Final Psych 4

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

a. Altruism

Which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform?

a. Belonging to a collectivist society

Which of the following best describes attitude?

a. It is an enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior.

Which of the following characteristics is true of groupthink that contributes to flawed decisions?

a. The group's belief in its rightness

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _____.

a. an implicit social norm

Behavior inconsistent with an attitude that may have the effect of modifying an attitude is known as__________.

a. attitude-discrepant behavior

People are said to__________when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms.

a. conform

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by:

a. learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity.

We tend to live among people who are similar to us in background, and we therefore come into contact with them more often. This reflects__________.

a. propinquity

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to attraction?

b. Reciprocity

Which of the following is a feature of the germinal stage of prenatal development?

b. The zygote divides repeatedly while moving to the uterus.

In the elaboration likelihood model, _____ inspires thoughtful consideration of arguments and evidence.

b. central route

In the context of group behavior,__________is the concern that others are assessing one's behavior. a. cognitive appraisal

b. evaluation apprehension

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ involves closeness and caring—championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

b. intimacy

A reason people tend to have partners from the same background is _____.

b. propinquity

The hassles of retirement and investments are examples of__________.

b. security hassles

The deliberate seeking and attending to information that is consistent with one's attitudes is known as__________.

b. selective exposure

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's__________.

b. social roles and obligations

__________is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues.

c. Fear appeal

Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model?

c. It describes the ways in which people respond to persuasive messages.

Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform?

c. Valuing being right over being liked

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as__________.

c. attitudes

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the__________.

c. bystander effect

In the context of sources of prejudice, when people view those who belong to their own groups more favorably than those who do not, they are involved in _____.

c. social categorization

In the context of the Milgram studies,__________were the real participants.

c. teachers

In the context of prenatal development, the fetal stage lasts from:

c. the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth.

A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of _____.

c. the foot-in-the-door technique

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

d. External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans?

d. Hypothalamus

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is true of the majority-wins scheme?

d. It is the most commonly used social decision scheme.

Which of the following statements is true of social facilitation?

d. It is the process by which a person's performance is increased when other members of a group engage in similar behavior.

__________is a factor that contributes to attraction.

d. Physical appearance

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

d. Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive.

Which of the following statements is true of attribution theory?

d. We are biased toward making dispositional attributions when we explain other people's behavior.

According to__________, we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent with each other and with our behavior.

d. cognitive-dissonance theory

In cognitive-dissonance theory, _____ is the tendency when people seek explanations for their behavior to themselves in such a way that unpleasant undertakings seem worth it.

d. effort justification

When Alex learned that the local supermarket sells chemically grown vegetables, he started buying vegetables that were sold at the organic farmers' market. In the context of changing attitudes through persuasion, Alex was influenced by _____.

d. fear appeal

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on the:

d. influence of teachers on children's cognitive development.

Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates:

d. irrational beliefs.

Discrimination refers to behavior that results from__________.

d. prejudice