Final Study Guide: Chapters 7-13, Spotlight on World Nutrition, Obesity, Eating Disorders and Alcohol

Characteristics of the DASH diet include which of the following?

Low-fat dairy products Low in saturated fat Low cholesterol Rich in fruits and vegetables

Incidents of toxicity of this mineral have not been due to food, but to air pollutants.

Manganese

During vitamin absorption, water-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the bloodstream, whereas fat-soluble vitamins are carried to the brush border for absorption by:

Micelles

Select each of the following functions of calcium in the body:

Mineralization:

Which of the following statements is true with regards to sociocultural influences on obesity?

People residing in the Southern United States have a higher incidence of obesity

The most common causes of low blood potassium include:

Prolonged vomiting, chronic diarrhea, laxative abuse, and use of diuretics

Three hormones, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin are all necessary in:

Regulating calcium levels in the blood

A deficiency associated with inadequate levels of vitamin C is:

Scurvy

Vitamin A's best known effects are in:

The eyes

. Although our sense of thirst usually reminds us to drink enough so that we don't become dehydrated, it is an unreliable signal during hot weather or during heavy exercise when fluid losses through perspiration are high. Which of the following explains how your body knows when it needs to conserve water?

The hormone aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone signals the kidney to retain sodium and thus conserve water.

Match each sign/symptoms of deficiency with the corresponding water-soluble vitamin.

Thiamin: Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Riboflavin: A shiny, smooth, and inflamed tongue, painful mouth, and cracks at the corners of the mouth Niacin: Redness around the neck, dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea Vitamin B6: Microcytic anemia, seborrheic dematitis, depression, confusion, and convulsions Folate: Anemia, atherosclerosis development, neural tube defects, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neuropsychiatric disorders

True or false: Adipose tissue contains about 90 percent of the vitamin E in our bodies, and the rest is found in virtually every cell membrane in every tissue

True

True or false: Animal products tend to have a fairly constant vitamin level, but the vitamin content of fruit and vegetables may vary depending on factors such as sunlight, moisture, and growing conditions.

True

True or false: Because of possible vitamin A toxicity, pregnant women should be wary of retinol-containing supplements and avoid retinoid-containing medications.

True

True or false: Bread is often fortified with vitamin D.

True

True or false: Examples of conditional nutrients include inositol, carnitine, taurine, and lipoic acid.

True

True or false: If you do not eat enough calcium in your diet, and your blood calcium levels fall as a result, your body will draw on reserves of calcium and phosphorus in bones in an effort to maintain blood calcium levels.

True

True or false: In most cases, the amount of minerals our body absorbs stays relatively constant.

True

True or false: Most excess fluoride is excreted in urine.

True

True or false: Prior to supplementation and fortification programs, deficiency of iodine was more common in the Midwest region of America.

True

True or false: Sources of riboflavin include dairy products, enriched grains, eggs, and organ meats.

True

True or false: Vitamin B12 is absorbed beginning in the mouth and through a multistage digestive process that requires a substance called intrinsic factor.

True

True or false: Vitamin D is unique because, given sufficient sunlight, your body can make all that it needs and dietary vitamin D intake is not necessary.

True

Match each major function with the corresponding fat-soluble vitamin.

Vitamin A: Vision, cell differentiation, immunity, reproduction, bone health Vitamin D: Regulation of blood calcium, bone health, regulation of cell differentiation and growth Vitamin E: Protection and maintenance of cellular membranes through antioxidant capacity. Vitamin K: Blood clotting, bone health/sustaining bone mineral density

Match each toxic effect of megadoses with the corresponding fat-soluble vitamin.

Vitamin A: fatigue, vomiting abdominal pain, bone and joint pain, loss of appetite, skin disorders, and headache. Vitamin D: hypercalcemia, bone loss, and kidney stones. Vitamin E: Inhibition of of platelet adhesion and the countering of vitamin K's blood clotting mehcanism. Vitamin K: Hemolytic anemia

Match each sign/symptom of deficiency with the corresponding water-soluble vitamin.

Vitamin B12: Anemia, brain abnormalities and spinal cord degeneration, neurological symptoms including tingling and numbness in the extremities, abnormal gait, and cognitive changes Pantothenic acid: Irritability, restlessness, fatigue, apathy, malaise, sleep disruption, nausea/vomiting, numbness, tingling, muscle cramps, staggering gait, and hypoglycemia. Biotin: Hair loss, rash, neurological disorders, and delay of growth and development. Vitamin C: Connective tissue breakdown, inflammation/bleeding of the gums and joints, fatigue/weakness, hemorrhage, bone pain and fracture, diarrhea, and depression

Match each toxic effect of megadoses with the corresponding water-soluble vitamin.

Vitamin C: Nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nose bleeds, formation of oxalate-containing kidney stones, and possible free radical damage. Folate: Masks B12 dificiency; hives and/or respiratory distress Vitamin B6: Irreversible nerve damage affecting the ability to walk and causing numbness in the extremities Niacin: Flushing of the face and upper body, itching and tingling, and liver toxicity

This vitamin consists of a family of eight similar compounds and although all forms are absorbed, only one is considered when determining human requirements.

Vitamin E

Which vitamin is primarily responsible for blood clotting?

Vitamin K

When water intake is low, spinal cells in the brain signal the pituitary to release:

antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following is considered the leading cause of death in the United States and Canada?

bone loss with age

When a person is running in a 5K race and their body is using the oxygen-energy system to extract energy, from which source(s) can energy be produced?

both fat and glucose

The active form of vitamin D is:

calcitriol

Which of the following is considered the leading cause of death in the United States and Canada?

cardiovascular disease

Your body generally absorbs about 20 to 40 percent of the carotenoids you eat. This proportion ______ as the amount of carotenoids you eat increases

decreases

Chloride resides mainly in ______ fluid, and is critical for transmitting nerve impulses and for maintaining acid-base balance.

extracellular

. True or false: A water loss of 10% of body weight can cause coma and death.

false

. True or false: Insensible water loss decreases with high altitude and low humidity, so if a person is hiking in the mountains their requirements for water decrease compared to normal.

false

True or false: Generally, thirst is a reliable guide to avoid dehydration.

false

True or false: Vitamin E deficiency is relatively common and includes dizziness, loss of appetite, and irritability.

false

True or false: Vitamin K is required for blood clotting and for skin elasticity.

false

In situations when the body cannot use glucose for energy, such as in the case with diabetes, cells turn to __________ as an energy source.

fat and protein

According to CDC data on obesity trends, which of the following states had the lowest rate of obesity in the year 2010?

montana

These types of fatty acids have been shown to decrease the risk of abnormal heartbeats, decrease triglyceride levels, slow the rate of atherosclerosis, and slightly lower blood pressure.

omega 3 fatty acids

Which mineral is a component of ATP, DNA, and RNA, a component of the mineral complex hydroxyapatite in bone, and is abundant in our food supply?

phosphorous

Which two minerals make up the complex hydroxyapatite?

phosphorous and calcium

If a person's diet includes a lot of processed foods, and not a lot of fresh fruits or vegetables, failing to meet recommended intakes of ________ is likely.

potassium

Too much of this mineral can slow and eventually stop the heart, therefore supplementation should be taken only under the care of a physician.

potassium

The majority of copper is absorbed in the:

small intestine

. The flow of potassium inside and out of the cell is coupled with the flow of:

sodium

Our immediate surroundings influence our behaviors and may contribute to weight issues. This is an example of:

the build environment

True or false: A lack of this mineral, zinc, can create a condition that resembles the night blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency.

true

True or false: Although less than 1% of body calcium is in blood and soft tissue, that small amount is vitally important in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, blood clotting, and cell metabolism.

true

True or false: Copper deficiency reduces production of both red and white blood cells, causing anemia and poor immune function.

true

True or false: During the process of osmosis, when the concentration of water inside the cell is greater than outside of the cell, water flows into the cell to equalize the concentration.

true

True or false: In adults, vitamin K deficiency is extremely rare and occurs in people with fat malabsorption problems.

true

True or false? Although bone loss with age is a major contributor to osteoporosis, maximizing peak bone mass early in life can go a long way toward preventing or at least delaying osteoporosis.

true

True or false? Even if BMI is at a healthy range, weight cycling has been associated with increased risk for metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, all-cause mortality, and reduced quality of life.

true

True or false? For obese people with sleep apnea, modest weight loss can improve the condition as well as sleep quality.

true

True or false? Over time, yo-yo dieting (weight cycling), has negative effects on health risks, body composition, body fat distribution, and energy expenditure.

true

Select each of the following that are major functions of iron.

-Brain function -Enzyme cofactor or constituent -Immune function -Oxygen transport

Select each of the correct characteristics of sodium.

-Crucial for regulating cellular fluid -Crucial for regulating total body fluid -Helps to regulate blood pressure, and pH -Help transmit nerve impulses and other electrical messages

Which of the following can interfere with the absorption of copper?

-Iron and zinc -Excessive use of antacids

Select each of the following functions of calcium in the body:

-Muscle contractions -Blood clotting -Bone matrix -Nerve function -Cellular metabolism

A healthy liver can store up to a(n) ______ supply of vitamin A

12 month

Of the following foods, which is the best source of Vitamin K?

3 cups spinach

We usually achieve our peak bone mass around the age of:

30

Your body can take about ____ to absorb and distribute water you drink throughout the body.

30-60 minutes

The slow, progressive hardening and narrowing of arteries by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances is known as:

Atherosclerosis

Which of the following vitamins dissolve in water?

B vitamins, Vitamin C, thiamine

Vitamin E is primarily stored in the:

Body fat

Vitamin A deficiency is rare in North America and Western Europe, however it is the leading cause of _____ worldwide.

Childhood blindness

Which of the following conditions decrease the amount of vitamin E in foods by either reducing the vitamin E content, or accelerating vitamin E's destruction in the food? (Select all that apply.)

Cooking Processing Storage

Which of the following is the best way to get extra energy during pregnancy?

Eat more complex carbohydrates

What happens when nutrients that are lost during processing are replaced back into the food?

Enrichment

True or false: 10 to 15 minutes of daily sunshine will provide the human body with an adequate supply of Vitamin C.

False

Prolonged excess intake of fluoride causes:

Fluorosis

Which of the following best describes how the build environment positively impacts (prevents) overweight and obesity rates?

Having access to safe green spaces and playgrounds

Vitamin D is considered both a vitamin and a(n):

Hormone