Tingnan ang lahat ng mga set ng pag-aaral

final quizlet

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately __________ of adult women are in the labor force.

60 percent

__________ of all marriages with children in the United States are dual-earner marriages, in which both spouses are in the labor force.

About 60 percent

Switzerland has been described as a model of __________; more than six million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there.

Accommodation

Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________.

Accomodation

flexibility

According to the text, one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of __________

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XX chromosome pairing is associated with a __________.

Female embryo

The term __________ refers to all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society.

Gender belief system

What is the world's leading infectious killer?

HIV

In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball.

Jackie Robinson

__________ is a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity.

Marriage

At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________, the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex.

Secondary sex characteristics

__________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life.

Secularization

Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________.

Segregation

__________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion.

Segregation

Which of these statements about social networks is false?

Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

alienation

Sociologist Karl Marx believed that workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying the workers less than the resale values of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________

entrepreneurs

Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have a similar level of wealth and income in the same class. He referred to the privileged commercial class of wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals, and merchants who possess similar financial resources as __________

life chances

Sociologist Max Weber's term __________ refers to the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

Stereotypes

Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of __________.

Stereotyping

Sociologist __________ applied labeling theory to mental health disorders and argued that mental illnesses are actually traits and behaviors that society finds immoral, deviant, or unacceptable.

Thomas Szasz

Sociologist __________ applied labeling theory to mental health disorders and argued that mental illnesses are actually traits and behaviors that society finds immoral, deviant, or unacceptable. a.Emile Durkheim b.Erving Goffman c.Thomas Szasz d.Michel Foucault

Thomas Szasz

local property taxes

Today, great disparities exist in the distribution of educational resources. Because funding for education comes primarily from __________, school districts in wealthy suburban areas generally pay higher teachers' salaries, have newer buildings, and provide state-of-the-art equipment

Today, the net worth of each U.S. household in the wealthiest 1 percent is nearly __________ times greater than the net worth of the median U.S. household

According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society, including the ________________________.

Type of subsistence base

Which of these racial/ethnic groups has been the most privileged group in the United States?

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

108. A religious organization that is well-integrated in society and has all members of society as its members is termed __________. a. an ecclesia b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on____________________________.

a division of labor

Emile Durkheim saw the family as a microcosm of society. He argued that, much like in society generally,____________________________.

a division of labor contributes to greater efficiency in marriages and families

What constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was __________.

a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children

The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________.

Charles H. Cooley

The text uses the term __________ for men or women who do not alter their genitalia but who live as members of the opposite sex.

Cross-dresser

The cultural heritage or identity of a group, based on factors such as language or country of origin, is termed __________.

ethnicity

Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.

anomie

A central component of nonmaterial culture is __________, which are the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

beliefs

What percentage of new marriages in the United States ends in divorce?

between 40 and 50 percent

Kinship in industrial societies is usually traced through both parents (bilineally). The most common form is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family.

bilateral descent

103. From the perspective of __________, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change. a. functionalism b. symbolic interactionism c. conflict theory d. postmodernism

illnesses that are long term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth.

chronic diseases

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time.

cognitive development

◦a substance that, when taken into the body, alters its functioning in some way.

drug

When did the scope of government influence in people's daily lives in the United States expand considerably for the first time?

during the great depression in the 1930s

In preindustrial societies, __________ provides the primary basis for social organization.

kinship

The term __________ refers to a network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

kinship

Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of __________ within a formally organized structure.

knowledge, skills, and cultural values

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

laissez-faire

Most sociologists are in agreement that__________________________.

language influences perception

an estimate of the average lifetime of people born in a specific year.

life expectancy

Which of the following would best be described as an example of high culture?

live theater

Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________.

means of production

The changing attitudes about same-sex marriage are being driven by __________.

millennials

Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior.

moral entrepreneurs

Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations.

normative

We voluntarily join __________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.

normative

Today, most sociologists would consider two gay men and their adopted children, sharing the same household, to be a(n) __________ family.

nuclear

In a study of Amish behavior, a researcher moves into an Amish community and lives and works there for a year, participating in the residents' daily lives. This is an example of __________.

ethnography

__________ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.

expressive

Rachael lives with her mother and her mother's parents, all in the same household. Sociologists would say that Rachael lives in a(n) __________ family.

extended

In the United States, __________ might include using underarm deodorant and brushing one's teeth every day.

folkways

__________ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture. They provide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential to society's survival.

folkways

__________ are people of whatever religious faith who are most fearful about secularization and who believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity.

fundamentalists

__________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

groupthink

Children in single-parent households are at greater risk of lower standards of living primarily due to_________________________.

having fewer economic resources than two-parent households

Which of these early scientific thinkers first used the phrase "survival of the fittest" to explain his theory of society?

herbert spencer

In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to __________.

heredity

The perspective of __________ emphasizes the importance of health-promoting behavior, a healthy lifestyle, and a healthy self-image.

holistic medicine

According to Freud, a well-adjusted individual successfully manages the opposing forces of the __________ and the __________.

id; superego

General support for same-sex marriage in the United States is __________

increasing overall

When designing a study, the researcher considers the __________ to be the cause of the relationship or outcome.

independent variable

Sex is not always clear-cut. Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a person who is __________, in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.

intersexed

Tom works on the assembly line at the local Ford automobile factory. According to Marx, Tom would be considered a member of the __________ because he does not own the means of production.

proletariat class

__________ authority is held by elected or appointed government officials, but authority is invested in the office, not in the person who holds the office.

rational-legal

According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to the _______________.

relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled

Sometimes people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them; Merton termed this __________.

ritualism

Muslim periodic prayer while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of events that Geertz and others would term __________.

rituals

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild coined the term __________ to refer to the work that many employed women perform after they complete their workday on the job.

second shift

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.

secondary

Asher wants to do a study of the effectiveness of the Gardasil vaccine but lacks the time and money to gather his own data. Consequently, he analyzes data on this topic that were gathered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this case, Asher is conducting __________.

secondary analysis

The first step in the "conventional" research model is to __________.

select and define the problem

__________ is the term for the sum total of perceptions and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct and unique person (a sense of who and what one is).

self

◦a set of patterned explanations that defines the norms and values appropriate for individuals who are sick and for those who interact with them.

sick role

The sociological term for the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is __________.

social control

Based on British social theorist Herbert Spencer's theory, __________ is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, that are the most adapted to their environment will survive and prosper, whereas those that are poorly adapted will eventually die out.

social darwinism

Comte believed that societies are made up of social statics, or forces for order and stability, as well as __________ or forces for social change.

social dynamics

__________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population.

social epidemiology

__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

social marginality

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________.

social network

Schools help to identify the most qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This is the manifest function of education termed __________.

social placement

__________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

social solidarity

__________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.

socialism

Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term __________ for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

sociological imagination

A __________ is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

subculture

In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is __________.

the criminal justice system

After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________.

the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure

10. Until the 1960s and 1970s, most doctors in the United States were white, upper-middle or upper-class men. a. True b. False

true

10. The U.S. federal bureaucracy is part of the iron triangle of power. a. True b. False

true

11. A majority of U.S. jobs are in tertiary sector employment. a. True b. False

true

11. Efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic segregation in public education have failed in many districts throughout the United States. a. True b. False

true

12. Research shows that although preventive health care is good for an individual's health, it does not necessarily decrease the overall total costs of health care. a. True b. False

true

Critics argue that __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to provide increased medical services.

third party fee-for-service

Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are __________.

tobacco use and alcohol abuse

A(n) __________ is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institutions.

total institution

2. In contemporary societies, the government is the primary political system. a. True b. False

true

20. From a conflict perspective, people with disabilities are members of a subordinate group. a. True b. False

true

3. One of the most important factors in improving life expectancy is improved access to safe water. a. True b. False

true

3. Not all analysts or functionalists agree on what the functions of education should be in contemporary societies. a. True b. False

true

5. Rates of illness are highest among the old and the young. a. True b. False

true

there is little or no social mobility

One of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of flexibility. In a closed system of stratification __________

With regard to African American families,______________________________.

both daughters and sons are socialized toward autonomy, independence, self‑confidence, and nurturance of children

A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father).

patriarchal

Organized crime thrives primarily because________________________.

there is a great demand for illegal goods and services

In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________.

this research raises some questions concerning research ethics

The text observes that although most married women now share responsibility for the breadwinner role, many men do not accept their share of domestic responsibilities. Hochschild terms this disparity the __________.

"double day" or "second shift"

Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of a(n) __________.

"third sex"

Sociologist Ann Swidler coined the expression __________ to refer to human culture or "symbols, stories, rituals, and world views, which people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems."

"tool kit"

points of "the sick role"

1.People who are sick are not responsible for their condition. 2.People who assume the sick role are temporarily exempt from their normal roles and obligations. 3.People who are sick must want to get well. 4.People who are sick must seek competent help from a medical professional.

Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some __________ years.

100,000

horizontal

A factory worker is promoted to the position of foreman in the factory. She receives a small increase in pay. This person has experienced __________ mobility

In contemporary societies, women's child-care responsibilities have __________ on their participation in careers and professions.

A great impact

The term ethnicity refers to __________.

A person's cultural background or national origin

__________ is the term for policies or procedures designed to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have previously been excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.

Affirmative Action

After a lengthy political battle, a health care reform bill was signed into law in the United States in 2010. The name of the bill is the __________. a.Obama Health Care Reform Bill b.Patient Right to Health Care Bill c.Affordable Care Act d.U.S. Health Maintenance Act

Affordable Care Act

People in which of these racial/ethnic groups have been the most overrepresented in official crime statistics?

African Americans

July Fourth (Independence Day), Memorial Day, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Pledge of Allegiance would all be considered examples that correspond to __________.

American civil rights

__________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world.

Animism

resource

Anything valued in a society, such as money, property, and education, is called __________

__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.

Assimilation

_________ descent is used in the United States for the purpose of determining kinship and inheritance rights; however, children typically take the father's last name.

Bilateral

__________ occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups.

Biological assimilation (amalgamation)

__________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.

Body Consciousness

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by the __________.

Bureau of Justice Statistics

intragenerational

Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker and, through increased experience and taking specialized courses in her field, became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________ mobility

systems where status is determined at birth

Caste systems and slavery are both __________.

deskilling

Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed _________

Internal colonialism, the split-labor-market theory, and gendered racism are theories that are rooted in the __________ perspective.

Conflict

__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.

Conflict

__________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.

Conflict theorists

The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

Contact hypothesis

peoples relationships with others in the production process

Contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists examine class in terms of __________

__________ are responsible primarily for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for members.

Contemporary families

deindustrialization

Corporations have been disinvesting in the United States, displacing millions of people from their jobs. Economists refer to this displacement as the __________ of America

the practice of rapidly discharged patients from mental hospitals into the community.

Deinstitutionalization

__________ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.

Discretion

The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is __________.

Ethnic group

The __________ is widely considered the catalyst for the emergence of modern medical education.

Flexner report

property that generates no income

For most people in the United States, wealth is invested primarily in

Internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II are an example of __________.

Forced migration

The "Trail of Tears" was an intentional act of __________.

Forced migration

A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occur through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual.

50 percent

In 2014, the wealthiest 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately __________ of the total income pie

endogamous

In a caste system, marriage is __________, meaning that people are allowed to marry only within their own group

underemployment

In addition to unemployment, structural problems contribute to __________, where people work at jobs that do not pay a living wage and lack security

underemployement

In addition to unemployment, structural problems contribute to __________, where people work at jobs that do not pay a living wage and lack security.

the feminization of poverty

In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term __________to refer to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty

upper upper

In the model of American social classes based on Weber's theory, the __________ is made up of prominent families that have held great wealth for several generations

__________ is based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes.

Incapacitation

Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.

Indirect institutionalized

A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

Individual

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

Individual

A(n) __________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.

Industrial society

__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.

Industrialization

A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

Institutional

__________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

Institutional

In the United States, indigenous groups lost property, political rights, aspects of their culture, and often their lives. The effects of past __________ are reflected today in the number of Native Americans who live on government reservations.

Internal colonialism

__________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society.

Internal colonialism

The __________ is also referred to as the military -industrial complex, which results in the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors.

Iron triangle

Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.

Irving Janis

Sociologists emphasize that race____________________________.

Is a socially constructed reality

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.

Isolate

Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group member against a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.

Isolate discrimination

_______ refers to a marriage between two partners, usually a woman and a man.

Monogamy

In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of __________ racism.

Overt

__________ state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable. Laws that prohibit drinking and driving and "netiquette" that preclude you from typing e-mails in all caps are examples.

Proscriptive norms

According to the text's discussion of civil religion, _____________________.

The U.S. flag is a sacred object within the nation's civil religion

Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in women except:

The vagina

What happens when individuals meet someone who does not conform to their preexisting stereotypes?

They ignore any behavior that contradicts the stereotype.

Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?

a sociology class

Which of the following would best be described as an ethnic subculture?

african americans

What is a drug?

any substance other than food or water that, when taken into the body, alters its function in some way

__________ is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government.

authoritarianism

100. From the __________ perspective, disability is viewed as a form of deviance. a. conflict b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern

100. The informal relationship between religion and the state that takes the form of rituals and beliefs that create a feeling of sacredness around society or a nation is termed __________. a. the spiritualization of politics b. civil religion c. political religion d. affirmational politics

100. Corporations with control both within and across industries are formed by a series of mergers and acquisitions across industries. These corporations are referred to as __________; they combine businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company. a. monopolies b. conglomerates c. shared monopolies d. interlocking corporate directorates

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.

class

A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.

coalition

The Census Bureau defines the term __________ as two people who live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married.

cohabitation

Compared to quantitative research, qualitative research is more likely to _________.

collect and analyze the data simultaneously

According to many __________ theorists, problems in U.S. health care delivery are rooted in the capitalist economy, which views medicine as a commodity that is produced and sold by the medical-industrial complex.

conflict

From the perspective of __________, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change.

conflict theory

According to Kohlberg's framework of moral development, most adults are governed by concern for how they are viewed by others and whether or not they will be punished for their behavior. This is termed the __________ level of moral development.

conventional

Members of the upper classes must be trained to appreciate and participate in high culture. This knowledge, called __________, is symbolic of being upper class, and excludes members of lower classes.

cultural capital

The corporate rich influence the political system by______________.

dominating the federal government

Karl Marx and Max Weber were in agreement that __________ was at least one source of inequality in society.

economic inequality

__________ leadership provides emotional support for members.

expressive

A __________ is a temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large numbers of people. Most are short-lived novelties.

fad

17. Contingent work is found only at the lower end of occupations in the United States. a. True b. False

false: Rejoinder: Contingent or temporary and part-time work is found in every segment of the workforce.

In recent years, some parents have begun carrying their infant children on their backs or chests in special slings rather than in strollers or in their arms. This is an example of a(n) __________ in child-rearing.

fashion

fee-for-service

__________is the study of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play.

field research

A(n) __________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.

formal

what perspective incorporates the sick role

functional

__________ theorists have conducted most of the research on "core" values in the United States.

functionalist

Which of these is an example of a utilitarian organization?

high school

Differential association explains________________________________.

how one may be socialized into deviance

"American society stands for equal opportunity for all." This statement exemplifies __________ culture, which refers to the values and standards that people in a society profess to hold.

ideal

A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy).

ideal type

The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes all of the following except the ___________ theory.

illegitimate opportunity

__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.

industrial societies

Interest in the systematic study of people's behavior and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century primarily in response to __________.

industrialization and urbanization

The __________ is equal to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

infant mortality rate

the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

infant mortality rate

A preferred provider organization is a form of __________ .

managed care

__________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.

marijuana

a condition in which a person has a severe mental disorder requiring extensive treatment with medication, psychotherapy, and sometimes hospitalization.

mental illness

According to conflict theorists, credentialism, the hidden curriculum, and a belief in __________ ensure that the best education and job opportunities will go to members of the middle and upper classes.

meritocracy

A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail.

misdemeanor

__________ is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance.

monarchy

Bubba married his high school sweetheart, and they have been faithful to each other for 30 years. Their marriage is considered to be __________.

monogamous

Sometimes a corporation has virtually no competitors; this is termed a(n) __________. A(n) __________ exists when just a few companies have virtual control of an entire industry.

monopoly; oligopoly

__________ are strongly held norms that have moral and ethical connotations within a particular culture, and that may not be violated without serious consequences.

Researchers predict that over the next few decades in the United States, ________________. a.obesity will be curable using medications b.obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years c.obesity will be in decline among the population d.obesity will cease to be a problem

obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years

The purchase of "pet rocks" in the 1970s was an example of a(n) __________.

object fad

The "me" is the __________ element of the self, which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands.

objective

What do most men consider to be their master status?

occupation

In a system of rational-legal authority, the authority is invested in the __________.

office

The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________.

oligarchy

The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

organic solidarity

__________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

organized

From the conflict perspective, which of these groups benefits the least from the current U.S. health care system?

patients

From the conflict perspective, which of these groups benefits the least from the current U.S. health care system? a.physicians b.patients c.pharmaceutical companies d.insurance companies

patients

A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father).

patriarchal

Across cultures, __________ is the most common residential pattern.

patrilocal residence

Political parties create a __________, which is a formal statement of the party's political positions on various social and economic issues.

platform

Cory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the __________ stage of self-development.

play

In the United States, a great many different religious organizations that appeal to a wide variety of different people coexist together. This is termed religious __________.

pluralism

In a(n) __________ model, the needs and interests of widely divergent groups are met by the government through a process of accommodation and negotiation. Power in political systems is widely dispersed and shared among many competing interest groups.

pluralist

__________ are organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates who share (or oppose) their stances on specific issues.

political action committees

__________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by various groups and individuals.

politics

During the Olympics, competition and a spirit of nationalism and patriotism encourage people to think of their own nation as "the best." This is an example of __________.

positive ethnocentrism

After having successfully negotiated an important business contract with a major client, Jocelyn's boss congratulated her and promised her a significant pay raise. In this situation, Jocelyn is receiving what sociologists term a(n) __________.

positive sanction

French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as __________,

positivism

French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as __________,

positivism

Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________.

primary group

__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.

primary groups

At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

primary sex characteristics

The term __________ refers to the process of converting resources from state ownership to private ownership.

privatization

According to Mills, the sociological imagination enables one to distinguish between personal troubles that must be solved within the immediate social setting and __________ that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at the societal level.

public issues

__________ crimes include offenses such as prostitution, illegal gambling, and pornography.

public order

With __________ research, interpretative description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

qualitative

Researchers in one study systematically analyzed the contents of the notes of suicide victims to determine recurring themes, such as feelings of despair or failure. They hoped to determine if any patterns could be found that would help in understanding why people might kill themselves. This is an example of __________.

qualitative research

With __________ research, the goal is scientific objectivity, and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically.

quantitative

People may claim to be law-abiding yet still engage in behaviors that are illegal. This behavior is an example of_____________ culture, which refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow.

real

A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. Applying Merton's typology from strain theory, this behavior is an example of __________.

rebellion

According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

rebellion

The process by which individuals' feelings, thoughts, appearance, and behavior have a direct influence on agents of socialization that are attempting to influence them is called __________.

reciprocal socialization

__________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state.

recreational

A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

reference group

In most hunting and gathering societies,___________________________.

relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian

Researchers have identified several reasons why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality. Which of the following reasons was not cited as a reason why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality?

relative number of traffic accidents

Soledad develops a scale to assess job satisfaction among temporary workers. She is afraid that workers in her study will each interpret the scale items in a different way. Soledad is concerned about the __________ of her scale.

reliability

Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.

religion

In the United States, the political system is a(n) __________ in which people have a voice in the government elected representatives who serve as bridges between themselves and the government.

representative democracy

All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________.

require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind

Sociologists obtain their knowledge of human behavior through __________, which is the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one.

research

Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms __________.

restricting some activities

Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of __________.

retreatism

According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.

retreatism

The __________ of charisma occurs when charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority.

routinization

William Domhoff used the term __________ to refer to a small, fixed, privileged group of people with the power to constrain the political system and serve the interests of capitalism.

ruling class

Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing.

sacred

Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that is beyond the ordinary.

sacred

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Through a pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, some people practice __________—a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time.

serial monogamy

Barbara was born female, which refers to her __________; she acts very feminine, which refers to her __________.

sex; gender

Sociologist George Herbert Mead coined the term __________ others for those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

significant

The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________.

significant others

From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role as well as other important information about society. Which of the following manifest functions of education does this describe?

socialization

A kindergartner, nervous because he is about to attend his first day of school, receives advice from his older sister (who is in the sixth grade) about how to act. This is an example of __________.

socialization

Sociology is defined as the __________.

systematic study of human society and social interaction

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.

status symbols

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of __________.

statuses

The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is __________.

stigma

According to Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

strain

The text argues that __________ are better able to address the problem of juvenile offenders than are military-style boot camps.

structural solutions

Clay is a high-ranking executive of Harley-Davidson Company. He is a member of the Free Wheelers, a motorcycle group. On the weekends, the Free Wheelers go camping and fishing and often sponsor community service programs. Clay would be considered a member of a(n) __________.

subculture

The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.

subjective

A(n) __________ is the method most commonly used to study people's behavior and beliefs.

survey

A(n) __________ can be anything that meaningfully represents something else.

symbol

Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead provided insight into the family roles, and these are modified or adapted to the expectations of others—especially significant others such as parents, grandparents, and siblings. This is the foundation of the__________ perspective on the family.

symbolic interactionist

__________ is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

the economy

In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to demonstrate __________.

the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species

One of the primary agents of gender socialization is __________.

the family

A category of religion, __________, refers to a belief in a god or gods.

theism

A __________ is defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.

theory

Taking an aspirin to reduce a fever is an example of __________ drug use.

therapeutic

When a drug is taken for a specific purpose or remedial effect, this is termed __________ use.

therapeutic

When a drug is taken for a specific purpose or remedial effect, this is termed __________ use. a.recreational b.standard c.chronic d.therapeutic

therapeutic

Several employees at a fast-food restaurant call in sick at the last minute. The manager tries to fill in but doesn't know how to run the drive-through intercom or broiler. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________.

trained incapacity

Almost 70 years ago, Sutherland coined the term __________ for what is now called occupational crime.

white-collar crime

class

Both Karl Marx and Max Weber identified ___________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change

Research indicates that young people in the United States between the ages of 12 to 17 spend an average of almost __________ hours a month watching video on television.

100

The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and accounts for __________ of the world's prison population.

25 percent

In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts.

300

Some analysts refer to today's middle-aged women as the sandwich generation because they are caught between the needs of their young children and their __________.

Elderly relatives

Sociologist __________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased.

Emile Durkheim

__________, one of the first sociologists to emphasize that religion is essential to the maintenance of society, suggested that religion is a cultural universal found in all societies because it meets basic human needs and serves important societal functions.

Emile Durkheim

According to sociologist __________, the purpose of government is to socialize people to be good citizens, to regulate the economy so that it operates effectively, and to provide necessary services for citizens.

Emile Durkheim

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.

Expressive

__________ often include grandparents, uncles, aunts, or other relatives who live close to the parents and children, making it possible for family members to share resources.

Extended families

__________ is an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person—body and mind—rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur. a.Holistic medicine b.Preventive medicine c.Traditional medicine d.Conventional medicine

Holistic medicine

Most people in the United States tend to choose marriage partners who are similar to themselves. __________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class.

Homogamy

Various organizations of gays, lesbians, and transgendered persons have been unified in their desire to reduce hate crimes and other forms of __________—the extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

Homophobia

In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.

Horticultural

Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?

How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

Which of these would the subject of a macrolevel analysis of gender?

How gender is embedded in language

__________ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. Offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity.

Rehabilitation

Which of these statements illustrates the symbolic interactionist perspective on religion?

Religion provides reference groups that help individuals to define their own identity.

__________ are people who provide data for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.

Respondents

Sociologists __________ suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures—circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

Recent research indicates that female student -athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________.

Role conflict

__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.

Role distancing

The __________ suggests that language not only expresses our thoughts and perceptions but also influences our perception of reality.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

Subordinate group

__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.

Subsistence

__________ is the term for racist behavior that may be hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.

Subtle racism

__________ analyze family influence on an individual's self-concept and identity. From this perspective, what people think, as well as what they say and do, is very important in understanding family dynamics.

Symbolic interactionists

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

Symbolic interactionists

In a study of education in the United States, __________ would emphasize the daily activities and the various forms of communication between teachers and students. They would also examine the influence of peer groups and look at the reaction when school rules are either broken or followed.

Symbolic interactionists

__________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

Sex

__________ is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

Sexism

__________ refers to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).

Sexual orientation

_____ is a belief in sacred principles of thought and conduct rather than a god or gods.

Transcendent idealism

The term __________ refers to individuals whose appearance, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to their assigned sex and identification by others as male or female.

Transgender

The __________ is compiled by the FBI and is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States.

Uniform Crime Report

working class

Weber called the class consisting of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers the __________

power

Weber defined social class using ___________ as a major contributor

power

Weber defined social class using ___________ as a major contributor.

rentiers

Weber used the term __________ for the category of wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work

As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________.

What holds societies together?

deference

When __________ behavior occurs between nonequals, it confirms the inequality of the relationship.

conflict theorists

When analyzing social class, __________ are most likely to consider the degree of control that workers have over the decision-making process and their ability to plan and implement their own work

power

Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, Max Weber developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and __________

Max Weber

Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, sociologist __________ developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and power

Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false?

slavery

__________ is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others. It is a closed system in which people are treated as property and have little or no control over their lives

absolute poverty

__________ is the most likely to have life-threatening consequences, such as when a homeless person freezes to death on a park bench

social stratification

__________ is the sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control of basic resources

income

__________ is the term for economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property

Intergenerational

__________ mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next

horizontal mobility

__________ occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and/or income that does not produce a change in their place in the class structure

vertical mobility

__________ occurs when people experience movement either up or down the class structure.

Relative

__________ poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living

Absolute

__________ poverty refers to the condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life

conflict

__________ theorists stress that schools are agencies for perpetuating social inequality because parents with limited income are not able to provide the same educational opportunities for their children as are families with greater financial resources

Functionalist

__________ theorists view education as the "elevator" to social mobility. They see education as providing all students with opportunities, and they argue that students' abilities are now more important than their class, race, or gender in determining success

103. A person who is on the board of a bank also sits on the board of a computer manufacturing company that borrows money from that bank. This is an example of an __________. a. interlocking corporate directorate b. professional conglomeration c. shared directorate d. oligopoly director

104. The famous quote stating that religion is an "opiate of the masses" comes from the work of __________. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. George Simmel

104. __________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making. a. Socialism b. Capitalism c. Communism d. A mixed economy

105. The work of __________ demonstrated that religion could be a catalyst for social change. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. George Simmel

106. Sweden, Great Britain, and France have economic systems that are forms of __________. a. democratic socialism b. pure socialism c. democratic capitalism d. oligopoly

109. Lisa works as a nanny and is paid in cash by the family she works for. She does not declare her earnings to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). She is a part of the_______________. a. underground economy b. legitimate economy c. contingent economy d. marginal economy

111. New religious movement is the term that refers to groups that were formerly termed __________. a. a cult b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

21. At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, today the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the __________. a. state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being b. absence of infection c. absence of sickness, viruses, and physical pains d. state of equilibrium, with all the parts in balance

21. __________ is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between that society and those outside its borders. a. Government b. Economics c. Politics d. The military

22. Both religion and education___________________________. a. impart values, beliefs, and knowledge considered to the social reproduction of society and the individual b. are provided publically by state and federal governments c. deal with issues of governance and social movements d. are relatively new social institutions

23. Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of __________ within a formally organized structure. a. knowledge, skills, and cultural values b. cultural values and beliefs c. technical skills and training d. information or knowledge

25. __________ is a measure of the estimated average lifetime of people born in a specific year. a. Life expectancy b. Life cycle c. Life span d. Life longevity

26. Early sociologist __________ saw the responsibility of education as teaching a commitment to a shared social morality. In this way, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society. a. Emile Durkheim b. Robert Merton c. Max Weber d. Karl Marx

30. From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role as well as other important information about society. This is one of the manifest functions of education: __________. a. socialization b. transmission of culture c. social placement d. change and innovation

31. Social epidemiologists investigate_______________. a. the human host b. the social atmosphere c. health coefficients d. microscopic carriers

31. Gender, race, and class are closely intertwined with traditional authority. Political scientist Zillah Eisenstein applied the term __________ to the interplay of race and gender that reinforces traditional structures of power in contemporary societies. a. racialized patriarchy b. patriarchal colonization c. ethnic genderization d. gendered ethnicity

32. Which of these is an example of a chronic disease? a. diabetes b. stroke c. infection d. dysentery or diarrhea

32. Weber applied the term __________ to power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers. a. charismatic authority b. traditional authority c. coercive authority d. rational-legal authority

35. Rational-legal authority is also known as __________ authority, which is based on an organizational structure that includes a clearly defined division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules, and impersonality a. bureaucratic b. routinized c. democratic d. capitalistic

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world __________.

as a safe and comfortable place

A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

ascribed

Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses.

ascribed

Hirschi's social bonding theory emphasizes__________________________.

attachment to other people

A dozen inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. The __________ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation.

authoritarian

In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, __________ leaders may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.

authoritarian

101. July Fourth (Independence Day), Memorial Day, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Pledge of Allegiance would all be considered examples that correspond to __________. a. the spiritualization of politics in America b. American civil religion c. political religion in America d. American denominational politics

105. The term __________ refers to the process of converting resources from state ownership to private ownership. a. monopolization b. privatization c. centralized decision making d. the pursuit of collective goals

109. A large bureaucratic organization that seeks accommodation with the larger society and also attempts to influence it is termed __________. a. an ecclesia b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

110. The unemployment rate takes into account ________________________. a. all people who do not work for pay b. only people who are actively looking for a job c. all people between the ages of 18 and 65 d. only males with a high school degree or higher level of education

22. In contemporary societies the government is called __________ and is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory. a. autocracy b. state c. bureaucracy d. executive branch

24. __________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness. a. Health care b. Medicine c. Scientific medicine d. Holistic medicine

24. __________ is the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. Through the use of persuasion, authority, or force, some people are able to get others to submit to their demands. a. Authority b. Power c. Control d. Leverage

25. According to William Domhoff, what is the role of the media in politics? a. The media are neutral in news coverage of events and candidates. b. Media tend to reflect the biases of those with the greatest ability to access the media. c. The media are more powerful than government officials. d. Journalists are more powerful than corporate leaders.

27. The __________ is equal to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. a. child mortality rate b. infant mortality rate c. first year of life rate d. baby mortality

28. A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English. a. extrinsic b. manifest c. intrinsic d. latent

28. An important factor in the increase in life expectancy in low-income nations has been __________. a. improved medical technologies b. a safer water supply c. healthier diets d. increased exercise programs

29. Education serves five major manifest functions in society, including __________. a. providing childcare b. transmitting culture c. matchmaking and social networking d. organizing athletic events

29. __________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population. a. Sociology of medicine b. Social epidemiology c. Social health d. Social medicine

29. Weber used the term __________ authority for power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom. a. charismatic b. traditional c. coercive d. rational-legal

31. Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as __________. a. social placement b. transmission of culture c. social control d. change and innovation

35. According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These are termed __________. a. intrinsic functions b. latent functions c. extrinsic functions d. manifest functions

36. In a system of rational-legal authority, the authority is invested in the __________. a. person holding the office b. office c. political party the person in office belongs to d. administrative personnel working for the office-holder

38. Although the U.S. Constitution grants __________ authority to the office of the presidency, a president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office. a. traditional b. rational-legal c. charismatic d. coercive

39. Studies reveal that nearly __________ of U.S. students admit to bullying others with some frequency. a. one-tenth b. one-fifth c. one-fourth d. one-third

39. When a drug is taken for a specific purpose or remedial affect, this is termed __________ use. a. standard b. therapeutic c. chronic d. recreational

39. Weber believed that __________ authority was the only means to attain efficient, flexible, and competent regulation under a rule of law. a. traditional b. rational-legal c. charismatic d. coercive

40. Individuals such as Hitler and Martin Luther King, Jr. are examples of __________ leaders. a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. coercive

45. Today, the U.S. State Department recognizes ___________ independent nation-states throughout the world. a. 150 b. 195 c. 250 d. 295

47. According to sociologist __________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture. a. Karl Marx b. Pierre Bourdieu c. Emile Durkheim d. Max Weber

47. __________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States. a. Tobacco b. Marijuana c. Heroin d. Alcohol

49. In __________ monarchies, rulers depend on powerful members of the nobility to help them retain their thrones and are not considered to be above the law. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

51. AIDS is caused by __________ and is among the most significant health problems that this nation and the world face today. a. human immunity virus b. human immunodeficiency virus c. high-level immunity virus d. acquired human virus

51. Tracking or ability grouping is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group whose members have similar abilities. __________ theorists are critics of the practice of tracking, arguing that it negatively affects learning and achievement for many students. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. Postmodern

52. What is the world's leading infectious killer? a. cancer b. HIV c. Ebola d. SARS

101. Companies such as Time Warner and Viacom have extensive holdings in radio and television stations, cable television companies, book publishing firms, and film production and distribution companies. These companies are referred to as __________. a. oligopolies b. interlocking corporate directorates c. shared monopolies d. conglomerates

102. In addition to direct merger, competition is reduced over the long run by __________, where members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the board(s) of other corporations. a. monopolies b. shared monopolies c. conglomerates d. interlocking corporate directorates

106. Which of these statements illustrates the symbolic interactionist perspective on religion? a. Religion is an "opiate" that soothes distress and prevents social uprising. b. A religious belief system may be more compatible with and help to strengthen capitalism. c. The teachers of many religions are male, as are the leaders of religious institutions. d. Religion provides reference groups that help individuals to define their own identity.

107. Rational choice theory of religion suggests that_______________________. a. each person has a natural affinity for one particular religion b. older religions are more authentic and have belief systems that are better c. some sets of religious beliefs are more rational than others d. religion is a competitive marketplace in which people shop around for the best fit for them

23. __________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health. a. Curing b. Healing c. Medicine d. Health care

24. In the absence of a constitutional amendment, issues relating to the separation of church and state, including religious instruction in public schools, are ultimately constitutional issues that are decided by __________. a. the President of the United States b. state governors c. Congress d. the U.S. Supreme Court

53. In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural value; routines and regulations also and shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the __________. a. tracking system b. hidden curriculum c. manifest function of education d. resocialization

54. Researchers predict that over the next few decades in the United States,________________. a. obesity will be in decline among the population b. obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years c. obesity will cease to be a problem d. obesity will be curable using medications

25. __________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for selfenhancement and upward social mobility. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Conflict c. Postmodern d. Functionalist

26. Which of these countries has the highest life expectancy? a. Malawi b. United States c. Sweden d. Monaco

27. Some functions of education are ___________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution. a. latent functions b. intrinsic functions c. extrinsic functions d. manifest functions

54. Through the __________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining. a. tracking system b. hidden curriculum c. manifest function of education d. resocialization process

54. __________ result when military officers seize power from the government, as has happened in recent decades in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti. a. Absolute monarchies b. Military juntas c. Dictatorships d. Direct participatory democracies

55. In a __________ political system, the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives. a. democracy b. totalitarianism c. monarchy d. authoritarianism

56. Schools with more middle-class students have curricula that emphasize __________. a. procedures and rote memorization b. decision making and choice c. creative self-expression d. critical reasoning

58. According to the text, with professionalization, __________ gained control over the entire medical establishment in the United States. a. the American Medical Association b. licensed medical doctors c. insurance companies d. medical schools

59. __________ is a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives. a. Totalitarianism b. Democracy c. Monarchy d. Authoritarianism

60. __________ means that patients are billed separately for each service that they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses. a. Third-party provider b. Fee-for-service c. Health maintenance organization d. Managed care

61. In the United States, the political system is a __________ in which people have a voice in the government elected representatives who serve as bridges between themselves and the government. a. direct participatory democracy b. representative democracy c. symbolic democracy d. independent involvement democracy

62. After a lengthy political battle, a health care reform bill was signed into law in the United States in 2010. The name of the bill is __________. a. Obama Health Care Reform Bill of 2010 b. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 c. U.S. Health Maintenance Act of 2010 d. The Patient Right to Health Care Bill of 2010

64. In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives. a. fee-for-service program b. third-party provider program c. health maintenance organization program d. managed care program

64. According to sociologist __________, the purpose of government is to socialize people to be good citizens, to regulate the economy so that it operates effectively, and to provide necessary services for citizens. a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Robert Merton d. Herbert Spencer

71. Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________. a. the iron law of oligarchy b. the labeling process c. tracking d. the hidden curriculum

72. In regards to unequal funding as a source of unequal education, the text notes that____________________. a. an influx of federal funds has largely ended the problem by equalizing funding b. most educational funds are derived from state and local taxes c. the property tax base for central city schools has continued to grow in most regions d. recent redistribution of funds has made many schools' resources more equitable than in the past

74. The __________ make(s) up the top level of C. Wright Mill's pyramidal model of the power elite. a. legislative branch, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders b. corporate rich c. unorganized masses of the citizenry d. executive branch of government

75. William Domhoff used the term __________ to refer to a small, fixed, privileged group of people with the power to constrain the political system and serve the interests of capitalism. a. power elite b. ruling class c. special interest group d. political action committee

78. Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that beyond the ordinary. a. profane b. sacred c. spiritual d. magical

80. What percentage of the U.S. voting-age population is involved in the political process beyond simply voting? a. 2 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent

81. Stem cells are important medically because_____________________. a. they are the foundation of in vitro fertilization b. they can be used to generate any specialized cell in the human body c. they are essential to various types of preventive medical approaches d. they are the only area of research that all sides can agree on politically

81. Even in Presidential election years, voter turnout can be low. For example, in the 2012 presidential election, approximately __________ of eligible voters cast ballots. a. 30 percent b. 60 percent c. 75 percent d. 90 percent

82. When did the scope of government influence in people's daily lives in the United States expand considerably for the first time? a. during the Civil War b. during Depression in the 1930s c. during World War II d. during the 1960s Vietnam War

86. __________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society. a. Theism b. Animism c. Simple supernaturalism d. Transcendent idealism

87. __________ is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. a. Education b. The economy c. Politics d. The mass media

89. According to the text, __________societies were among the first to practice monotheism, the belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world. a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agricultural d. industrial

89. The __________ theory emphasizes the political, economic, and social forces that affect health and the health care delivery system. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodernist

90. In industrial economies, __________ refers to the processing of raw materials into finished goods. a. primary sector production b. secondary sector production c. tertiary sector production d. quartiary sector production

92. Conflict theorists use the term __________ for the system of local physicians and hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies. a. health care-organizational complex b. medical-industrial complex c. organizational-medical complex d. medical-corporate complex

93. __________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture. a. Sacreligion b. Secularization c. Detheification d. Religious reductionism

97. Homosexuality has been removed from the list of mental disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association. This is an example of __________. a. medicalization b. demedicalization c. nonmedicalization d. remedicalization

98. According to functionalists, religion_____________________. a. provides a sense of false consciousness b. promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging c. provides a mechanism for racial/ethnic integration d. prevents anarchy while relieving the individual of responsibility

27. People are not likely to accept authority as legitimate__________________________. a. when they are economically dependent on those in power b. when they are politically dependent on those who hold power c. when it reflects their own beliefs and values d. when they are threatened with physical force

30. British kings and queens historically traced their authority from God. Weber called this __________. a. coercive authority b. rational-legal authority c. charismatic authority d. traditional authority

33. Schools help to identify the most qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This is the manifest function of education termed __________. a. change and innovation b. transmission of culture c. social control d. social placement

34. Which of these is an example of an acute disease? a. diabetes b. lung cancer c. multiple sclerosis d. dysentery or diarrhea

34. In Weber's work on authority, the term ___________ authority refers to power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations. a. charismatic b. traditional c. coercive d. rational-legal

35. Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are __________. a. stroke and infectious disease b. AIDS and heart disease c. heart disease and accidents d. tobacco use and alcohol abuse

37. A child born in the United States in 2013 has a life expectancy of __________. a. 63.5 years b. 69.3 years c. 75.1 years d. 78.7 years

40. Taking an aspirin to reduce a fever is an example of __________ drug use. a. recreational b. chronic c. pleasure d. therapeutic

A(n) __________ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters.

bureaucracy

Most government, business, education, and religious organizations are __________ in form.

bureaucratic

Rational-legal authority is also known as __________ authority, which is based on an organizational structure that includes a clearly defined division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules, and impersonality.

bureaucratic

101. From a labeling perspective, three different factors play a role in how people with disabilities are labeled. Which of these is not one of those three factors? a. the degree to which the individual is responsible for the impairment b. the apparent seriousness of the condition c. the recentness of the impairment d. the perceived legitimacy of the condition

102. According to the text's discussion of civil religion,_____________________. a. civil religion is tied to the most popular religious group in a society b. because of the separation of church and state, all civil ceremonies in the United States lack any religious quality c. the United States flag is a sacred object within the nation's civil religion d. there is public consensus about the importance of civil religion

107. How do professions differ from occupations? a. Occupations have greater autonomy than professions. b. Professions are only found in the primary sector, unlike occupations, which span all sectors of employment. c. Professions are characterized as having more self-regulation than occupations. d. There is no difference between professions and occupations.

108. A contract worker, or someone working temporarily, is doing__________________. a. occupational labor b. marginal work c. contingent work d. blue collar labor

110. In the United States, a great many different religious organizations that appeal to a wide variety of different people coexist together. This is termed religious __________. a. ecclesiasticism b. gnosticism c. pluralism d. fundamentalism

112. __________ are people of whatever religious faith who are most fearful about secularization and who believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity. a. Gnostics b. Ecclesiastics c. Fundamentalists d. Cosmopolitanists

113. Over the five-year period from 2007 to 2012, the number of people who consider themselves religiously unaffiliated in the United States_______________. a. declined to less than 10 percent b. rose from 1 percent to nearly 12 percent c. rose to about 20 percent d. stayed the same

20. __________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by various groups and individuals. a. Government b. Economics c. Politics d. Religion

22. Sociologists use the term __________ for socially defined and culturally variable states of interference with health. a. disease b. disorder c. illness d. addiction

23. The subfield within sociology that focuses on the social circumstances of politics and explores how the political arena and its actors are intertwined with social institutions is called __________. a. governmental sociology b. institutional sociology c. political sociology d. cultural sociology

26. Although the most basic form of power is physical violence or force, most political leaders prefer to legitimize their power and then have what sociologists call __________. a. control b. leverage c. authority d. political influence

28. The ideal types of authority identified by Max Weber includes___________. a. charismatic authority b. familial authority c. coercive authority d. relational authority

30. Social epidemiologists use the term __________ for biological, nutritional, chemical, and physical factors that cause disease. a. hosts b. environmental factors c. disease agents d. health coefficients

32. An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality. a. social placement b. transmission of culture c. social control d. change and innovation

33. Older people (over age 65) are more likely to have __________ diseases. a. acute b. epidemic c. chronic d. infectious

33. The __________ of charisma occurs when charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority. a. traditionalization b. bureaucratization c. routinization d. modernization

34. Over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. Programs such as sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented to teach students about pressing social issues. These examples illustrate the manifest function of education called __________. a. socialization b. transmission of culture c. change and innovation d. social placement

36. Researchers have identified several reasons why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality. Which of the following reasons was not cited as a reason why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality? a. access to transportation, education, and good jobs b. availability of safe areas to exercise c. relative number of traffic accidents d. availability of grocery stores with nutritious foods

37. __________ authority is held by elected or appointed government officials, but authority is invested in the office, not in the person who holds the office. a. Charismatic b. Traditional c. Rational-legal d. Coercive

38. Although character education has been suggested for reducing bullying, an alternative approach is to focus on __________. a. affirmative action programs b. cultural diversity c. the social environment of the school d. stronger penalties for bullies

38. What is a drug? a. any substance that may be ingested and has no nutritional value b. a substance that is habit forming or addictive c. any substance other than food and water that, when taken into the body, alters its function in some way d. a pharmaceutical substance that is manufactured in a laboratory

40. Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________. a. the creation of a generation gap b. the transmission of culture c. matchmaking and the production of social networks d. restricting some activities

41. Political institutions first emerged in __________ societies as they acquired surpluses and developed greater social inequality. Elites took control of politics and used custom or traditional authority to justify their position. a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrialized

42. Some argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective this is considered a __________. a. latent function b. manifest function c. dysfunction d. instrumental function

43. Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems. a. conflict b. postmodern c. functionalist d. symbolic interactionist

43. Which of these is not a condition that has been attributed to long-term chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism? a. nutritional deficiencies b. cardiovascular problems c. hearing impairment d. alcoholic cirrhosis

44. __________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others. a. Functionalist b. Symbolic interactionist c. Conflict d. Postmodern

46. Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke (the smoke in the air inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people's tobacco smoking) __________. a. affects smokers more so than nonsmokers b. affects female smokers more than it does male smokers c. is especially hazardous for nonsmokers who carpool or work with heavy smokers d. is not as dangerous as once assumed

47. Monarchies are most commonly associated with __________ societies, and are associated with __________ authority. a. agrarian; rational-legal b. industrial; charismatic c. agrarian; traditional d. postindustrial; rational-legal

48. Both ascribed and achieved characteristics are correlated with various health risks. Which of these is an achieved characteristic related to health status? a. age b. sex c. drug use d. race/ethnicity

48. In __________ monarchies, a powerful figure claims a hereditary right to rule based on membership in a noble family or a divine right to rule considered God-given and therefore legitimate. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

50. __________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria. a. Age grading b. Intelligence grouping c. Tracking d. Ability segregation

51. The royal families in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands are present-day examples of __________. a. absolute monarchies b. limited monarchies c. constitutional monarchies d. total monarchies

53. The largest percentage of people with HIV/AIDS live in __________. a. the United States b. Europe c. sub-Saharan Africa d. South America

53. Authoritarian governments_______________________. a. are monarchies b. are pure dictatorships c. can be a military junta with a joint civilian-military government d. that are pure dictatorships are rare

55. During the nineteenth century in the United States, people became medical doctors by_________________. a. going to medical school b. taking medical licensure exams c. being an apprentice, graduating high school, and attending lectures d. attending medical colleges and completing hospital residencies

56. __________ relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people's thinking and control their actions. a. Monarchy b. Authoritarianism c. Totalitarianism d. Democracy

58. In a __________ system, governments enforce conformity, deny citizens the right to assemble for political purposes, restrict access to information, and employ secret police to create an environment of fear and suspicion. a. authoritarian b. monarchy c. totalitarian d. democratic

59. The term __________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort. a. tracking b. credentialism c. meritocracy d. educational bureaucracy

60. According to conflict theorists, credentialism, the hidden curriculum, and a belief in __________ ensure that the best education and job opportunities will go to members of the middle- and upper classes. a. tracking b. equal opportunity c. meritocracy d. bureaucracy

60. __________ requires that citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day. a. Representative democracy b. Symbolic democracy c. Direct participatory democracy d. Independent involvement democracy

61. Until recently, the only high-income nation without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens was __________. a. New Zealand b. Sweden c. the United States d. Japan

61. With regard to gender in education,_____________________________. a. there is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys b. there is a growing concern about gender bias in schools disadvantaging female students and hurting their self-esteem c. women today are enrolling in and graduating from college in higher numbers than men d. boys and girls are now equal across all subjects in exam scores

62. The __________ perspective focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations. a. conflict b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern

63. A central tenet of the 2010 health care reform bill in the United States is __________. a. deregulation of medical doctors and services provided b. fee-for-service payments c. affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace d. a single-payer nationalized health care system

63. The pluralist model is rooted in a __________ perspective, which assumes that people in a nation share a consensus on central concerns and that the government provides services that no other institution can fulfill. a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. postmodernist

65. Critics argue that __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to provide increased medical services. a. health maintenance organization b. managed care c. third-party fee-for-service d. Medicare

66. According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to_______________. a. the innate or natural ability of students b. the role of the education system is creating stability in society c. the relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled d. the need for social control in society

67. __________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance within the political system. a. Political action committees b. Power elites c. Special interest groups d. Classes

67. __________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium. a. Medicaid b. AARP c. Medicare d. Social Supplementary Income

68. Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________. a. the smooth functioning of the classroom b. the perpetuation of the system of social class in society c. labeling individual students d. the dysfunctions of education

69. In 2010, public health insurance accounted for __________ of the federal budget. a. 5 percent b. 14 percent c. 21 percent d. 35 percent

70. Although __________ theorists acknowledge that there are many purposes of government, they also believe that government primarily works in the interests of the wealthy or politically powerful elites in society. a. postmodern b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict d. functionalist

71. Within the conflict perspective, the __________ model highlights how power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group and the masses are relatively powerless. a. pluralist b. ruling class c. elite d. dominant group

72. A preferred provider organization is a form of __________ . a. fee-for-service b. health maintenance organizations c. managed care d. third-party provider

73. In 2012, __________ of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance. a. 2 percent b. 9 percent c. 15 percent d. one-half

73. Status dropout rates are a measure of __________. a. the number of students enrolled in school at any given time b. the percent of people in the general population who have earned a high school degree or its equivalent c. the percentage of people in an age group who are not enrolled in school and have not earned a high school degree or its equivalent d. the percentage of the local population that is currently enrolled in and attending school

74. In the United States, the age group with the highest rate of uninsurance in 2012 was __________. a. children under 5 b. children under 18 c. young adults ages 19 to 25 d. older middle-age adults ages 45 to 65

75. In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal. a. Frager v. the Board of Education of Houston, Texas b. Jordan v. the Board of Education of Montgomery, Alabama c. Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas d. Bollinger v. the Board of Education of Lansing, Michigan

77. Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community. a. secularization b. spirituality c. religion d. liberation theology

77. A __________ is an organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government; it is usually composed of people with similar attitudes, interests, and socioeconomic status. a. ruling class b. political action committee c. political party d. special interest group

78. In Great Britain, the government sets health care policies, raises funds and controls the medical care budget, owns health care facilities, and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel. This is an example of a(n) __________. a. universal health care system b. fee-for-service health care system c. socialized medicine system d. managed care system

78. Political parties create a __________, which is a formal statement of the party's political positions on various social and economic issues. a. policy b. regulation c. platform d. principle

79. In the China, the health care system is __________. a. socialized and managed care b. managed care and universal care c. a mix of capitalism, communism, and government-funded care d. universal care and communist funded

81. Clifford Geertz notes that religion is___________________________. a. a set of beliefs that give people moral direction b. doctrine or written text that comes from sources like the Bible or Koran c. a set of cultural symbols that elicit powerful moods and motivations and that give meaning to people's behavior d. the belief in a single, all-powerful, supernatural being that creates and guides human life

83. The perspective of __________ emphasizes the importance of health-promoting behavior, a healthy lifestyle, and a healthy self-image. a. traditional medicine b. conventional medicine c. holistic medicine d. preventive medicine

84. The central ingredient in the U.S. governmental bureaucracy is __________. a. Congress b. the office of the President c. the federal budget d. the Supreme Court

85. According to the __________ approach, if society is to operate as a stable system, it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society. Consequently, sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society. a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. postmodernist

86. Who identified the sick role as a pattern of interaction in modern society? a. Karl Marx b. C. Wright Mills c. Talcott Parsons d. Max Weber

86. The Iron Triangle is also referred to as the __________, which results in the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors. a. military economy b. permanent war economy c. military-industrial complex d. arms industry

87. The sick role, as identified by Talcott Parsons, suggests that_____________________. a. people who get sick must take responsibility for their condition b. people in the sick role are required to go on with their normal lives c. people who are sick must want to get well d. people who are sick must do everything they can to get well on their own before seeking medical intervention

87. __________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world. a. Transcendent idealism b. Theism c. Animism d. Simple supernaturalism

88. According to some analysts, a major weakness of sociologist Talcott Parson's sick-role model is that it __________. a. does not acknowledge the role of physicians in illness b. does not explain society's role in defining sickness c. does not take into account racial/ethnic, class, and gender variations d. is too microlevel and does not provide for a societal explanation of illness-related behavior

88. Most workers in preindustrial economies (such as hunting and gathering, horticultural and pastoral, and agrarian societies) engage in __________ production, which is the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment. a. secondary sector b. tertiary sector c. primary sector d. quartiary sector

90. The term for the belief in more than one god is __________. a. multitheism b. masstheism c. polytheism d. unitesim

91. According to many __________ theorists, problems in U.S. health care delivery are rooted in the capitalist economy, which views medicine as a commodity that is produced and sold by the medical-industrial complex. a. symbolic interactionist b. functionalist c. conflict d. postmodernist

91. Steel workers who process metal ore and autoworkers who then convert the ore into automobiles, trucks, and buses are engaged in __________ production. a. quartiary sector b. tertiary sector c. secondary sector d. primary sector

92. A postindustrial economy is based on __________ production, which is the provision of services rather than goods as a primary source of livelihood for workers and profit for owners and corporate shareholders. a. primary sector b. secondary sector c. tertiary sector d. quartiary sector

93. __________ includes a wide range of activities, such as fast food service, transportation, communication, education, real estate, advertising, sports, and entertainment. a. Primary sector production b. Secondary sector production c. Tertiary sector production d. Quartiary sector production

94. __________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life. a. Detheification b. Religious reductionism c. Secularization d. Anti-religiosity

96. There is a subjective component to how some conditions such as childhood obesity, drug addiction, and alcoholism have come to be considered as diseases. This subjective process is called __________. a. blaming the victim b. social symbolism c. medicalization d. professionalization

96. __________ are large companies that are headquartered in one country but produce and goods and services across many different national boundaries. a. Interlocking directorates b. Economic concentrations c. Transnational corporations d. Capitalist intermonopolies

97. Durkheim suggested that religious beliefs and rituals are __________ that express or represent something important about the group itself. a. core beliefs b. universal representations c. collective representations d. standard practices

98. Sociologist __________ applied labeling theory to mental health disorders and argued that mental illnesses are actually traits and behaviors that society finds immoral, deviant, or unacceptable. a. Michel Foucault b. Emile Durkheim c. Thomas Szasz d. Erving Goffman

99. An example of __________ is the music industry, in which a few giant companies are behind many of the labels and artists known to consumers. a. monopoly b. conglomerate c. oligopoly d. shared monopoly

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations.

coercive

Durkheim suggested that religious beliefs and rituals are __________ that express or represent something important about the group itself.

collective representations

Analyzing the coal industry, which theoretical perspective would most likely look at the conflict of interests between coal companies and public health?

conflict

The __________ theory emphasizes the political, economic, and social forces that affect health and the health care delivery system.

conflict

__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that social life is a continuous struggle in which members of powerful groups seek to control scarce resources and to protect their position while excluding others.

conflict

__________ theorists are most likely to be concerned with unequal access to health care, power relationships in the health care system, and the role of profit in maintaining human health.

conflict

__________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others.

conflict

__________ theorists emphasize that the family is the source of our specific social position in society.

conflict

what perspective incorporates "the medical industrial complex"

conflict

what perspective: problems in health care are rooted in the capitalist system, exemplified by the medical industrial complex

conflict

According to the __________ perspective, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

conflict

Although __________ theorists acknowledge that there are many purposes of government, they also believe that government primarily works in the interests of the wealthy or politically powerful elites in society.

conflict

From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.

conflict

__________ theorists assert that students have different experiences in the school system depending on their social class, their racial—ethnic background, the neighborhood in which they live, and their sex/gender.

conflict

__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.

conflict

__________ theorists emphasize that socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist.

conflict

Conflict and feminist perspectives on the family differ significantly from functionalist perspectives on the family in that___________________.

conflict and feminist theorists view the functionalist perspective as unrealistic in its emphasis on support and harmony within the family

The basis for Marx's theory of society is the belief that _______________.

conflict between different economic classes is necessary to produce social change

In a study of homelessness in American society, __________ would emphasize the struggle between social classes, especially how the policies of the wealthy protect their interests while pushing certain groups into unemployment and homelessness.

conflict theories

Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class.

conflict theorists

__________ argue that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are most likely to be defined as illegal.

conflict theorists

__________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.

conflict theorists

According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means.

conformity

Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________.

conformity

A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university, where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she marries and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior is an example of __________.

conformity

Companies such as Time Warner and Viacom have extensive holdings in radio and television stations, cable television companies, book publishing firms, and film production and distribution companies. These companies are referred to as __________.

conglomerates

Corporations with control both within and across industries are formed by a series of mergers and acquisitions across industries. These corporations are referred to as __________; they combine businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company.

conglomerates

Members of a country club, sorority or fraternity, or even a group of friends share values and beliefs and are aware of those whom they believe are like them. Sociologists term this awareness __________.

consciousness of kind

The royal families in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands are present-day examples of __________.

constitutional monarchies

__________ is the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.

content analysis

George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which of these is not one of them?

conventional

Large-scale organizations that have their own legal powers as an organization separate from the individual owners, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, are termed __________.

corporations

Criminologists use the term __________ to refer to the greater number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses.

corrections

"The Order," a white supremacist group, is opposed to most of the values shared by a majority of mainstream Americans. The Order has purchased weapons with the purpose of going after its enemies. This group is an example of a __________.

counterculture

A __________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks an alternative lifestyle.

counterculture

Groups such as the beatniks of the 1950s, the drug enthusiasts of the 1970s, and members of religious cults reject some or many of culture's basic norms and values. These groups are called __________.

countercultures

Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________.

creation of a generation gap

__________ is a process in which academic qualifications are necessary in order to attain class advantage and higher social status.

credentialism

A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

crime

Theft, assault, and drug dealing are all violations of __________.

criminal law

According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude.

cultural capital

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term __________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music.

cultural capital

_________ reflects a "proper" attitude toward education, socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture.

cultural capital

The popularity of piñatas in China, Italy, Spain, Mexico, the United States, and other nations is an example of __________.

cultural diffusion

__________ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations. It may be the result of natural or social circumstances.

cultural diversity

Although some people see a globalized culture emerging, others fear that Western culture is dominating everywhere. This Westernization is a form of __________.

cultural imperialism

All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions.

cultural lag

A potential danger of applying __________ is that taken to its extreme it may be used to justify practices that violate human rights.

cultural relativism

The term __________ refers to the belief that the behaviors and customs of any society must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.

cultural relativism

Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of over seventy __________, which are customs and practices that occur across all societies.

cultural universals

Cooking, games, and clothing are examples of __________.

cultural universals

__________ refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

culture

When anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon first confronted the Yanomamӧ tribe of South America, he became nauseated at the sight of their customs and social environment. This is an example of ___________.

culture shock

Sociologists use the term __________ for the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own that challenge their own taken-for -granted assumptions about life.

culture shock

36. Early in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws that require children to_______________________________. a. attend school until they reach a certain age or complete a minimum level of education b. pass a number of proficiency exams before leaving the eighth and twelfth grades c. spend at least nine months of the year in school d. learn a foreign language and basic mathematic skills

37. Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms __________. a. restricting some activities b. matchmaking and production of social networks c. creation of a generation gap d. social placement

41. __________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state. a. Recreational b. Chronic c. Therapeutic d. Acute

42. How does a city-state differ from a nation-state? a. A city-state is made up of a central city exercising control over the surrounding area. b. Nation-states are older, having been around hundreds of years before city-states. c. A city-state has geographical borders; a nation-state does not. d. There is no difference between a city-state and a nation-state.

44. A __________ has specific geographic territories and borders within which a citizenry shares language and culture, as well as rights and obligations. a. nation-state b. commonwealth c. metropolis d. city-state

45. Which of these is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States? a. tobacco use b. alcohol use c. automobile use d. sun tanning and tanning booth use

46. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term __________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music. a. cultural capital b. social wealth c. etiquette d. cultural toolkit

46. __________ is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance. a. Monarchy b. Totalitarianism c. Communism d. Democracy

48. socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture; some people have more of these attitudes and knowledge than others. a. Cultural capital b. Social wealth c. Etiquette d. Cultural toolkit

49. According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude. a. cultural capital b. social wealth c. prestige d. cultural toolkit

50. When attempting to treat gonorrhea and syphilis, penicillin __________. a. can cure most cases of both STDs if the disease has not spread b. cannot cure most cases of either STD c. is ineffective in treating gonorrhea, but effective in treating syphilis d. is ineffective in treating syphilis, but effective in treating gonorrhea

50. In __________ monarchies, the royalty serve as symbolic rulers or heads of state whereas actual authority is held by elected officials in the national parliaments. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

52. __________ is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government. a. Authoritarianism b. Totalitarianism c. Monarchy d. Democracy

55. Schools with more low-income students have curricula that emphasize __________. a. procedures and rote memorization b. decision making and choice c. theoretical explanations d. critical reasoning

57. One example of a(n) __________ regime was the National Socialist (Nazi) party in Germany during World War II; military leaders there sought to control all aspects of national life, not just government operations. a. totalitarian b. democratic c. monarchy d. coalition

58. __________ is a process in which academic qualifications are necessary in order to attain class advantage and higher social status. a. Credentialism b. Tracking c. The hidden curriculum d. Ability grouping

59. Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been __________. a. on a fee-for-service basis b. through a third-party provider c. taken care of by health maintenance organizations d. through the federal government

64. Sherona is very good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________. a. labeling b. the hidden curriculum c. tracking d. educational dysfunction

65. Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________. a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. the hidden curriculum c. tracking or ability testing d. a dysfunction of the educational system

66. In a __________ model, the needs and interests of widely divergent groups are met by the government through a process of accommodation and negotiation. Power in political systems is widely dispersed and shared among many competing interest groups. a. pluralist b. elite c. distributive d. ruling class

67. __________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Postmodernists c. Functionalists d. Conflict theorists

68. Citizen groups such as the American Conservative Union and Zero Population Growth are examples of __________. a. special interest groups b. power elites c. ruling class d. political action committees

68. __________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor. a. Medicaid b. Medicare c. Social Security d. Social Supplementary Income

69. The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. learning disability c. defeating perception d. fallacy of reasoning

69. __________ are organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates who share their stances on specific issues. a. Political action committees b. Pressure groups c. Lobby groups d. Power elites

73. The __________ make(s) up the middle level of C. Wright Mill's pyramidal model of the power elite. a. legislative branch, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders b. corporate rich c. unorganized masses of the citizenry d. executive branch of government

74. Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, with a dropout rate of 13 percent, __________ have the highest dropout rate of any racial/ethnic group in U.S. schools. a. Latinos/as (Hispanics) b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. non-Hispanic Whites

76. Canada has a(n) __________ system, which is a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues. In Canada, these revenues are supplemented by insurance premiums paid by all taxpaying citizens. a. universal health care b. health maintenance organization c. fee-for-service medical care d. managed care

76. The corporate rich influence the political system by______________. a. helping to finance campaigns and grant favors to political candidates b. working with grassroots community groups to end voter apathy c. widening participation on special commissions and advisory committees d. employing people to reduce social unrest

79. Political __________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior. a. socialization b. participation c. conformity d. persuasion

80. A __________ is a document stating the person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated. a. living will b. medical contract c. personal pact d. living covenant

80. The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations. a. profane b. anti-spiritual c. sacred d. mundane

84. In very simple preindustrial societies, religions often take the form of __________, which is the belief in impersonal supernatural forces affect people's lives either positively or negatively. a. simple supernaturalism b. animism c. theism d. transcendent idealism

85. The Iron Triangle is also called the __________. a. military-industrial complex b. ruling class c. power elite d. Communist Party

89. Portions of contemporary sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high foreign direct investment in mineral extraction, which is an example of __________ production. a. primary sector b. secondary sector c. tertiary sector d. quartiary sector

90. __________ theorists are most likely to be concerned with unequal access to health care, power relationships in the health care system, and the role of profit in maintaining human health. a. Conflict b. Symbolic interactionist c. Functionalist d. Postmodernist

92. __________ focuses on principles such as truth, justice, affirmation of life, and tolerance for others, and its adherents seek an elevated state of consciousness in which they can fulfill their true potential. a. Transcendent idealism b. Simple supernaturalism c. Animism d. Theism

94. __________ theorists focus on the socially constructed nature of "health" and "illness" and how both should be treated. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Functionalist c. Postmodernist d. Conflict

94. __________ is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention. a. Capitalism b. Socialism c. Imperialism d. Authoritarianism

95. The term __________ refers to the process through which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders. a. medicalization b. demedicalization c. nonmedicalization d. remedicalization

95. __________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society. a. Functionalism b. Symbolic interactionism c. Conflict theory d. Postmodernism

95. Large-scale organizations that have their own legal powers as an organization separate from the individual owners, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, are termed __________. a. corporations b. economic concentrations c. conglomerates d. interlocking directorates

96. __________, one of the first sociologists to emphasize that religion is essential to the maintenance of society, suggested that religion is a cultural universal found in all societies because it meets basic human needs and serves important societal functions. a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Talcott Parsons d. Robert Merton

98. Sometimes a corporation has virtually no competitors; this is termed a(n) __________. A(n) __________ exists when just a few companies have virtual control of an entire industry. a. monopoly; oligopoly b. oligopoly; monopoly c. oligarchy; monopology d. monarchy; oligopoly

99. In the United States, adults with mental illness are most likely to receive treatment __________. a. from primary care health providers b. in psychiatric hospitals c. from licensed therapists and psychiatrists d. in total institutions

Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________.

a labeling process

Research suggests that __________ of American children live in a single-parent household at any given time.

a little over one-fourth

Adoption is a legal process through which the rights and duties of parenting are transferred from a child's biological parents and/or legal parents to new legal parents. According to the text's discussion of adoption, __________.

a new birth certificate is issued in most adoptions

Which is an example of child neglect?

a parent fails to provide three meals per day for his child

Although their perspectives are very different, functionalists and conflict theorists would likely agree that___________________________.

a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family

To more accurately reflect the changes in family life, the text provides a more encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. This definition is __________________________.

a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group

Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

A comparison of Census Bureau data from 1970 to 2012 shows that there has been __________ in the percentage of U.S. households comprised of a married couple with their own children under eighteen years of age.

a significant decline

When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.

a social script

Which of these is not an example of a rite of passage?

a weekley religious service

__________ is the term for the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

agent of socialization

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

aggregate

Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.

aggregates

Political institutions first emerged in __________ societies as they acquired surpluses and developed greater social inequality. Elites took control of politics and used custom or traditional authority to justify their position.

agrarian

Monarchies are most commonly associated with __________ societies and with __________ authority.

agrarian; traditional

Marx argued that when workers are paid less than the value of their labor, this exploitation results in __________, a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.

alienation

__________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society.

animism

Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society.

anomie

A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This is an example of __________.

anticipatory socialization

Durkheim believed that the limits of social behavior __________.

are socially based, not biologically based

With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, maintaining the __________ family pattern becomes more difficult. Increasingly, young people move from rural to urban areas in search of employment in the industrializing sector of the economy. At that time, the __________ family typically becomes the predominant family pattern in the society.

extended; nuclear

__________ refers to the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.

external social control

Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.

face-saving behavior

11. Medicaid is a federal health care program that provides the same services for all low-income people throughout the United States. a. True b. False

false: Although Medicaid is a federal health care program, it is paid for with federal-state-local monies, and each state has its own rules about who may be covered.

6. Women have always had longer life expectancy than men. a. True b. False

false: Prior to the twentieth century, women had shorter life expectancy due to mortality rates during pregnancy and childbirth.

1. The research clearly indicates that social media has a significant influence on voters decisions about candidates and political issues. a. True b. False

false: Although media outlets have expanded on the political scene, the extent and nature of the influence of new forms of media are questions that have not been fully explored by research and remain unanswered.

7. Longer life expectancy is a reflection of women's better health status than men's. a. True b. False

false: Although men have higher rates of fatal illnesses, women have higher rates of chronic disease.

20. Modernity always leads to the secularization of a society. a. True b. False

false: Berger and others have noted that in some cases the opposite is true. Modernity is sometimes accompanied by increases in religious commitment and religiosity, despite the decline in the membership of mainline churches and denominations.

3. Charismatic authority is more stable than traditional or rational-legal authority. a. True b. False

false: Charismatic authority tends to be temporary and fairly unstable. Both rational-legal and traditional authority are more stable.

19. All forms of unemployment tend to be only temporary. a. True b. False

false: Cyclical and seasonal unemployment tend to be temporary, but structural unemployment tends to be permanent due to changes in the location and composition of jobs and the workforce.

18. Social scientists are now in agreement that mental illness is essentially a myth. a. True b. False

false: Despite decades of debate, social scientists are still not in agreement as to whether or not mental illness is a myth. Many argue it is a reality with social, biological, environmental, psychological, and other contributing factors.

2. Sociologists all share the same perspective on the role of education in society. a. True b. False

false: Functionalists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility. Conflict theorists argue that education perpetuates social inequality and benefits the dominant class at the expense of all others.

9. Marijuana is widely used on a daily basis because, although it is illegal, it has no negative effects on health. a. True b. False

false: High doses of marijuana used during pregnancy can disrupt the development of the fetus and result in congenital abnormalities and neurological disturbances of the fetus. Some studies indicate that marijuana smokers are at greater risk of lung cancer because they inhale more deeply than tobacco smokers.

15. An ideal capitalist economy requires government regulation in order to work properly. a. True b. False

false: Ideally, a capitalist system works best without government intervention. Classic economist Adam Smith advocated the policy of laissez-faire—leave alone.

17. Alternative medicine is less expensive than conventional Western medicine. a. True b. False

false: If all forms of alternative medicine are taken into account, people spend more on these unconventional therapies than they do for all hospitalizations.

8. There is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys. a. True b. False

false: If girls' success has come at the expense of boys, we would expect corresponding decreases in males' educational achievement. This has not been the case.

13. In the United States, all full-time workers must receive health insurance as part of their benefits package. a. True b. False

false: In 2012, 15 percent of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance.

14. The Canadian health care system is an example of socialized medicine. a. True b. False

false: In a system of socialized medicine, the government runs and controls the health care system. Physicians in Canada are not governmental employees and have greater autonomy than they would in a socialized system.

2. Life expectancy has increased since 1980 in all countries. a. True b. False

false: Life expectancy has decreased in some countries in sub-Saharan Africa due to the prevalence of AIDS.

4. Standardized tests are an effective means of testing student intelligence and ability. a. True b. False

false: Many argue that standardized tests measure students' amount of cultural capital more than their aptitude or intelligence.

5. Most social scientists believe that tracking is an effective means of giving students of color and those from low-income families an opportunity to excel academically and thus enable future success. a. True b. False

false: Many believe that tracking is an obvious means through which students of color and those from low-income families receive a lower-quality education, which makes it likely that they will lag behind their white, middle-class counterparts in the future.

10. Most school funding comes from the federal government, and a small percentage comes from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes. a. True b. False

false: Most educational funds come from state legislative appropriations (45.8 percent) and local sources (44.1 percent); and the federal government pays the remaining (10.1 percent).

12. The United States is the only nation that has a purely capitalist economic system. a. True b. False

false: No society has a purely socialist or capitalist economic system.

7. Representative democracies have governments that are all organized in the same way. a. True b. False

false: Not all Western democratic elections are "winner takes all" as in the United States. In Europe most governments are formed from coalitions based on the percentages candidates won in elections.

5. All true nation-states have the same type of government. a. True b. False

false: Not all nation-states have the same type of government. There are four main types of political systems found in nation-states: monarchy; authoritarianism; totalitarianism; and democracy.

14. China is the only country in the world today with a purely socialist economic system. a. True b. False

false: Rejoinder: Like pure capitalism, a purely socialist economic system does not exist in reality.

19. In any given religion, men and women will hold the same beliefs. a. True b. False

false: Religious beliefs are subject to interpretation, and many religions promote subordinate roles for women. It is probable that women's interpretations of any given religion will be different from those of men.

12. Students using voucher programs to attend school outperform public students on standardized tests. a. True b. False

false: Studies in a few states found that public school students outperformed those attending using a voucher program. However, neither group of students met state proficiency standards.

41. Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________. a. social placement b. matchmaking and production of social networks c. restricting some activities d. creation of a generation gap

42. Someone smoking cigarettes is an example of __________ drug use. a. therapeutic b. chronic c. acute d. recreational

43. A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations. a. city-state b. metropolis c. commonwealth d. nation-state

44. Chronic heavy drinking has been linked to __________. a. high caloric consumption and high nutritional intake b. low caloric consumption and high nutritional intake c. low caloric consumption and low nutritional intake d. high caloric consumption and low nutritional intake

45. Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class. a. symbolic interactionists b. functionalists c. postmodernist d. conflict theorists

49. The most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease, in terms of number of cases, listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is __________. a. gonorrhea b. syphilis c. HIV/AIDS d. chlamydia

52. Critics of tracking or ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in mixed ability classes. a. regular classes b. mixed-tracking c. untracked d. detracking

56. The __________ is widely considered the catalyst for the emergence of modern medical education. a. Coleman Report b. Landsteiner Report c. Ford Foundation d. Flexner Report

57. All of these were components of Flexner's model medical school except __________. a. medical education should be full-time b. medical colleges should be research facilities c. medical education should be focused on teaching and research d. medical colleges should provide the best medical care

57. Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems. a. lower-income students b. middle-class students c. developmentally challenged students d. affluent students

62. The U.S. Constitution requires that each state have __________ senators and a minimum of __________ member(s) in the House of Representatives. The current size of the House of Representatives has not changed since the apportionment following the 1910 census. a. four; one b. one; three c. three; two d. two; one

63. __________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant). a. Prophecizing b. Stigmatizing c. Stereotyping d. Labeling

65. Which of these is not one of the four main functions of government? a. maintaining law and order b. planning and directing society c. handling international relations, including warfare d. ensuring positive family relationships

66. In regard to a third-party provider system of health care, patients________________. a. have an incentive to limit their visits to doctors, but not to hospitals b. usually seek a second opinion on recommended medical procedures c. usually pay for their own services d. have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits

70. A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual. a. personality b. emotional c. developmental d. intelligence

70. __________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later. a. Third-party payer programs b. Federally funded programs c. Fee-for-service d. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

71. __________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients. a. Fee-for-service programs b. Health maintenance organizations c. Third-party providers d. Managed care

72. Sociologist __________ applied the term power elite to the most powerful in society, who are those at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military. a. Karl Marx b. Robert Merton c. Emile Durkheim d. C. Wright Mills

75. Which of these groups has the highest uninsured rate? a. white non-Hispanic b. Asian American c. African American d. Hispanic/Latino/a

76. Today, about __________ of U.S. undergraduates are educated in community colleges. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent

77. __________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians. a. Universal health care b. Health maintenance organizations c. A fee-for-service system d. Socialized medicine

79. Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing. a. magical b. profane c. spiritual d. sacred

82. Muslim periodic prayer while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of events that Geertz and others would term __________. a. dogma b. magic c. secular ceremonies d. rituals

82. __________ is an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person—body and mind—rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur. a. Traditional medicine b. Preventive medicine c. Conventional medicine d. Holistic medicine

83. Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some __________ years. a. 10,000 b. 25,000 c. 50,000 d. 100,000

83. The U.S. government employs about __________ people, excluding the U.S. Postal Service. a. 100,000 b. 500,000 c. 1 million d. 2.1 million

84. If all forms of alternative medicine (including chiropractic, massage, and spiritual) are taken into account, people spend __________ money on unconventional therapies than they do for all hospitalizations. a. much less b. about the same amount of c. less d. more

85. __________ does not acknowledge specific gods or supernatural spirits but focuses instead on impersonal forces that may exist in people or natural objects. a. Theism b. Transcendent idealism c. Animism d. Simple supernaturalism

88. A category of religion, __________ refers to a belief in a god or gods. a. animism b. simple supernaturalism c. transcendent idealism d. theism

91. spiritual forces, such as sacred principles of thought and conduct, rather than a god or gods. a. Theism b. Animism c. Simple supernaturalism d. Transcendent idealism

93. From the conflict perspective, which of these groups benefits the least from the current U.S. health care system? a. physicians b. pharmaceutical companies c. insurance companies d. patients

97. __________ is the world's largest corporation. a. Walmart b. Phillip Morris c. General Motors d. Exxon/Mobil

99. Religions give moral direction and teach the principles of right and wrong. This is a way that religion fulfills the function of __________. a. relieving the individual of responsibility for decision making b. giving meaning and purpose to life c. promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging d. maintaining social control and support for the government

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.

democratic

Sweden, Great Britain, and France have economic systems that are forms of __________.

democratic socialism

Critics of tracking or ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in mixed ability classes.

detracking

Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________.

developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies

__________ is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

deviance

A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance?

deviance clarifies rules

According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance?

deviance promotes social change

Which of these is an example of a chronic disease?

diabetes

Sutherland's __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

differential association

__________ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family.

differential association

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

differential reinforcement

In a six-square-block tract of downtown Boston, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, dine on raw fish in a sushi bar, or grab a slice of pizza from a street vendor. This variety of food choices illustrates the process of __________.

diffusion

a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major activities that a person would normally do at a given stage of life and that may result in stigmatization or discrimination against the person with the disability.

disability

Social epidemiologists use the term __________ for biological, nutritional, chemical, and physical factors that cause disease.

disease agents

Social epidemiologists use the term __________ for biological, nutritional, chemical, and physical factors that cause disease.

disease agents

A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization.

division of labor

Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color: an identity conflict of being black and American. Du Bois referred to this duality as __________.

double-consciousness

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.

dramaturgical analysis

In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group?

dyad

Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a(n) __________.

dyad

Which of these is an example of an acute disease? a. diabetes b. dysentery or diarrhea c. lung cancer d. multiple sclerosis

dysentery or diarrhea

Which of these is an example of an acute disease?

dysentery or diarrhea

Some argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective this is considered a(n) __________.

dysfunction

A __________ of education in the United States is the perpetuation of gender, racial, and class inequalities, which contributes to a waste of potential talent and benefit for society.

dysfunction

Automobiles provide transportation and independence. They also cause a great deal of air pollution and contribute to global warming. Merton would consider these negative impacts to be __________.

dysfunctions

A religious organization that is well-integrated in society and has all members of society as its members is termed a(n) __________.

ecclesia

Functionalist theorists recognize that the function of the family is sometimes different in preindustrial and industrial societies. In preindustrial societies, families are units for__________; in industrial societies, families provide economic security through the workplace and the larger economic system.

economic production

Couples with more ________ ideas about women's and men's roles tend to share more equally in food preparation, housework, and child care.

egalitarian

A(n) __________ family has a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally.

egalitarian

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drives.

ego

Within the conflict perspective, the __________ model highlights how power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group and the masses are relatively powerless.

elite

During the mid-1970s, advocates of __________ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement.

emancipation

In the United States, most people practice __________; they marry people who come from the same social class, racial/ethnic group, religious affiliation, and other categories considered important within their own social group.

endogamy

The cultural practice of marrying within one's own group is called __________.

endogamy

According to a recent study of female athletes, in order to deal with the contradictory statuses of "woman" and "athlete," women__________________________.

engage in apologetic behavior after a game to soften their behavior

Which of these is not one of the four main functions of government?

ensuring positive family relationships

Sociologists use the term __________ for the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture, assuming that one's own way of life is superior to all others.

ethnocentrism

According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?

ethnomethodologists

The cultural practice of marrying outside of one's own group is termed __________.

exogamy

A(n) __________ is a carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects' attitudes or behavior.

experiment

In an experiment, the __________ contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable to study its effect on them.

experimental group

Joaquin is a member of a group working on a project for his biology class. Whenever the group meets, there is conflict among several group members, and this is upsetting to the others. Joaquin is continuously trying to improve group harmony and reduce the conflict in the group. Joe would be considered the __________ leader of the group.

expressive

In horticultural and agricultural societies, __________ are extremely important. Having a large number of family members participate in food production may be essential for survival.

extended families

The __________ refers to family units that are composed of various relatives, in addition to parents and children, who live in the same household.

extended family

4. The United States spends a larger percentage of its gross domestic product on health care than other countries; this high percentage if spending ensures that the U.S. population is among the healthiest in the world. a. True b. False

false: The United States spends over 17 percent of its gross domestic product on health care, and this is one of the largest percentages of GDP in the Western world. However, the health status of the U.S. population is not correspondingly high.

14. The functions of religion (providing meaning and purpose, promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging, and providing social control and support for the government) can only be fulfilled by beliefs and practices that are supernatural in nature. a. True b. False

false: The history and values of a society or a nation may be made sacred by rituals, symbols, and beliefs that form a type of civil religion.

21. Religious fundamentalism now only appeals to people who have lower incomes, live in rural areas, and have lower levels of educational attainment. a. True b. False

false: This was more true in the past. Today, newer fundamentalist movements appeal to people from all socioeconomic levels, regional areas, and occupations in the United States. Globally, fundamentalism has expanded as a reaction to secularization and modernization.

9. Party loyalties are becoming increasingly strong among American voters. a. True b. False

false: Voters demonstrate decreasing party loyalty, voting split ticket or one party in the primary and another in the election. Also, the media are replacing the party as the source of political communication.

7. Male students have a higher rate of graduation from high school and college than their female peers. a. True b. False

false: After years of lagging behind, females now outpace their male peers in rates of graduation from high school and college.

15. All types of religions have some type of all-powerful supernatural being at the center of the belief system. a. True b. False

false: In preindustrial societies, religion often takes the form of simple supernaturalism, which has no specific supernatural beings or animism (the belief that supernatural forces may exist in people or natural objects). Transcendent idealism is also a nontheistic type of religion.

According to the text, the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.

family

The __________ is the family that a person forms by having or adopting children of his or her own.

family of procreation

A __________ is a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad.

fashion

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

feeling rules

When you meet your new supervisor for the first time, you neglect to extend your hand to her for a handshake. Which of these cultural components has your behavior violated?

folkway

Not all norms are of equal importance; __________ are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions.

formal norms

A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

formal organization

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.

front stage

Which of these explanations for racism is most likely to include the concept of a scapegoat?

frustration aggression hypothesis

what perspective: people who are sick are temporarily exempt from normal obligations but must want to get well and seek competent help

functional

__________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society.

functionalism

From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.

functionalist

Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems.

functionalist

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the________________ perspective on socialization and society.

functionalist

The __________ perspective places important emphasis on the role of parents and other relatives of teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in society.

functionalist

Theorists using a __________ perspective emphasize that families are important for society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children.

functionalist

__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.

functionalist

A strength of the __________ on culture is its focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival. A shortcoming is its overemphasis on harmony and cooperation.

functionalist perspective

According to the __________ approach, if society is to operate as a stable system, it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society. Consequently, sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society.

functionalists

In a study of education in the United States, __________ would look at the role the schools play in maintaining the social system as a whole; how education provides the young with skills they need later in life; and how education transmits cultural values from one generation to the next.

functionalists

In the framework presented by sociologist George Herbert Mead, when young children join T-ball teams and begin to learn to play baseball, they are entering the __________ stage of self-development.

game

The term __________ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences.

gender

Sociologists use the term __________ for the specific messages and practices that teach what it means to be female or male in a specific group or society.

gender socialization

Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.

gender socialization

__________ seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment in the general public.

general deterrence

Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the __________ other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.

generalized

One of the factors that increases the risk of divorce is________________________.

getting married young (before 25)

The assignment of chores to children by parents typically results in______________________.

girls being more often responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters

Gender socialization in sports generally results in______________________.

girls being socialized to play games that emphasize cooperation and involve minimal competitiveness

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________.

global displacement

People throughout the world share the same biosphere; environmental pollution in one area may have an adverse effect on people in other places. This makes environmental problems an example of __________.

global interdependence

__________ refers to the fact that the lives of people everywhere are intertwined closely so that one nation's problems are part of a much larger global context.

global interdependence

Political __________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.

socialization

The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that_____________________________.

socialization is essential for normal human development

__________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians.

socialized medicine

a health care system in which the government owns the medical care facilities and employs the physicians.

socialized medicine

socialized medicine system

In Great Britain, the government sets health care policies, raises funds and controls the medical care budget, owns health care facilities, and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel. This is an example of a __________. a.managed care system b.fee-for-service health care system c.socialized medicine system d.universal health care system

socialized medicine system

A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

society

__________ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

sociobiology

__________ focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, __________ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

sociologists; sociobiologists

Citizen groups such as the American Conservative Union and the Population Connection are examples of __________.

special interest groups

__________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance within the political system.

special interest groups

In contemporary societies the government is called the __________ and is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory.

state

At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, today the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the __________.

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

status

Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.

status set

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.

stigmas

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

studied nonobservance

In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________.

subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one‑third (33 percent) of the time

According to Freud, the __________ is expressed in recognition of parental control and later of the demands of society.

superego

A __________ is anything that meaningfully represents something else and includes signs, gestures, written language, and shared values.

symbol

From the __________ perspectives, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities, thereby continually negotiating their social realities.

symbolic interactionist

The __________ perspective focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations.

symbolic interactionist

__________ theorists focus on the socially constructed nature of "health" and "illness" and how both should be treated.

symbolic interactionist

what perspective incorporates medicalization and demedicalization

symbolic interactionist

what perspective: people socially construct both "health and illness: and how both should be treated

symbolic interactionist

According to the __________ perspective, society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.

symbolic interactionist

From a contemporary __________ perspective, children are active and creative agents, not just passive recipients of the socialization process. From this view, children construct their own peer culture by borrowing from adult culture.

symbolic interactionist

The __________ perspective emphasizes how people change culture through interaction with others; whereas the __________ perspective emphasizes that no single perspective can grasp or explain the complexity and diversity of the social world.

symbolic interactionist; postmodern

Which type of theorist is most concerned with the influence of group size on the interaction among members?

symbolic interactionists

__________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling.

symbolic interactionists

__________ are the most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept.

symbolic interactionists

__________ are the most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept.

symbolic interactions

The "thumbs up" sign means something is good in some places, but is an obscene gesture in other places. This illustrates that_________________________.

symbols may have different meanings among different groups of people

The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

taboos

During the nineteenth century in the United States, which of the following was not one of the ways a person could become a medical doctor? a.being an apprentice b.completing high school and attending a series of lectures c.purchasing a mail-order diploma d.taking medical licensure exams

taking medical licensure exams

During the nineteenth century in the United States, which of the following was not one of the ways a person could become a medical doctor?

taking medicine licensure exams

Which of these is an example of a coalition?

teachers in a school district who work together to demand better wages

Sociologists define __________ as the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.

technology

Sociologists note that women and men in the United States may have very different ideas about and perceptions of love. One of the differences is that men, more than women,______________.

tend to express their love through nonverbal actions

__________ is defined as "the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective."

terrorism

According to Lemert, some people engage in __________ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

tertiary

Social epidemiologists investigate_______________.

the human host

Which of these would be the subject of a microlevel analysis of gender?

the messages a mother or father gives to his or her child about "being a man"

Which of these is the best example of a primary group?

the people working together in the same department

Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________.

the purchase of children's toys that reflect the parents' gender expectation

Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________.

the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high-income families

According to __________, we cannot form a sense of self without intense social interaction with others.

the symbolic interactionist approach

Critics argue that __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to provide increased medical services. a.managed care b.Medicare c.third-party fee-for-service d.use of health maintenance organization

third-party fee-for-service

In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives.

third-party provider program

In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives. a.third-party provider program b.managed care program c.fee-for-service program d.health maintenance organization program

third-party provider program

Which of these is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States?

tobacco use

Which of these is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States? a.alcohol use b.sun tanning and tanning booth use c.automobile use d.tobacco use

tobacco use

In a(n) __________ political system, the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives.

totalitarian

In a(n) __________ system, governments enforce conformity, deny citizens the right to assemble for political purposes, restrict access to information, and employ secret police to create an environment of fear and suspicion.

totalitarian

__________ is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between that society and those outside its borders.

government

In 2010, concern about cost overruns and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. The failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of __________.

groupthink

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group has experienced __________.

groupthink

Which of these is not considered a function of the family in advanced industrial societies?

guaranteed reproduction

In regard to a third-party provider system of health care, patients________________.

have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic‑like room in her grandfather's house, because __________.

he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

health

__________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health.

health care

any activity intended to improve health.

health care

Some nations, such as the United States, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity.

heterogeneous societies

In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural values; routines and regulations also shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the __________.

hidden curriculum

Through the __________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining.

hidden curriculum

A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of __________.

hierarchy of authority

The perspective of __________ emphasizes the importance of health-promoting behavior, a healthy lifestyle, and a healthy self-image. a.preventive medicine b.conventional medicine c.traditional medicine d.holistic medicine

holistic medicine

an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person rather than just the part in which symptoms occur

holistic medicine

Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?

homeless

Some nations, such as Sweden, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds.

homogeneous societies

According to the text, __________societies were among the first to practice monotheism, the belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world.

horticultural

Conflict theory explains family problems, such as divorce and overall family instability, by pointing out_____________________________.

how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes to family problems

AIDS is caused by __________ and is among the most significant health problems that this nation and the world face today.

human immunodeficiency virus

Which of these statements is the best description of the role of culture in human life?

humans choose their behaviors and ideas from a cultural "tool kit"

In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men?

hunting and gathering

Which of these is an example of an achieved status?

husband

Sociologists conducting research may formulate a(n) __________, which is a statement of the relationship between two or more variables.

hypothesis

Sociologists use the term __________ for socially defined and culturally variable states of interference with health.

illness

Both religion and education___________________________.

impact values, beliefs, and knowledge considered essential to the social reproduction of society and the individual

__________ are norms considered to be less important, are unwritten, and are commonly understood standards of behavior among people who share an identity.

informal norms

The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of __________.

informal structure

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

ingroup

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior is an example of __________.

innovation

According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

innovation

Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them through ___________.

innovation

Organized crime is generally not associated with __________.

insider trading

Latisha is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. Whenever the group meets, other members are easily sidetracked and Latisha is always trying to keep the group focused on the assignment. Latisha would be considered the __________ leader of the group.

instrumental

__________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented.

instrumental

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.

instrumental

__________ needs cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal.

instrumental

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.

interaction order

Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

interactions are emotion-based

A person who is on the board of a bank also sits on the board of a computer manufacturing company that borrows money from that bank. This is an example of a(n) __________.

interlocking corporate directorate

In addition to direct merger, competition is reduced over the long run by __________, where members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the board(s) of other corporations.

interlocking corporate directorates

__________ social control takes place through the socialization process.

internal

__________ crime refers to illegal acts committed online, such as FBI-related scams, nonauction of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.

internet

Breanna believes that Jarrod is upset with her because she interprets his tone of voice as angry. Although Jarrod states that he is not angry, from a symbolic interactionist perspective it is Breanna's __________ of the situation that is most real or believable to her.

interpretation

A(n) __________ is a data-collection encounter in which a researcher asks a respondent questions and records the answers.

interview

The __________ is also referred to as the military -industrial complex, which results in the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors.

iron triangle

The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that ________________.

it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential

A major criticism of Spencer's theory of social Darwinism is that ______________ .

it may be used to justify racial/ethnic, gender, and class inequalities in society

__________ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.

juvenile delinquency

Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke (the smoke in the air inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people's tobacco smoking) __________.

kills over 40,000 people a year

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

labeling

Sherona is really good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________.

labeling

__________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).

labeling

Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________.

labeling individual students

The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership?

laissez-faire

The term __________ refers to a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

language

When students go away to college they often make lifelong friends and may even find their spouse. According to Robert Merton, this would be a(n) __________ function of education.

latent

According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These are termed __________.

latent functions

Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that women and men often have divergent views on morality. She argued that men are more concerned with __________, whereas women are likely to consider the __________ involved in the situation.

law and order; social relationships

When formal, standardized norms are enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions, they are termed __________.

laws

According to the text, with professionalization, __________ gained control over the entire medical establishment in the United States.

licensed medical doctors

__________ is a measure of the estimated average lifetime of people born in a specific year.

life expectancy

A __________ is a document stating a person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated.

living will

A __________ is a document stating a person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated. a.medical contract b.living covenant c.personal pact d.living will

living will

Which of these would not be considered corporate crime?

loan sharking

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

looking-glass self

Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the __________ of the situation.

macro view

A __________ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.

macrolevel

At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

macrolevel

Families are expected to regulate the sexual activity of their members and thus ensure that reproduction takes place within specific boundaries. Incest taboos are an example of this type of regulation that takes place at the __________.

macrolevel

Religions give moral direction and teach the principles of right and wrong. This is a way that religion fulfills the function of __________.

maintaining social control and support for the government

In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that_____________________.

male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things

__________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients.

managed care

any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients.

managed care

A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English.

manifest

Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status.

master

Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________.

matchmaking and the production of social networks

__________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

material culture

A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother).

matriarchal

Although there has been a great deal of discussion about __________, scholars have found no historical evidence to indicate that true types of this familial power and authority ever existed.

matriarchal families

In __________ systems, inheritance of property and position is usually traced from the maternal uncle (mother's brother) to his nephew (mother's son). In some cases, mothers may pass on their property to daughters.

matrilineal

Even with the less common pattern of __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family, women may not control property.

matrilineal descent

Few societies have residential patterns known as __________ residence, which refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents.

matrilocal

Unlike others who believed that values could not be separated from the research process, German social scientist __________ emphasized that sociology should be value free—conducted in a scientific manner to exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.

max weber

Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________.

means of production

Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

mechanical solidarity

The term that may be used inclusively to refer to television, radio, movies, Internet, Twitter, Facebook, and video games is __________.

media

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor.

medicaid

All of these were components of Flexner's model medical school except __________.

medical colleges should provide the best medical care

All of these were components of Flexner's model medical school except __________. a.medical education should be focused on teaching and research b.medical colleges should be research facilities c.medical colleges should provide the best medical care d.medical education should be fulltime

medical colleges should provide the best medical care

Conflict theorists use the term __________ for the system of local physicians and hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies.

medical-industrial complex

◦The ___________________encompasses local physicians and hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies.

medical-industrial complex

The term __________ refers to the process through which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders.

medicalization

There is a subjective component to how some conditions such as childhood obesity, drug addiction, and alcoholism have come to be considered as diseases. This subjective process is called __________.

medicalization

◦the process whereby nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders.

medicalization

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium.

medicare

__________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.

medicine

an institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.

medicine

The term __________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort.

meritocracy

A __________ analysis focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures.

microlevel

__________ result when military officers seize power from the government, as has happened in recent decades in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti.

military juntas

The Iron Triangle is also called the __________.

military-industrial complex

Psychologist Carol Gilligan concluded that women and men often have divergent views on_____________________ .

morality

Jeffery Dahmer was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for this offense. He also practiced cannibalism on his victims. In this situation, the act of murder could be described as the violation of __________, while cannibalism could be described as the violation of a __________.

mores; taboo

A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations.

nation-state

Sociologists use the word __________ to refer to what is biologically determined, and _____ for what results from the social environment.

nature; nurture

During a classical music performance, a concert-goer talks loudly to the person sitting next to her. A man in another seat turns around, frowns at her, and says "Shh." This illustrates a __________.

negative informal sanction

Luis has just received a stern lecture from his mother about his poor grade in algebra. His mother's lecture is an example of a __________.

negative sanction

The definition of races as distinct biological categories first emerged in the __________.

nineteenth century, in efforts to justify slavery

Democracy, belief in a Supreme Being, and understanding English are all examples of __________.

nonmaterial culture

Rotating a finger to indicate that someone is "crazy" is an example of a gesture. Gestures are a component of __________.

nonmaterial culture

__________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.

obedience

Researchers predict that over the next few decades in the United States, ________________.

obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years

An example of a(n) __________ is the music industry, in which a few giant companies are behind many of the labels and artists known to consumers.

oligopoly

Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been __________.

on a fee-for-service basis

Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been __________. a.through the federal government b.through a third-party provider c.on a fee-for-service basis d.taken care of by health maintenance organizations

on a fee-for-service basis

Walter Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________, which may include supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.

outer containments

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

outgroup

Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered __________.

outgroups

In a(n) __________, the male authority figure acts as head of the household and holds power and authority over the women and children, as well as over other males.

patriarchal family

The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is __________. Across cultures, men are the primary decision makers regarding domestic, economic, and social concerns facing the family.

patriarchy

According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) __________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."

patriarchy

Feminist explanations of family problems, such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability, focus on __________.

patriarchy and how men's domination over women contributes to inequalities in families

Sociologist William Corsaro states that __________ is an established set of activities or routines, artifacts, values, and concerns that children produce and share and that emerges through interaction as children "borrow" from the adult culture.

peer culture

A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.

peer group

You are scheduled to work at the pizza parlor Sunday afternoon. Several of your friends convince you to call in sick so you can watch football with them all day, even though you really need the money. The sociological term for what you have experienced is __________.

peer pressure

Which of the following is used to treat syphilis?

penicillin

Which of the following is used to treat syphilis? a.penicillin b.antiretroviral therapy c.holistic medicine d.warfarin

penicillin

The basis for Durkheim's theory of society is the principle that _____________.

people are the products of their social environments

The postmodern family has been described as __________, meaning capable of being diffused or invaded in such a manner that its original purpose is modified or changed.

permeable

One couple's inability to keep their marriage intact may be an example of a __________, whereas widespread divorce as a result of changes in the economy or other social factors is an example of a __________.

personal trouble ; public issue

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.

prejudiced nondiscriminators

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self- development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

preparatory

__________ norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.

prescriptive

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance?

primary

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking.

primary

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

primary group

Schools with more low-income students have curricula that emphasize __________.

procedures and rote memorization

The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations.

profane

How do professions differ from occupations?

professions are characterized as having more self-regulation than occupations

In the Marxian framework, the __________ consist of those who sell their labor because they have no other way to earn a living.

proletariat class

Tom works on the assembly line at the local Ford automobile factory. According to Marx, Tom would be considered a member of the __________ because he does not own the means of production.

proletariat class

According to functionalists, religion_____________________.

promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging

__________ crimes include robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these crimes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.

property

__________ is a socially constructed concept used by many people to specify groups of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color.

race

One example of a __________ regime was the National Socialist (Nazi) party in Germany during World War II; military leaders there sought to control all aspects of national life, not just government operations.

totalitarian

__________ relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people's thinking and control their actions.

totalitarianism

__________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.

tracking

Weber used the term __________ authority for power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom.

traditional

British kings and queens historically traced their authority from God. Weber called this __________.

traditional authority

Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity of the other. These people are termed __________, in which the sex-related structure of the brain that defines gender identity is opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body.

transgendered

Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as __________.

transmission of culture

The text uses the term __________ for the trafficking across nations' borders in drugs, weapons, and nuclear weapons.

transnational

__________ are large companies that are headquartered in one country but produce goods and services across many different national boundaries.

transnational corporations

Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?

travel

1. Illness is a social construction; definitions may change over time and between cultures. a. True b. False

true

1. Both religion and education are responsible for teaching knowledge, cultural values, and beliefs. a. True b. False

true

13. Community colleges are one of the fastest growing segments of higher education. a. True b. False

true

13. Most citizens of the United States are not actual capitalists. a. True b. False

true

15. Great Britain has a system of socialized medicine. a. True b. False

true

16. In the United States, the separation of church and state prevents the direct religious legitimation of political power. a. True b. False

true

16. Many practitioners of alternative medicine take a holistic approach. a. True b. False

true

16. The United States was the first nation to formally address the issue of equality in employment for persons with a disability. a. True b. False

true

17. Civil religion in the United States is not necessarily the same thing as Christianity. a. True b. False

true

18. Lawful jobs are often part of the underground or shadow economy. a. True b. False

true

18. Religion may be a source of social solidarity as well as social conflict. a. True b. False

true

19. The social and physical environments in which people live are a significant factor in the extent to which they may be considered disabled. a. True b. False

true

4. The U.S. Constitution grants authority to the person who occupies the office of the presidency; any particular president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office. a. True b. False

true

6. All students are subject to the hidden curriculum in education. a. True b. False

true

6. All rulers need the support of the military and the backing of business elites to maintain their position. a. True b. False

true

8. Although rural Americans make up 20 percent of the U.S. population, only 10 percent of the nation's physicians practice in rural areas. a. True b. False

true

8. The U.S. political system is made up of both formal and informal components. a. True b. False

true

9. There are large differences in scores on academic tests between white students and African American and Hispanic/Latino students. a. True b. False

true

Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.

two-thirds

In 2014, approximately __________ of employed mothers with children under age 6 worked full time.

two-thirds

Lisa works as a nanny and is paid in cash by the family she works for. She does not declare her earnings to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). She is a part of the _______________.

underground economy

universal health care

Canada has a(n) __________ system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues. In Canada, these revenues are supplemented by insurance premiums paid by all taxpaying citizens. a.fee-for-service medical care b.health maintenance organization c.universal health care d.managed care

universal health care

◦a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues.

universal health care

Which of these is not an example of a total institution?

university residence hall

Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are __________.

unprejudiced nondiscriminator

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.

unprejudiced nondiscriminators

In the postmodern family, the boundaries between the public and private spheres are fairly open and flexible. In fact, family life may be negatively affected by the decreasing distinction between what is work time and what is family time. This characteristic of the family is termed __________.

urbanity

The use of ethnic or racial background as a means of identifying criminal suspects is called __________.

racial profiling

The __________ argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.

radical feminist approach

The ________ theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and concludes that the benefits outweigh the risks.

rational choice

Although the U.S. Constitution grants __________ authority to the office of the presidency, a president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office.

rational-legal

In Weber's work on authority, the term ___________ authority refers to power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations.

rational-legal

Weber believed that __________ authority was the only means to attain efficient, flexible, and competent regulation under a rule of law.

rational-legal

Weber's term __________ refers to the process by which traditional informal and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

rationality

Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to attend graduate school to study sociology. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her __________.

reference group

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

role

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.

role

It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________.

role ambiguity

__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.

role ambiguity

We voluntarily join __________ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.

utilitarian

Brenda gives generously to a number of local charities; however, she also strongly believes in the value of hard work and "earning your own keep." Sociologists would characterize Brenda's thinking as a __________.

value contradiction

__________ are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive, meaning that achieving one makes it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve another.

value contradictions

__________ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

values

Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?

values and beliefs

__________ provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave; __________ are established rules of behavior or standards for conduct.

values: norms

__________ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and involves force or the threat of force against others.

violent

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, there will be silence for eight hours a day and fasting from food on a regular basis. Joe will experience ______ resocialization.

voluntary

In regard to housework, some reports show that_____________________.

when husbands share some household responsibilities, they typically spend much less time in these activities than do their wives

The median age of an individual committing __________ is typically older than that of those committing other types of crimes.

white-collar crime

From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate_______________.

with the people who witness or judge the behavior

According to the human capital model, women as a category earn less money than men because______________________.

women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and child-care activities

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.

may be more common than most people would like to believe

Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________.

more common for women than for men

According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization,_____________________.

peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender

In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that__________________.

people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group

Someone smoking cigarettes is an example of __________ drug use. a.chronic b.recreational c.therapeutic d.acute

recreational

social Darwinism

A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of __________.

the capitalist economic system

According to the conflict perspective on gender stratification,______________________.

the gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources

Social epidemiologists investigate_______________. a.the human host b.the social atmosphere c.health coefficients d.microscopic carriers

the human host

The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer to __________.

the informal activities within a bureaucracy

The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools; the study suggests that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences, including_____________________.

the stereotyping and invisibility of females in science and math texts

Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________.

role conflict

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

role conflict

A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________.

role distancing

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

role exit

For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.

role performance

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing _________.

role strain

Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women.

role strain

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

role-taking

In the United States, there is a strong cultural belief that __________ should be the basis of an intimate relationship.

romantic love

In __________, researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.

secondary analysis

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________.

secondary deviance

Cooley coined the term __________ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

secondary group

Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them a(n) __________.

secondary group

Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

secondary group

__________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture.

secularism

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________.

social interaction

__________ is reinforced by negative images regarding older persons.

ageism

People do not voluntarily become members of __________ organizations.

coercive

__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.

Functionalists

__________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.

Gender role

The terms Latino and Latina are used interchangeably with the label______________.

Hispanic

capitalist

According to Forbes magazine, the richest people in the world are Bill Gates (cofounder of Microsoft Corporation) and Amancio Ortega (founder of the Zara clothing line). In Wright's Marxian model, these men would be members of the __________ class

Why is socialization such an important process for human beings?

Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others

_________ is the term for concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.

Polygamy

In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination.

Direct institutionalized

__________ refers to actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.

Discrimination

__________ refers to a household arrangement in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples.

Domestic partnership

Sociologists would term whites in the United States with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs) the __________.

Dominant group

Sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society.

Dominant group

__________ pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.

Edward Wilson

The identifiers Jewish Americans, Irish Americans, and Italian Americans refer to a person's __________.

Ethnic group

__________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society; this coexistence occurs when groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups.

Ethnic pluralism

__________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.

Ethnocentrism

Which of the following would be classified as a status offense?

Fifteen-year-old Ivy runs away from home.

Functionalism

From the perspective of __________, social inequality is not only inevitable, but it is also an essential part of any healthy society

One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory.

Frustration-aggression

The __________ states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others.

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

__________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society.

Functionalism

__________ states that societies develop social structures, or institutions, that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.

Functionalism

Functionalist

__________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility.

Functionalist

__________ theorists emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals.

Functionalist

__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

Functionalist

"Women's roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies. This division of family labor ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled. It also provides for family members." This statement is consistent with the __________.

Functionalist perspective

According to __________, human capital acquired by education and job training is the source of a person's productivity so that what a person earns is a reflection of his or her individual choices.

Functionalists

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Gemeinschaft

__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

Gender

__________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.

Gender Identity

__________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.

Gender bias

The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as __________, meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.

Gender institutions

__________ refers to the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color.

Gender racism

In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of __________.

Gender role

__________ is the term for concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.

Polygamy

The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II are examples of __________.

Genocide

The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

Genocide

Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me."

George Herbert Mead

Which of these sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups?

George Simmel

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.

Gesellschaft

British sociologist __________ translated and condensed Comte's work and was noted for her study of social customs in Great Britain and the United States.

Harriet Martineau

In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified?

Having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age

__________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.

Health Maintenance Organization (HMOs)

__________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later. a.Federally funded programs b.Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) c.Fee-for-service d.Third-party payer programs

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs

Which of these statements is the best explanation of the relative influence of biological and social factors in human development?

Heredity provides the basic material out of which social interaction shapes human characteristics.

Most cross-dressers are __________.

Heterosexual men

The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in __________ societies.

Hunting and Gathering

symbolic interactionist

Meredith studies how waiters are treated by diners at a country club in order to learn about the daily structure of inequality and how these patterns are enacted and replicated. Meredith is a __________.

The famous quote stating that religion is an "opiate of the masses" comes from the work of __________.

Karl Marx

Which of these is not likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity?

Ku Klux Klan

__________ is the term for the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions, which contributes to women having separate and unequal jobs.

Labor market segmentation

In the perspective of __________, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.

Liberal feminism

vertical mobility

Lijuan's mother is an architect, and her father is a college professor. Lijuan left home at age 16 to live with her boyfriend. When their relationship ended, Lijuan no longer communicated with her parents and did not return to high school. After working briefly at a fast-food restaurant, Lijuan resorted to asking passersby at a local shopping area for money. Lijuan's story illustrates the concept of __________

__________ is the term for a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim.

Lynching

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XY chromosome generally means a __________.

Male Embryo

_________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients. a.Managed care b.Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) c.Fee-for-service d.Third-party payer programs

Managed care

Bourgeoisie

Marx used the term __________ for those who own the means of production—the land and capital necessary for factories and mines

proletariat

Marx used the term __________ to refer to those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive

the economic basis of class systems

Marx's theory had important insights into capitalist societies; for example, he recognized ________________

In the early twentieth century, drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of __________.

Marxist/critical theory

The term __________ refers to a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women. Few, if any, societies have been organized in this way.

Matriarchy

The work of __________ demonstrated that religion could be a catalyst for social change.

Max Weber

Which of these sociologists applied ideal type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies?

Max Weber

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor. a.Social Security b.Social Supplementary Income c.Medicare d.Medicaid

Medicaid

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium. a.AARP b.Medicare c.Medicaid d.Social Supplementary Income

Medicare

In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States?

Native Americans

__________ refers to family units composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives.

Nuclear family

The term __________ refers to the process of treating people as if they were things, not human beings. Typically, this occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions.

Objectification

Middle-class

Of the two categories of people who work for wages, Weber called the white-collar workers, public officials, managers, and professionals the __________

A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination.

Small-group

The National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago has replaced the Kinsey Report as the respected source of information on American sexual behavior. Which of these is not a finding of the survey reported in the text?

Overall Americans seem to be challenging what were previously considered significant dominant sexual ideologies.

The term __________ refers to blatant behavior and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group.

Overt racism

Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.

Patriarchy

__________ systems are set up in such a manner that a legitimate son inherits his father's property and sometimes his position upon the father's death.

Patrilineal

__________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.

Pay equity

Occupational segregation contributes to the __________, which refers to the disparity between women's and men's earnings.

Pay gap

_________ is very rare. When it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide.

Polyandry

__________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.

Polyandry

According to sociologist __________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.

Pierre Bourdieu

__________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women.

Polygyny

__________ are societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

Postindustrial Societies

In __________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care work.

Postindustrial societies

Used sociologically, __________ most commonly refers to a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.

Prejudice

An umpire dislikes African Americans and, with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this umpire is a (n) __________.

Prejudiced discriminator

A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________.

Prejudiced nondiscriminator

Women of color are more likely than white women to be concentrated in which of these types of jobs?

Public-sector employment

__________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

Race

__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

Racism

The term __________ is used for people and groups that are blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.

Scapegoat

The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of __________ is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual.

Sigmund Freud

working poor

Social critic and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrated that people in the __________ use strategies like help from relatives and continually changing residences in order to survive

the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population.

Social epidemiology

high unemployment and the low wages paid for many jobs

Social inequality and poverty have both economic and structural sources. According to your text, a great deal of poverty in the United States is due to __________

Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the __________.

Social learning theory

The explanation for racism and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________.

Social learning theory

__________ typically starts in large, impersonal settings such as schools and workplaces, and only later (if at all) results in close friendships and intermarriage.

Structural assimilation (integration)

Which of the following people would most likely be considered deviant because of an unusual belief system?

Terri is convinced that the government is using vaccines to intentionally make people ill.

When a label of deviance is based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions, it is considered __________.

behavioral

wealth

The term __________ includes property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies

prestige

The dimension of Weber's system of stratification that helps determine one's class consists of the respect or regard that a person is given by others and is called __________

The best-documented consequence of gender-segregated work is __________.

The gender pay gap

underclass

The term __________ refers to those who are poor, are seldom employed, and experience long-term deprivation

One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contribute to gender inequality is_________________________.

The need for legitimate heirs for private property

class

The open stratification system based on the ownership and control of resources, as well as the type of work people do, is termed

Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in men except:

The penis

When sexual harassment is reported to teachers, _____________________.

The problem is often ignored

underclass

The term __________ refers to those who are poor, are seldom employed, and experience long-term deprivation.

women workers, regardless of their type of profession or occupation

The term pink-collar refers to_____________________________

Which of these countries was the last to offer legal recognition of gay and lesbian marital relationships?

United States

What is it that sets peer groups apart from schools and families as agents of socialization?

Unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.

A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____.

Unprejudiced discriminator

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.

Unprejudiced discriminators

__________ is the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

__________ in the social world is/are gendered.

Virtually everything

many workers have experience a rising standard of living

Workers have not overthrown capitalism as Marx predicted because __________

working poor

Working single mothers and their children and African Americans are overrepresented among the

working poor

Working single mothers and their children and African Americans are overrepresented among the __________

Sociologist __________ applied the term power elite to the most powerful in society, who are those at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military.

Wright Mills

Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems.

affluent students

After a lengthy political battle, a health care reform bill was signed into law in the United States in 2010. The name of the bill is the __________.

affordable care act

A central tenet of the 2010 health care reform bill in the United States is __________.

affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace

A central tenet of the 2010 health care reform bill in the United States is __________. a.deregulation of medical doctors and services provided b.a single-payer nationalized health care system c.affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace d.fee-for-service payments

affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace

__________ occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant-group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.

a. Cultural assimilation (acculturation)

Occupation is an example of a(n) _______ status.

achieved

A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved

are illness that strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death.

acute diseases

The significant difference between childhood socialization and adult socialization is that ____________________________.

adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization

According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?

c. Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments.

Authoritarian governments_______________________.

can occur when military officers seize power from the government

__________ is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention.

capitalism

A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).

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