of the following is typically included? A. The provocative situation B. Genetic predisposition to aggression C. The ego defense mechanisms the person uses D. Visual cues in the environment.

B. Genetic predisposition to aggression

Which part of the A-B-C process would be saying to yourself, "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school."? A. Activating experience B. Irrational Belief C. Emotional Consequence D. Self-defeating thinking

B. Irrational Belief

Marlene's desk becomes so messy that on occasion she cannot find an important paper she is looking for. After several incidents in which she suffered the consequences of not finding a paper she needed (such as a homework assignment), she learned to organize and straighten her desk. Marlene learned this new behavior through which operant conditioning procedure? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction

B. Negative reinforcement

Depressed patients in one study were asked to recall personal experiences associated with words from a list. The researchers found patients were more likely to recall unhappy experiences when feeling particularly depressed. This finding supports which concept? A. Learned helplessness B. Negative schema C. Explanatory style D. Locus of control

B. Negative schema

Which of the following has not been shown to be a result of self-efficacy beliefs? A. Overcoming posttraumatic stress disorder B. Overcoming paranoid schizophrenia C. Overcoming test anxiety D. Greater academic achievement

B. Overcoming paranoid schizophrenia

Which of the following was advocated by George Kelly? A. People are largely controlled by the environmental stimuli they encounter. B. People are motivated to make sense out of all the stimuli that impinge on them. C. People are happier when they accept that life is full of unexpected turns and surprises. D. Most of what determines our behavior is not readily accessible to consciousness

B. People are motivated to make sense out of all the stimuli that impinge on them.

Which behavior assessment procedure sometimes leads to improvements during the baseline data collection stage of treatment? A. Direct observation B. Self-monitoring C. Observation by others D. Role playing

B. Self-monitoring

Which of the following would most likely be of interest to a theorist from the cognitive approach? A. The impact of delaying reinforcement on responding B. The number of words recalled from memory C. The effect of self-concept on daily mood D. The best techniques for uncovering unconscious thoughts

B. The number of words recalled from memory

Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems. Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client's attention during rational emotive behavior therapy? A. The activating experience, such as failing a test. B. The unstated belief, such as "I should be good at everything I do." C. The emotional consequence, such as depression. D. The childhood experiences that made the person vulnerable to emotional problems.

B. The unstated belief, such as "I should be good at everything I do."

A woman shows no interest in socializing with other people. How might a behaviorist explain this behavior? A. The woman does not believe that she can interact effectively with other people. B. The woman has not been reinforced enough for engaging in social behavior. C. The woman experiences anxiety in social situations and uses her asocial style as a defense against this anxiety. D. The woman is either high in social anxiety or low in sociability.

B. The woman has not been reinforced enough for engaging in social behavior

All of the following statements are reasons why the most preferable partners in romantic relationships who are feminine or androgynous people except one. Which one? A. They are more romantic. B. They are more controlled and quiet. C. They are easy to talk to. D. They have greater ability to resolve disputes.

B. They are more controlled and quiet

Researchers investigating the observational learning of gender-role behaviors find that boys imitate male models instead of female models A. as soon as they develop an identity as a male. B. after they noticed that a certain behavior is performed more by one gender than the other. C. more often than girls imitate female models. D. but that the opposite is not found for girls.

B. after they noticed that a certain behavior is performed more by one gender than the other.

The cognitive approach to personality suggests that negative thoughts can A. be a symptom of depression. B. cause depression. C. be the result of changes in brain receptors. D. be more slowly processed.

B. cause depression

According to self-efficacy theory, the extent of people's beliefs that they can bring about outcomes is referred to as A. reinforcement value. B. efficacy expectation. C. outcome expectation. D. performance accomplishments.

B. efficacy expectation

Studies find that women tend to recall more information about ____________ than do men.

B. emotional experiences

When practicing rational emotive behavior therapy, a therapist will typically A. look for the childhood experiences that contributed to the current problem. B. examine the logic the client uses that leads him or her to the emotional reaction. C. wait for the client to discover the source of the problem rather than suggest what the source might be. D. affirm to the client that he or she has good reasons to feel the way he or she does.

B. examine the logic the client uses that leads him or her to the emotional reaction.

According to the original learned helplessness model, depression begins when people A. fail at some important task. B. experience an inability to control important events in their lives. C. have a series of aversive experiences. D. lose their motivation to work

B. experience an inability to control important events in their lives.

Vicki thinks that whether people make a lot of friends depends on the kind of job a person happens to get and the kinds of people who happen to move into the person's neighborhood. A personality researcher would probably classify Vicki as a(n) A. internal. B. external. C. pessimist. D. introvert.

B. external.

Although there are exceptions, researchers looking at locus of control and depression typically find A. internals are more susceptible to depression because they tend to blame themselves for things outside of their control. B. externals are more susceptible to depression, consistent with research on learned helplessness. C. people on either extreme of the internal-external continuum are more susceptible to depression than those in the middle. D. little or no relationship between locus of control and depression.

B. externals are more susceptible to depression, consistent with research on learned helplessness.

After a new stimulus-response association is classically conditioned, it must be paired with the old stimulus occasionally or reinforced to avoid A. second-order conditioning. B. extinction. C. stimulus generalization. D. stimulus discrimination.

B. extinction

The original learned helplessness experiments placed dogs in a harness where they were exposed to electric shocks. Later, the dogs were placed in a shuttle-box where they experienced more shocks. The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness A. quickly learned to escape the shocks in a shuttle-box. B. failed to escape the shocks in the shuttle-box. C. escaped the shocks in the shuttle-box, but only after several trials. D. escaped the shuttle-box shocks, but then showed signs of helplessness.

B. failed to escape the shocks in the shuttle-box.

Research finds that happiness with one's relationship is related to having a partner who is A. masculine or androgynous. B. feminine or androgynous. C. masculine if a male, feminine if a female. D. masculine if you are masculine, feminine if you are feminine.

B. feminine or androgynous

Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women A. make an effort to remember. B. form cognitive representations of themselves. C. have been trained to remember information in school. D. mature intellectually.

B. form cognitive representations of themselves

A man launches a campaign to change a law he does not like. According to Rotter, whether the man persists at this campaign depends on if A. he is reinforced for his behavior. B. he expects to be reinforced for his behavior. C. he has seen a model that was reinforced for similar behavior. D. the rewards he thinks he will receive really exist.

B. he expects to be reinforced for his behavior

According to Ellis, people have psychological problems due to faulty reasoning based on A. self-defeating thoughts. B. irrational beliefs. C. skewed personal constructs. D. activating experiences

B. irrational beliefs.

The traditional masculinity-femininity model for describing individual differences in gender-role behavior was based on the assumption that A. gender-role behavior is learned through operant conditioning and observational learning. B. masculinity and femininity represent two end points on one continuum. C. it is better to be masculine than feminine. D. masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions of personality.

B. masculinity and femininity represent two end points on one continuum

Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are A. innate. B. most important to you. C. similar to your parents. D. unique to you alone.

B. most important to you

According to Kelly, construct systems are never perfect. When constructs fail us as we try to predict events, A. old constructs are selected out of the system. B. new constructs are constantly generated to replace the old ones. C. healthy people fail to consider new information. D. it lessens our ability to predict what will happen the next time.

B. new constructs are constantly generated to replace the old ones.

A teacher places a check mark on the chalkboard next to Henry's name whenever Henry speaks out in class without raising his hand. If he receives three check marks in one day, Henry gets no recess the following day. The teacher is using A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. extinction. D. shaping.

B. operant conditioning

Edward Thorndike observed cats learning to escape from boxes to obtain a piece of fish and derived from these observations the "law of effect." This was an early statement of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. shaping. D. stimulus generalization

B. operant conditioning.

According to Kelly, anxiety results when A. people become aware of inconsistencies between the actual self and the ideal self. B. people can't predict future events. C. defense mechanisms fail. D. people use faulty logic in arriving at self-defeating conclusions about themselves.

B. people can't predict future events

According to Rotter's original model, individual differences in locus of control are most likely to affect behavior when A. the reinforcement values for all of the expected outcomes are about equal. B. people have little information upon which to form specific expectancies for the situation. C. success in the situation is largely up to the person rather than the situation. D. there are important external forces controlling the situation

B. people have little information upon which to form specific expectancies for the situation

The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people A. respond to reinforcement. B. process information. C. think about their past. D. dream.

B. process information

One function served by our "possible selves" is to A. reduce anxiety associated with our unacceptable behavior. B. provide incentives for future behavior. C. make sense out of all the impinging information we face daily. D. help us find a romantic partner

B. provide incentives for future behavior.

According to Bandura, behavior therapy procedures A. are most effective when used in conjunction with other types of treatments. B. provide people with a method to change themselves once they have decided to do so. C. are not as effective as behavior therapists claim. D. are no more effective than providing clients with no treatment

B. provide people with a method to change themselves once they have decided to do so

According to studies of achievement and locus of control, someone who is an external in college is likely to have A. better grades than internals in college. B. received lower scores on achievement tests in high school. C. performed better on academic tests in elementary school than high school. D. all of the above

B. received lower scores on achievement tests in high school.

A tennis coach works with players to improve the accuracy of their backhand stroke with successive attempts to produce more hits on target each week of the season. The coach is using a form of conditioning known as A. stimulus generalization. B. shaping. C. punishment. D. discrimination

B. shaping.

To obtain a sense of predictability, Kelly suggests that we engage in A. theory construction. B. template matching. C. scientific discovery. D. hypothesis testing.

B. template matching.

Children in one study observed a model acting aggressively against a Bobo doll. The children were then given an opportunity to imitate the model on their own, followed by an opportunity to demonstrate the aggressive acts for rewards. The study was designed to demonstrate A. that aggression can be learned through classical conditioning. B. the distinction between learning and performance. C. that children will behave aggressively for rewards. D. that children will not imitate aggressive acts unless they are rewarded.

B. the distinction between learning and performance

From his observations of cats escaping from a "puzzle box" to obtain a piece of fish, Thorndike developed a theory that is known as A. the law of operant conditioning. B. the law of effect. C. the law of consequences. D. the law of association.

B. the law of effect.

In Rotter's model, the behavior that is most likely to be performed in a given situation is A. the one that has been reinforced. B. the one with the strongest behavior potential. C. the one for which a model has been reinforced. D. the one most consistent with the person's self-concept

B. the one with the strongest behavior potential

Colleen is trying to decide which of two events to enter in the school track meet. She thinks she would have a better chance of winning the 100-meter race, but decides to enter the 10,000-meter race instead. According to Rotter's theory, A. her generalized expectancies determined this decision. B. the reinforcement value of winning the 10,000-meter race is greater than the reinforcement value of winning the 100-meter race. C. the decision illustrates that the behavior potential does not always determine behavior. D. she must have been reinforced for winning the 10,000-meter race in the past

B. the reinforcement value of winning the 10,000-meter race is greater than the reinforcement value of winning the 100-meter race.

When researchers ask men and women to write descriptions of themselves, women are more likely than men to include statements about A. where they live. B. their roles as parents and family members. C. their physical appearance. D. their age.

B. their roles as parents and family members

Critics of behaviorism point out that A. behaviorists give too much attention to the role of heredity. B. there are limits on the usefulness and effectiveness of basic conditioning principles. C. behaviorists need to do more research with lab animals and less with human participants. D. behaviorists have failed to test many of their ideas with empirical studies.

B. there are limits on the usefulness and effectiveness of basic conditioning principles

The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes A. the actual self is different from one's self-concept. B. there are three different representations of the self. C. the internal self and external self are the same. D. all of the above

B. there are three different representations of the self.

One of the goals of Kelly's Rep Test is to obtain a _________ of how clients construe the world. A. diagnosis B. visual map C. personal construct D. level of achievement

B. visual map

A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively. Although there are some exceptions, most of this research finds A. there is little evidence that watching aggressive television increases aggression. B. watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances. C. watching aggressive television is related to aggressive behavior, but this is because aggressive people tend to watch aggression on television. D. watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, but only in children.

B. watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances.

Obtaining a complete understanding of aggressive behavior requires that A. we focus on the unconscious motives behind our aggressions. B. we examine aggression from a variety of theoretical perspectives. C. we only examine the evolutionary basis of aggression. D. we focus our attention on the cognitions involved in aggressive choices.

B. we examine aggression from a variety of theoretical perspectives

According to B. F. Skinner, we are mistaken when we look to inner causes for our actions because A. inner mental states have no impact on behavior. B. we have not identified the cause of behavior. C. only a few of the most obvious inner states, such as anxiety, can be a cause for our behavior. D. subjective feelings are the result of our behavior, not the cause.

B. we have not identified the cause of behavior.

With respect to the locus of control continuum, Sally has an external orientation. Which of the following statements would she least likely make? A. "Hard work and perseverance pay off." B. "If my luck doesn't change, I'll never get married." C. "I failed my psychology final because the professor doesn't like me." D, "If I die in a car crash, then it was my time."

C. "I failed my psychology final because the professor doesn't like me."

Larry does not get a job he wanted. Larry is an external. Which of the following reactions would you expect from Larry? A. "I'll just have to try harder next time." B. "I guess I did a poor job of selling myself during the interview." C. "It's usually a matter of who you know that determines whether or not you get a job." D. "I must not have had the right kind of background for this job."

C. "It's usually a matter of who you know that determines whether or not you get a job."

A woman experiences high levels of nervousness right before she is to speak in front of a large audience. She decides she can't go through with the speech. She later tells her husband she could not speak because she was anxious. If her husband were B. F. Skinner, how might he respond? A. "Your feelings of anxiety indeed caused you to not speak because they acted like a punishment." B. "The anxiety is unrelated to the change in your behavior." C. "The change in your behavior and your feelings of anxiety probably have the same aversive contingencies as a common cause." D. "Anxious feelings do not exist because we cannot observe them."

C. "The change in your behavior and your feelings of anxiety probably have the same aversive contingencies as a common cause."

Which of the following treatments for problem behaviors would be an application of operant conditioning? A. Aversion therapy B. Systematic desensitization C. Biofeedback D. All of the above

C. Biofeedback

Which of the following is correct about cognitive-affective units? A. They are basically the same for everyone. B. They are equally accessible in memory. C. How we interpret a situation depends on which cognitive-affective units are activated. D. Cognitive therapists try to reduce the number of cognitive-affective units in their clients.

C. How we interpret a situation depends on which cognitive-affective units are activated.

Jeff enjoys playing video games on a regular basis, and the more realistic the violence in the combat video games he plays, the more he enjoys it. Because the games in which he is actively engaged are so realistic, you predict A. Jeff will act more aggressively just after playing, but not for long. B. Jeff will commit acts of violence toward his friends that match the violence in the games he plays. C. Jeff will act more aggressively for several minutes after playing. D. Jeff will not act more aggressively than he did before playing his games.

C. Jeff will act more aggressively for several minutes after playing.

Research on individual differences in locus of control originated from the theorizing of A. B. F. Skinner. B. Albert Bandura. C. Julian Rotter. D. Henry Murray.

C. Julian Rotter.

You read about cognitive research that investigated word memory in depressed people between depression-associated words and nondepression-associated words. Which of the following was not a group that recalled depression-associated words better than normal people? A. Clinically depressed patients B. Mildly depressed college students C. Nondepressed patients D. Students simply asked to think about some sad events

C. Nondepressed patients

Psychologists use shaping because of which limitation of operant conditioning? A. Punishment does not teach new responses, it only inhibits old ones. B. Behaviors will extinguish if they are not reinforced occasionally. C. One must wait for the organism's response before it can be rewarded or punished. D. Operant procedures condition responses only to very specific stimuli.

C. One must wait for the organism's response before it can be rewarded or punished

Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of cognitive-affect units except one. Which one? A. Encodings B. Categories C. Reinforcement values D. Personal constructs

C. Reinforcement values

What might you expect to find when you compare the success rates of internals and externals undergoing a stop-smoking treatment? A. The internals will do better. B. The externals will do better. C. The internals will do better if allowed to feel they control the treatment. D. The internals will do better if they believe the therapist can do something to control their smoking for them.

C. The internals will do better if allowed to feel they control the treatment.

According to Kelly, individual differences in personality can be traced to all of the following sources except one. Which one? A. The number of constructs in a person's construct system. B. The way a person organizes the constructs in his or her construct system. C. The person's level of motivation to make sense out of the world. D. The kinds of constructs in a person's construct system.

C. The person's level of motivation to make sense out of the world.

Critics of behaviorism have raised each of the following points except one. Which one? A. Studies with laboratory animals have limited use when explaining human behavior. B. Heredity plays a larger role in personality than behaviorists acknowledge. C. The therapeutic procedures derived from conditioning principles appear to be ineffective. D. Cognition plays a larger role in behavior than strict behaviorists acknowledge

C. The therapeutic procedures derived from conditioning principles appear to be ineffective

Under which of the following circumstances would we expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model? A. When the model is declared a hero and rewarded. B. When they see the model engage in justified aggression. C. When the model is punished for aggressive behavior. D. When the child sees a behavior the child likes.

C. When the model is punished for aggressive behavior.

Children in one study were given an opportunity to imitate an aggressive model after watching a videotape of the model. The researchers found that the aggressive behavior was most likely to be imitated when the A. experimenter was out of the room. B. children had not been frustrated earlier. C. aggression was performed with a toy the child liked. D. model was a male.

C. aggression was performed with a toy the child liked.

According to the androgyny model, a woman is most well-adjusted if she is A. masculine. B. feminine. C. androgynous. D. undifferentiated.

C. androgynous.

According to Bandura's model, children can learn aggressive behaviors even when they A. do not pay attention to the model's behavior. B. do not remember the model's behavior. C. are not rewarded for engaging in the behavior. D. do not notice the model's behavior.

C. are not rewarded for engaging in the behavior.

Researchers have found that prevention programs designed to reduce reactive aggression A. have generally failed until recently. B. effectively use cognitive (behavior) therapy. C. are successful in reducing antisocial acts like assault. D. only work for very young boys.

C. are successful in reducing antisocial acts like assault

Therapy based on self-efficacy is designed to help people A. learn to interact better with others. B. develop their skills and natural abilities. C. believe that they can have an impact on the environment and change problem behaviors. D. deal with the environment more efficiently.

C. believe that they can have an impact on the environment and change problem behaviors.

When Pavlov conditioned his dogs to salivate upon hearing a bell, the bell was the A. unconditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response

C. conditioned stimulus

According to Kelly, well-adjusted people A. have stable construct systems that they know will almost always allow them to predict events. B. have relatively few, but very efficient, personal constructs. C. constantly replace old, inadequate constructs with new ones. D. can readily describe in a few words the constructs they use.

C. constantly replace old, inadequate constructs with new ones.

A strength of the cognitive approach is that it fits well with A. modern artificial intelligence research. B. the psychoanalytic perspective. C. current trends in the field of psychology D. the behavioral/social learning approach

C. current trends in the field of psychology

When suicidal patients were asked to relive the events that took place before an attempted suicide, they A. had a peak experience. B. described themselves in terms of an internal locus of control. C. described themselves in terms of an external locus of control. D. had no memory because the events had been repressed.

C. described themselves in terms of an external locus of control.

In the original learned helplessness model, people were said to experience learned helplessness when they A. encountered obstacles they could not overcome. B. encountered aversive events. C. generalized their inability to control one aversive event to a situation they might be able to control. D. gave up trying after they realized they could not do anything about an aversive situation.

C. generalized their inability to control one aversive event to a situation they might be able to control.

Research findings suggest men are more likely than women to form independent self-construals. This means that men tend to A. think of themselves as independent. B. develop their self-concepts with little help from others. C. have cognitive representations of themselves that are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have of other people. D. have cognitive representations of themselves that are resistant to change.

C. have cognitive representations of themselves that are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have of other people

Your friend's grandmother is very sweet and energetic for her age at 72 years old. But your friend says her grandmother never takes care of herself: she is always driving other seniors to their doctor's appointments or visiting sick friends. Your friend is becoming worried because her grandmother's arthritis is getting worse and she is becoming depressed. The grandmother appears to be A. high in communion. B. low in communion. C. high in unmitigated communion. D. none of the above

C. high in unmitigated communion.

A person typed as masculine is A. high on the androgyny scale and low on femininity. B. low on masculinity and high on androgyny. C. high on masculinity and low on femininity. D. low on masculinity and high on congruence

C. high on masculinity and low on femininity

Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of __________ than women. A. personal events B. sporting events C. impersonal events D. emotional events

C. impersonal events

According to Kelly, psychological problems are caused by A. past traumatic experiences. B. unloving parents. C. inadequate construct systems. D. using irrational logic to explain events

C. inadequate construct systems

Research on academic achievement and locus of control typically finds A. internals perform better academically, but this difference does not surface until students reach college. B. externals perform better academically, but this difference disappears when students reach college. C. internals perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels. D. externals perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.

C. internals perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.

According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who A. pay attention to negative information so they can deal with it more effectively. B. pay attention to both positive and negative information equally. C. interpret ambiguous information in a positive light. D. are always on the alert for negative information.

C. interpret ambiguous information in a positive light.

One of the criticisms of the cognitive approach to personality is that many of the concepts introduced by cognitive theorists may not be necessary to explain human behavior. This criticism refers to the A. need to limit science to observable behaviors. B. lack of evidence for consistency in personality over time and across situations. C. law of parsimony. D. need for empirical evidence to support hypotheses derived from theory

C. law of parsimony

Kelly presented a "man-as-scientist" conception of human personality, meaning that A. no scientist can understand a person better than that person understands himself or herself. B. the human personality can be examined through scientific methods. C. people constantly try to predict and control the events in their lives. D. the best way to obtain answers to our questions about human personality is to examine a single individual in depth.

C. people constantly try to predict and control the events in their lives.

A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today, but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating A. stereotypes. B. self-esteem. C. possible selves. D. personal constructs.

C. possible selves.

Studies of achievement have shown that externals A. perform better on academic tests than internals in elementary school. B. get better grades than internals in college. C. receive lower scores on achievement tests in high school. D. all of the above

C. receive lower scores on achievement tests in high school.

Internals seem to do better in school because they see themselves as A. smarter. B. better test-takers. C. responsible. D. lucky

C. responsible.

When cognitive psychotherapists teach clients how to handle recurring problems, it is often an attempt to eliminate A. emotional consequences. B. the ideal self. C. self-defeating thinking. D. negative personal constructs

C. self-defeating thinking

Greater recall for words that describe one's self than another, like a celebrity, is called the A. locus of control effect. B. memory facilitation. C. self-reference effect. D. personal construct effect.

C. self-reference effect.

The neurotransmitter _______ has been found to play a role in both learned helplessness and depression. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. adrenalin

C. serotonin

Tony's mother wants him to learn to play with other children. She begins by offering him a quarter whenever he plays with other children nearby, even if he plays by himself. Later she gives him a quarter only when he plays on the same playground equipment other children are playing on. Finally, she gives him a quarter only if he actually plays with the other children. Tony's mother is demonstrating how to use A. classical conditioning. B. second-order conditioning. C. shaping. D. stimulus generalization.

C. shaping.

Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to A. learn through observation how to be helpless. B. avoid the stimulus on every trial. C. stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation. D. suffer from neurological damage

C. stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation.

The behavioral approach to personality postulates that personality is A. the combination of environmental circumstances and unconscious impulses. B. a function of how we feel about conditions in the environment. C. the consistent patterns of behavior we engage in. D. the result of inherited predispositions to behave in certain ways.

C. the consistent patterns of behavior we engage in.

Depressed and nondepressed participants in one study were given a list of words to recall. The researchers found A. the nondepressed participants recalled more words. B. the depressed participants recalled more words. C. the depressed participants recalled more depression-related words, but the nondepressed participants recalled more of the other words. D. differences between the two groups of participants only when the depressed participants knew what the researchers were looking for.

C. the depressed participants recalled more depression-related words, but the nondepressed participants recalled more of the other words.

The way people process information in threatening situations begins with a social encounter and then depends on A. the way other people are acting in the situation. B. the way the situation is appraised in awareness. C. the kind of situation people are in. D. whether or not people are self-actualized.

C. the kind of situation people are in.

Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well-developed "independence" schema. Later, participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics, participants with a strong independence schema A. took longer to answer because they had more information to process. B. took longer to answer because it was more important to them to give a correct answer. C. took less time to answer. D. took the same amount of time to answer, but were more confident of their answers.

C. took less time to answer.

Researchers sometimes use second-order conditioning. This means that they A. use operant conditioning to reinforce classically conditioned associations. B. continue to pair the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli to avoid extinction. C. use a newly created stimulus-response association as part of a new classical conditioning procedure. D. begin to reinforce the behavior every other time it is emitted

C. use a newly created stimulus-response association as part of a new classical conditioning procedure

From Bandura's research on observational learning in children we can conclude that whether a child performs an aggressive act depends on A. the amount of social encouragement the child has received to be aggressive. B. how extremely aggressive the behavior is. C. whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished. D. whether the model is the child's parent

C. whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished

Research comparing the memories of men and women tend to find that A. men recall more information than women. B. women recall more information than men. C. women recall more information about emotions, whereas men recall more nonemotional information. D. men recall more information about their relationships, whereas women recall more information about emotions.

C. women recall more information about emotions, whereas men recall more nonemotional information

Participants in one study were asked to respond with a yes or no to questions on a series of words. When later asked to recall as many of the words as possible, participants recalled words best when they had been asked, A. "Is the word printed in big letters?" B. "Does it rhyme with another word?" C. "Does it mean the same as another word?" D. "Does it describe you?"

D. "Does it describe you?"

Which of the following has research found to be true of internals? A. They are more likely to complete their college degree than externals. B. They are more ambitious than externals. C. They show higher levels of performance in the workplace. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Who among the following is likely high in unmitigated communion? A. Belinda, a surgeon who sacrifices her own needs and interests to care for all her patients. B. Matilda, who sees her personal value in terms of how well others think she takes care of her family. C. Bernard, who subjugates his needs to the needs of the others in his office. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

A behavioral therapist wants to teach a client to relax. The therapist wants to teach the client to pay attention to when his muscles are tense. However, the client complains that he cannot tell when his muscles are tense. What type of treatment will the therapist probably try? A. Systematic desensitization B. Aversion therapy C. Shock therapy D. Biofeedback

D. Biofeedback

Which of the following inventories is among the more popular ones for gender-role research? A. Bem Sex Role Inventory B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory C. Rotter Androgyny Scale D. Both A and B

D. Both A and B

Aversion therapy is based on which concept? A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment C. Shaping D. Classical conditioning

D. Classical conditioning

Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior? A. Behaviorists argued that the situation is processed in the "black box." B. The processing that takes place between situation and response is of little importance. C. Cognitive-affective units are equally accessible from memory. D. Cognitive theorists acknowledge that the situation often initiates behavior.

D. Cognitive theorists acknowledge that the situation often initiates behavior.

In one study, policies and procedures were changed for some elderly residents. Which change seemed to have the most beneficial effects on the residents? A. Having the staff do many of the residents' daily chores and responsibilities for them B. Explaining to the residents how the staff would now take care of their problems C. Explaining to the residents that they have earned their rest and should enjoy it D. Emphasizing to the residents that they have more control over how things are run than they may have realized

D. Emphasizing to the residents that they have more control over how things are run than they may have realized

Femininity is associated with happiness in relationships. Researchers explain this finding in terms of each of the following except one. Which one? A. Feminine people are better able than masculine people to express their feelings. B. Feminine people are better able than masculine people to understand the feelings of others. C. Feminine people communicate better than masculine people. D. Feminine people assert themselves in relationships more often than masculine people.

D. Feminine people assert themselves in relationships more often than masculine people.

Which of the following statements is not correct? A. Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviors. B. To be effective, punishment must be delivered immediately and consistently. C. Punishment can have negative side effects, such as creating negative associations through classical conditioning. D. In most cases, punishment is the most effective way to reduce an unwanted behavior.

D. In most cases, punishment is the most effective way to reduce an unwanted behavior.

The cognitive approach has been criticized in which of the following ways? A. It does not fit well with current trends in psychology. B. The research has given it little support. C. It is too specific and needs more abstraction. D. It is not needed to explain individual differences in behavior.

D. It is not needed to explain individual differences in behavior.

From your study of the textbook, with which of the following concepts is Rotter associated? A. Learned helplessness B. Observational learning of aggression C. Classical conditioning D. Locus of control

D. Locus of control

Which of the following assumptions is made by a therapist using the Rep Test? A. The constructs listed by the clients are unique to the testing situation. B. The constructs listed by the clients are limited to the set of people used in the test. C. All healthy people use basically the same constructs. D. People are able to adequately describe the constructs they use.

D. People are able to adequately describe the constructs they use.

According to Rotter, all of the following are psychological variables that must be considered to account for behavior except one. Which one? A. Beliefs B. Perceptions C. Estimations of likelihoods D. Personality disorders

D. Personality disorders

Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games? A. Players actively engage in practicing violent acts. B. The increased aggressiveness lasts for several minutes after playing. C. Players are rewarded for participating in violent acts. D. Players pay particular attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types.

D. Players pay particular attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types.

Which of the following is not part of Bandura's reciprocal determinism model? A. Behavior influences internal factors. B. Behavior influences external factors. C. External factors influence internal factors. D. Reinforcement value influences behavior potential

D. Reinforcement value influences behavior potential

Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of mental representations except one. Which one? A. Self-schemas B. Possible selves C. Personal constructs D. Self-efficacy

D. Self-efficacy

A behavioral therapist wants his client to record for a week how often and under what circumstances the client bites his fingernails. The therapist is using which assessment procedure? A. Direct observation B. Observation by others C. Self-report D. Self-monitoring

D. Self-monitoring

Which of the following was not advocated by John B. Watson? A. If psychology is to be a science, psychologists must stop examining mental states. B. Only that which is observable is reasonable subject matter for science. C. Subjective inner feelings have no place in an objective science. D. Subjective inner feelings can be studied through scientific methods.

D. Subjective inner feelings can be studied through scientific methods

All of the following statements about emotional memories are true except one. Which one is false? A. Women attend to emotional information more than men. B. Recalling one sad experience is more likely to trigger another sad memory for women than for men. C. Both happy and sad memories are more accessible for women than men. D. The connections between emotional memories are stronger for men than women.

D. The connections between emotional memories are stronger for men than women.

Imagine you present a gender-role inventory to a group of freshmen and discover that one participant scored low on both the masculine and feminine scales. Under which category does this participant belong? A. Feminine B. Masculine C. Androgynous D. Undifferentiated

D. Undifferentiated

The conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Watson and Rayner's experiment with a baby known as Little Albert were, respectively, A. a white rat and a slap on the wrist. B. a loud noise and crying. C. fear responses and a loud noise. D. a white rat and a loud noise.

D. a white rat and a loud noise.

According to the cognitive approach to depression, processing information through the negative schema causes people to A. become depressed. B. generate even more depressing thoughts. C. ignore positive information. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

In a study of boys in aggression-provoking situations, such as another student breaking the boy's radio while he is out of town, researchers found that boys with a history of reactive aggression A. were more likely to interpret the act as intentional. B. were more likely to interpret the act as hostile. C. tended to act more aggressively in response to the act. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Researchers use the idea of negative cognitive style to A. identify people at high risk for depression. B. predict students who will have at least one episode of major depression. C. determine those suffering more depressive symptoms after trauma. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is a component of the depressive cognitive triad? A. Interpreting ongoing experiences in a negative light. B. Pessimistic thoughts about the future. C. Negative thoughts about oneself. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is true about aggressive scripts? A. They represent ways to act that have been learned. B. We learn them by watching aggressive models. C. When they have been practiced, they are more likely to be shown. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

According to Kelly, personal constructs A. consist of a number of possible classifications ranging from one extreme to another. B. are basically the same for all people. C. can be expressed in words. D. are bipolar

D. are bipolar

Researchers asked participants in one study to take photographs to indicate how the participants thought of themselves. The women in the study were more likely than the men to take pictures of themselves that included other people. The findings support the notion that, compared to men, women A. are more dependent on other people. B. have a larger network of friends. C. are more mature socially. D. are more likely to develop an interdependent self-construal.

D. are more likely to develop an interdependent self-construal.

Self-schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one? A. process self-relevant information B. organize information C. describe oneself D. avoid stereotyping

D. avoid stereotyping

People are more likely to engage in a behavior if it is followed by a reward. According to Rotter, this is because the reward A. creates an association through operant conditioning. B. is delivered immediately after the behavior is enacted. C. changes the environment in which the behavior takes place. D. changes the expectancy that the behavior will lead to rewards in the future.

D. changes the expectancy that the behavior will lead to rewards in the future.

As a child, Mary always had an unpleasant time whenever she visited her cousins. In addition, most of the times she visited, her aunt would serve meatloaf for dinner. As an adult, Mary hates meatloaf. If her dislike of meatloaf were classically conditioned, the meatloaf would be the A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned response. D. conditioned stimulus.

D. conditioned stimulus.

John's mother wants her son to stop crying every time something goes wrong. Following a psychologist's advice, she stops running to comfort John whenever the boy starts crying over some minor incident. After a few weeks, she notices that John cries much less frequently than he used to. This is an example of A. positive reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. punishment. D. extinction

D. extinction

In a study in which researcher presented a series of hypothetical situations to boys, those with a history of reactive aggression A. were more likely to perceive actions as intentional or hostile. B. suppressed their tendency toward aggression. C. learned how to cope with the feelings of hostility. D. hardly ever had aggressive thoughts related to the situations.

D. hardly ever had aggressive thoughts related to the situations.

Many different therapies fall within the broad cognitive approach, but each cognitive therapy identifies _________ as the cause of behavioral problems and disorders. A. a loss of freedom B. early childhood experiences with caregivers C. inappropriate behaviors D. inappropriate thoughts

D. inappropriate thoughts

Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives. This finding is consistent with theory and research on A. self-efficacy. B. locus of control. C. behavior therapy. D. learned helplessness

D. learned helplessness

Todd is having difficulty at work and has failed to please his boss on each of the last three projects he has been assigned. He begins to feel as if there is nothing he can do to turn things around. Soon, he starts to feel there is also nothing he can do about some of the difficulties he has been having with members of his family. He starts to act withdrawn and unmotivated most of the time. Todd seems to be suffering from A. anxiety. B. low self-esteem. C. low achievement motivation. D. learned helplessness.

D. learned helplessness

Researchers looking at the relation between locus of control and health sometimes fail to find the predicted results. Subsequent research determined that this may be because the researchers failed to consider the participants' A. gender. B. age. C. health history. D. reinforcement value for good health

D. reinforcement value for good health.

Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive behavior therapy is to A. help clients repress negative emotion. B. teach clients more effective social skills. C. help clients get in touch with their true emotions. D. replace clients' irrational beliefs with rational ones.

D. replace clients' irrational beliefs with rational ones.

Investigations of the impact of exposure to violence have shown the amount and kind of _______ predicts how aggressive they are later. A. sports children participate in B. environment in which children grew up C. school children attend D. television children watch

D. television children watch

The self-monitoring method may have problems due to the fact that A. it cannot be used to assess the progress of treatment. B. it may be contaminated by self-report measures. C. the client is not a trained psychotherapist. D. the client may be dishonest about his or her behavior

D. the client may be dishonest about his or her behavior

Early social learning theorists introduced the notion of behavior-environment-behavior interactions. By this, they meant that A. our behavior is a function of the environment in which we interact. B. we are influenced by both the environment and the behavior of others. C. we change our style of interaction depending on our environment. D. the environment influences our behavior, and our behavior influences the kind of environment in which we find ourselves

D. the environment influences our behavior, and our behavior influences the kind of environment in which we find ourselves

Participants in one study recalled words better when they had been asked first whether or not the word described them (rather than, for example, if the word had been printed in large letters). Researchers interpret this to mean that A. the participants had to think about the word more when asked if it described them. B. the self-description questions generated more interest for the participants than the other questions. C. the self-description questions generated a stronger emotional reaction for the participants than the other questions. D. the participants processed the information for the self-description questions through a self-schema.

D. the participants processed the information for the self-description questions through a self-schema

One study of the self-schema presented students with 40 questions for which they pressed yes or no. Researchers found that participants were more likely to remember the information when A. the words had the ability to generate emotions. B. participants were asked about a rhyme. C. a self-referent question was difficult to answer. D. the question was processed about the participants themselves.

D. the question was processed about the participants themselves.

Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression requires participants to __________ and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively. A. receive an aversive or painful stimulus B. complete a questionnaire C. engage in a group discussion D. watch a violent or nonviolent program

D. watch a violent or nonviolent program

Obtaining a complete understanding of human personality requires that A. we focus on one or two specific approaches as a maximum. B. we examine every aspect of personality from a biological perspective. C. we focus our attention on the cognitive approach. D. we examine personality from several different perspectives.

D. we examine personality from several different perspectives

Kelly suggested that the better we understand another person's construct system, the better A. chance we will have of forming a romantic relationship. B. we will enjoy one another. C. chance we will have for psychological health. D. we will get along.

D. we will get along.