Final Review - Module 2

Describe what a symbiotic relationship looks like between two organisms.

A symbiotic relationship is a long-term relationship between two organisms in which one or both organisms benefit from the paired interaction.

Bacteria that cause illness are considered:

Pathogenic

Which of the following cycles is maintained through environmental processes such as decomposition, plant uptake, and the weathering of rocks? a) Nitrogen b) Carbon c) Phosphorus d) Water

c) Phosphorus

Gram _________ bacteria have a ________ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

positive; thick

List TWO criterion one should consider when developing a useful research model.

(1) Easy to maintain, (2) Physical size should be convenient, (3) Inexpensive, (4) Short life cycles, (5) Can be genetically manipulated, and (6) Can be used to deliver economically important results.

You are considering a model system for research purposes. What are 6 guidelines you should consider for this system?

(1) Easy to maintain, (2) Physical size should be convenient, (3) Inexpensive, (4) Short life cycles, (5) Can be genetically manipulated, and (6) Can be used to deliver economically important results.

What are the 4 main Eukaryote Kingdoms?

(1) Fungi, (2) Protista, (3) Plantae, and (4) Animalia

List the 7 most widely accepted characteristics of living organisms.

(1) Order, (2) Evolutionary Adaptation, (3) Regulation, (4) Energy Processing, (5) Growth and Development, (6) Response to the Environment, and (7) Reproduction.

What are the 3 domains that comprise the Linnaean Classification system?

1) Archaea, (2) Eubacteria, and (3) Eukarya

What is the purpose of a phylogenic tree?

A phylogenic tree is a branching diagram that shows the relationship between different levels of Linnaean classification taxa. Phylogenic trees provide a visual representation of dichotomies concerning evolutionary relationships and enables scientists to unite phylogeny with the classic Linnaean classification systems. Each branch point represents where the two organisms likely share a common ancestor.

What is an adaptation? What characteristic of life would an adaptation fall into?

An adaption is a change or a process that allows an organism to become better suited for their environment. They can be physical or behavioral. For example, a crab's hard shell is a physical adaption, while a squirrel hibernating through the winter is a behavioral adaption. This falls into Response to the Environment.

Briefly explain the process of binary fission.

Binary fission is the process of reproduction where the parent body is seemingly pinched into two halves, resulting in two daughter organisms each with its own nuclei.

Describe the process of binary fission and state whether it is a form of sexual or asexual reproduction.

Binary fission is the process of reproduction where the parent body is seemingly pinched into two halves, resulting in two daughter organisms each with its own nuclei. This is an example of asexual reproduction.

Radial symmetry

Can be visualized as equal halves when a plane is passed from the top to bottom and through the center

Bilateral symmetry

Can be visualized as one plane dividing an organisms body into two equal halves

Spherical symmetry

Can be visualized as similar halves if any planes cut through the center

Bacteria that neither benefits from nor harms its host and are often part of the human flora are considered:

Commensal

All of the collective organisms living within a biological ecosystem best describes a(n):

Community

A system of living and non-living things in a region best describes a(n):

Ecosystem

Describe what an endotoxin is and give an example.

Endotoxins are present inside the cell or can be the lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of some bacteria (Gram-negative). Importantly, these toxins are only released upon the death of the bacterial cell when the cell wall begins to decompose. Salmonella is an example.

Describe evolutionary adaptation and give an example.

Evolutionary adaptation, often called generational evolution, specifically refers to smaller, genetic changes that allow for better survival of an organism. For instance, consider camouflage. Animals that are properly camouflaged within their given environment will, theoretically, survive longer and can thus reproduce more. Coat (such as fur) color genes with the greatest survival rate will be strengthened and amplified within the population. Over time, more and more animals will inherit these colors until most of a population has the adaptive camouflage that allows for optimum survival.

Describe what an exotoxin is and give an example.

Exotoxins are proteins that are secreted by the bacterial cell. Vibrio cholera is an example.

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Organisms found in the Archaea domain house their genetic material in a membrane bound nucleus.

False, Organisms found in the Archaea domain house their genetic material in structures called plasmids.

True of False. If false, explain why it is false. Ribosomal RNA is a necessary component for all living cells to synthesize lipids.

False, Ribosomal RNA is a necessary component for all living cells to synthesize proteins.

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. In protostome development, a radial cleavage occurs in the cell mass.

False, in protosome development, a spiral cleavage occurs in the cell mass. OR In deuterostome development, a radial cleavage occurs in the cell mass.

In the Linnaean classification system, each domain can be further subdivided into ______.

Kingdoms

Fill in the blank ________ plants lack the formation of tubes to transport water and nutrients.

Nonvascular

A relationship between two organisms in which the symbiont benefits while harming its host is best described as:

Parasitism

Bacteria that cause illness through the production of exotoxins and endotoxins are considered _______.

Pathogenic

A group of one particular species living within defined boundaries of a community best describes a(n):

Population

Malaria is a result of plasmodium which are found in which of the following Eukaryotic kingdoms?

Protista

Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two gametes (one from each parent) that will unite and grow into a new offspring. Asexual reproduction, in contrast, gives rise to new offspring from a single organism.

________ reproduction involves the fusion of two _______ that will unite and grow into a new offspring.

Sexual; gametes

The branches of a phylogenic tree that arise from a shared point are referred to as:

Sister taxa

Compare and contrast 3 types of symmetry found in animal body plans.

Spherical symmetry, the body of an organism can be visualized as similar halves if any plane passes through the center. Sponges and some coral have spherical symmetry. Animals with this type of symmetry are spherical in shape. Radial symmetry, an organism's body can be visualized as equal halves when a plane is passed from top to bottom and through the center. Sponges, jellyfish, and starfish exhibit radial symmetry. Bilateral symmetry can be visualized as one plane dividing an organism's body into two equal halves. Most invertebrates, such as worms, clams, and snails, and all vertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry. Bilateral symmetry can be thought of as left and right; lateral sides. However, passing a plane in other directions allows for scientists to classify animals based on anatomical body planes.

The dorsal cavity of Eucoelomates houses which organs/structures?

The brain and spinal cord

___________ thrive in higher temperatures such as volcanos, while __________ thrive in arctic temperatures.

Thermophiles; psychrophiles

Herbivores are considered "primary consumers". What does this mean?

They eat the primary producers

Autotrophs are considered "primary producers". What does this mean?

They support all other trophic levels.

True or False: Extremophiles are a small sub-set of the Archaea domain that live in extreme environments.

True

Body plans

a set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional, living, organism

Each of the following is true regarding the Monera Kingdom except: a) It is recognized by all scientists as a Kingdom b) It contains microscopic organisms that are some of the oldest inhabitants of planet Earth c) Pectobacterium is a member of this Kingdom d) It is meant to collect all Prokaryotic organisms into one Kingdom

a) It is recognized by all scientists as a Kingdom

A(n) _______ is a change or a process that allows an organism to become better suited for their environment. Anything that causes an organism to respond is called a _______. Adaptions can be _______ or ________.

adaptation, stimulus, behavioral, physical

Which of the following is/are true of the Eukaryotic Kingdom, Protista? a) All members of this kingdom are considered "consumers" b) Organisms may be heterotrophic c) Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular d) All organisms are multicellular and autotrophic

b and c

Each of the following are true regarding Eukaryotes except: a) They are larger and generally more complex than Prokaryotes b) Their nucleus is not membrane bound c) Their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan d) They can be divided into 4 main kingdoms: Fungi, Protista, Plantae, Animalia

b) Their nucleus is not membrane bound

Which of the following is considered a "secondary consumer"? a) Autotrophs b) Herbivores c) Carnivores d) Detrivores

c) Carnivores

Each of the following is true of Eubacteria except: a) Their cellular structure is prokaryotic b) Their DNA is found on plasmids c) They reproduce by binary fission d) Their cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan

d) Their cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan

Prokaryotes, known as _________, break down dead and dying organisms and release vital elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous into the environment.

decomposers