FINAL SUPER DOC
The cytoskeleton has three major components. In order of smaller diameter to larger diameter, they are ________. -microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate tubules -microfilaments, intermediate filaments, macrofilaments -microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments -microtubules, intermediate tubules, macrotubules -microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
-microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
In humans, women have sex chromosomes of XX and men are XY. Which of a woman's grandparents could not be the source of the genes on her X-chromosome? maternal means from the mother paternal means from the father -paternal grandmother -paternal grandfather -maternal grandfather -maternal grandmother -maternal grandmother and grandfather
-paternal grandfather
Summer squash is a vegetable that has three fruit colors; yellow, green, and white. -There is one gene for color pigment. Yellow, Y, is dominant to green, y. -There is a second gene which controls whether either the yellow or the green pigments are expressed. If the dominant C gene is present, then the Y or y gene is expressed. If the recessive is homozygous, cc, then the squash is white, regardless of the presence of the Y or y alleles. -What are the expected ratios if these two squash were crossed? (Enter ratios in reduced form.) YyCc x YYcc
1 yellow 0 green 1 white
What kind of molecule or substance is the primer that is used to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand? DNA protein exon RNA intron
RNA
Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking a protein secreted from the pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway of the protein through the cell? -Rough ER to vesicles to Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. -Rough ER to the plasma membrane to the nuclear envelope to smooth ER. -Rough ER to the nucleus to ribosomes to Golgi apparatus. -The nuclear envelope to ribosomes to Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane.
Rough ER to vesicles to Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane.
The equation relating free energy to entropy is ΔG = ΔH — TΔS. The parameter ____________ represents entropy. Entropy is defined as the amount of ___________.
S Disorder
If a person consumes toxic levels of drugs, which of the following organelle is likely to be found in elevated levels? -Rough endoplasmic reticulum -Lysosomes -Storage vacuoles -Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? -outer membrane of the chloroplast -thylakoid space -thylakoid membranes -electron transport chain -stroma of the chloroplast
Stroma of the chloroplast
Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds. Water's high surface tension. Water's change in density when it condenses. Water's ability to dissolve molecules in the air. The release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds.
The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? -The synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water. -The synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water. -The breakdown of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water. -The reaction of a two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water.
The breakdown of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water.
Which of the following events would you expect to happen if freshwater fish were placed in a saltwater aquarium? -The fish cells would be hypertonic to the saltwater, lose water, and their cells would shrivel. -The fish cells would be hypotonic to the saltwater, intake water, and their cells would expand or rupture. -The fish cells would be hypotonic to the saltwater, lose water, and their cells would shrivel. -The fish cells would be hypertonic to the saltwater, intake water, and their cells would expand or rupture.
The fish cells would be hypotonic to the saltwater, lose water, and their cells would shrivel.
Which of the following statements about the genetic code is true. (Select all that apply.) The genetic code is ambiguous, with one codon for several amino acids. The genetic code is redundant, with several codons for a specific amino acid. The genetic code is universal, the same codons are translated to the same amino acids in almost all species. Any one codon translates several different amino acids.
The genetic code is redundant, with several codons for several amino acids. The genetic code is universal, the same codons are translated to the same amino acids in almost all species.
Which of the following statements best explains why ATP is a good storage form for energy, releasing more energy upon hydrolysis than is typical with biological molecules? The bonds between the phosphate groups are unusually strong and breaking them releases more free energy then C-H or -OH bonds. The negatively charged phosphate groups repel one another and the terminal phosphate group is more stable in water than it is in ATP. The valence electrons in the phosphorus atom have less energy on average than those of other atoms, ATP has three P atoms. The phosphate groups are polar and therefore are easily hydrolyzed. The bonds in ATP are primarily hydrogen bonds, which are only about 10% as strong as covalent bonds.
The negatively charged phosphate groups repel one another and the terminal phosphate group is more stable in water than it is in ATP.
Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? -The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. -The peptide bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. -The ester linkages between -deoxyribose sugars would be broken. -The two strands of the double helix would separate. -The glycosidic bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
If you need to isolate the enzymes in the Calvin Cycle, which component below would you need? The membranes of the thylakoids. The membranes of the chloroplast. The mitochondrial matrix. The membranes of the cristae. The stroma of the chloroplast.
The stroma of the chloroplast
You are following two characters, which exhibit complete dominance inheritance. Each has two phenotypes. Plants heterozygous for both characters are crossed with a plant homozygous recessive for both characters. The phenotypes of the resulting offspring are predominantly either recessive for both phenotypes or they are dominant for both phenotypes. Plants exhibiting one dominant phenotype and one recessive phenotype are observed, but rarely. How is this best explained? -The two genes are located on different chromosomes, and obey the Law of Independent Assortment.. -The two genes are linked, and do not obey the Law of Independent Assortment. -Both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene. -Crossing over did not occur during meiosis. -The two genes are linked, and obey the Law of Independent Assortment.
The two genes are linked, and do not obey the Law of Independent Assortment.
Which of the following descriptions of DNA is true? The twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands. Adenine (A) forms complementary base pairs with uracil (U). The two strands in the double helix are antiparallel to each other. DNA backbone is composed of alternating ribose and phosphate groups. None of the above, they are all false.
The two strands in the double helix are antiparallel to each other.
In the manufacturing of wine, yeast are added to grape juice and sealed in a container. What process produces the wine? The yeast ferment glucose to ethanol. The yeast degrade glucose to CO2. The yeast degrade glucose to Acetyl CoA. The yeast ferment glucose to lactate.
The yeast ferment glucose to ethanol
Why are C4 and CAM plants more suited to hot climates than C3 plants? They do not close their stomata on hot, dry days. They temporarily fix CO2 into a 4-carbon molecule to decarboxylate when stomata are closed, thus raising cellular CO2 concentrations. They do not synthesize sugars by the Calvin cycle, but evolved an alternative pathway. They suspend photosynthesis in the hot times of the day. They have evolved specialized stomata cells that allow CO2 and O2 in and out of the cell without allowing water to exit.
They temporarily fix CO2 into a 4-carbon molecule to decarboxylate when stomata are closed, thus raising cellular CO2 concentrations.
Thymidine is a nitrogenous base that can be used in the laboratory to affect the cell cycle. Administering thymidine twice in 12 hours will keep cells in the G1 stage. Washing the cells free of thymidine will initiate the S phase. Which conclusion below is a viable explanation for this result? -Thymidine interacts with microtubules and prevents spindle formation. -Thymidine interacts with the M checkpoint molecule and prevents mitosis from initiating. -Thymidine coats the chromosomes and prevents DNA from being replicated. -Thymidine interacts with the G1 checkpoint molecule and prevents it from receiving a go-ahead signal.
Thymidine interacts with the G1 checkpoint molecule and prevents it from receiving a go-ahead signal.
One of the classes of drugs used commonly in a "triple cocktail" approach to treat AIDS from HIV infections are reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Why would these be good pharmaceutical targets to combat AIDS? (Select all that apply.) 1) HIV cannot replicate it's genome without the enzyme, which would prevent HIV from spreading to other cells. 2) There is not a human reverse transcriptase, so drugs would not interfere with normal transcription in human cells. 3) Reverse transcriptase is important in virus and host cell recognition, inhibitors may prevent infection in additional cells. 4) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors would bind to the ribosome and prevent translation of viral proteins. 5) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors would interfere with the budding of new virus particles from the host cell, decreasing infectivity,
1) HIV cannot replicate it's genome without the enzyme, which would prevent HIV from spreading to other cells. 2) There is not a human reverse transcriptase, so drugs would not interfere with normal transcription in human cells.
A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and found to have 22 picograms (pg) of DNA per nucleus. 1. At the end of the G1 phase, it is expected that the cells would have _____ picograms of DNA per nucleus. 2. At the end of the G2 phase, it is expected that the cells would have _____ picograms of DNA per nucleus.
1. 22 5. 44
Gorillas have 48 chromosomes in their somatic cells. Indicate how many chromosomes are in each type of cell from gorillas. 1. haploid cells 2. gamete cells 3. diploid cells
1. 24 2. 24 3. 48
Wheat have 14 chromosomes in somatic cells. At G1, the cells contain 150 ng of DNA. 1. The gamete cells have _____ chromosomes. 2. Diploid cells have chromosomes. 3. The cells at G2 will have ng of DNA. 4. After mitosis of somatic cells, there will be ______ daughter cells, 5. each will have ______ chromosomes. 6. After meiosis, there will be ______ daughter cells, 7. each will have ______ chromosomes.
1. 7 2. 14 3. 300 4. 2 5. 14 6. 4 7. 7
Two genes, A and B, are unlinked and each gene only has two alleles. 1. If genes A and B both exhibit complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio would be expected in a dihybrid cross? 2. If gene A has an epistatic relationship with gene B, what phenotypic ratio would be expected in a dihybrid cross?
1. 9:3:31 2. 9:3:4
The following is a linkage map of four genes on a chromosome. Recombination frequencies between different genes are indicated. 1. Between which two genes would you expect a recombination frequency of approximately 48%? 2. Between what two genes would would you expect the greatest amount of crossing over?
1. A-C 2. A-B
How does eukaryotic RNA polymerase identify a segment of a chromosome containing a gene? RNA polymerase recognizes the promoter sequence on DNA, allowing the transcription factors to transcribe RNA. Anywhere an AUG start codon is found, it will begin transcription. The anticodon present on the RNA polymerase complementary base pairs with the start codon on the DNA. Transcription factors recognize and bind to a promoter sequence near the start site, and the polymerase binds to the transcription factors. All of the above statements are true.
Transcription factors recognize and bind to a promoter sequence near the start site, and the polymerase binds to the transcription factors.
In human blood typing, allele IA and allele IB are codominant to each other and each are dominant to allele i. The recessive blood type is called O. For each genotype, indicate the phenotype that would be expected to be observed. 1. ii 2. i^Ai^B
1. Blood Type O 2. Blood Type AB
Below are micrographs of cells in different stages of the cell cycle. 1. Enter the letter (A-F) of the cell that is in anaphase. 2. Enter the letter (A-F) of the cell that is in prometaphase.
1. C 2. D
Match the functional group to the description of its composition. A carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom, present in aldehydes and ketones. A sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.
1. Carbonyl 2. Sulfhydryl
Consider this diagram of an integral membrane protein. which regions would you expect to have 1. polar regions? 2. non-polar regions?
1. D, E 2. A, B, C
figures that best represent the stages of mitosis or meiosis -Metaphase II -Metaphase -Metaphase I
1. G 2. A 3. C
Lemon juice has a pH of 2. The pH indicates the concentration of . ____(one to two words only) Is lemon juice acidic, basic, or neutral? (one word response) _______.
1. Hydrogen Ion 2. Acidic
1. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in the _____________; 2. and in eukaryotic cells most DNA is found in the ____________.
1. Nucleoid. 2. Nucleus
Nucleotides are monomers covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds to form DNA or RNA polymers.
1. Nucleotides 2. phosphodiester
1. What is the organelle shown here? 2. What is the primary function of this organelle?
1. Smooth ER 2. synthesis of lipids/detoxification
Snakes with green scales are dominant to snakes with yellow scales. Snakes with stripes are dominant to stripeless snakes. Neither of the genes are sex-linked. Dihybrid green-scaled, striped snakes are crossed with yellow-scaled, stripeless snakes. Of the 410 offspring, there are : 185 green-scaled, striped snakes 187 yellow-scaled, stripeless snakes 20 green-scaled, stripeless snakes 18 yellow-scaled, striped snakes 1.Among the offspring, which two combinations are recombinant phenotypes, not the parental? 2. What is the recombination frequency? 3. Do these results support a conclusion that the genes for scale-color and for stripes are on the same chromosome?
1. The green-scaled, stripeless and the yellow-scaled, striped snakes. 2. 20+18)/410 = 0.09 3. Yes
Calico cats have patches of black and yellow fur. These cats are predominantly female. The gene for fur color is on the X chromosome. For each statement below, indicate whether it is a valid or invalid explanation for the color patterning on calico cats. 1. In regions with black fur, the yellow allele is on Barr bodies. 2.The calico cat must be homozygous on the gene for fur color.
1. Valid 2. Not Valid
Prior to cell division in eukaryotes, each chromosome duplicates its genetic material. 1. The products are connected by ______________, 2. they are called _____________.
1. centromere 2. sister chromatids
You are asked to chemically analyze two samples. You are told that one is cellulose, the other is glycogen. You are asked to identify whether the source of the sample is a plant or an animal. 1. What are the monomers in glycogen? 2. You determine that one of the samples has a linear, unbranched polymeric chain.Is this sample cellulose, or glycogen? 3. Which of the samples, cellulose or glycogen, is obtained from an animal?
1. glucose 2. cellulose 3. glycogen
his pedigree chart follows eye-color in Mendaliens. Green eyes, G, are dominant to black eyes, g. The gene is not sex-linked. Black-eyed MendAlien's are indicated by filled circles and squares. Generations are indicated by letters, individuals in a generation are numbered left to right. 1. Indicate the most probable genotype for individual C-3 2. List all individuals in generation B who most likely have a genotype of gg. If none, enter 'none', if more than one individual, separate by commas and one space: example: B-7, B-9
1. good game 2. B3, B4, B6
The length of a fish tail is controlled by two alleles,L and l. 1. An organism that is LL is 2. An organism that is ll is 3. An organism that is Ll is
1. homozygous 2. homozygous 3. heterozygous
Indicate whether the following statements regarding enzymes are correct or incorrect. 1. Enzymes are consumed (destroyed) in a chemical reaction. 2. Enzymes increase the free energy change of a reaction.
1. incorrect 2. incorrect
Select the correct cellular locations for the following pathways. 1. The Kreb's cycle 2. glycolysis cytosol 3. fermentation
1. mitochondrial matrix 2. cytosol 3. cytosol
1. In plants, gamete cells are produced from haploid cells by 2. In animals, haploid cells are produced by
1. mitosis 2. meiosis
One difference in lipids is due to saturation in the acyl chains of fatty acids. -Oleic acid is a fatty acid with 18 carbons in the acyl chain and one double bond in a cis arrangement. -Steric acid is a fatty acid with 18 carbons in the acyl chain and no double bonds. 1. At room temperature, which fatty acid is most likely present as a liquid oil? 2. When incorporated into phospholipids and cellular membranes, which fatty acid tends to increase the fluidity of the membrane.
1. oleic acid 2. oleic acid
1. The charge on the oxygen atoms is _____. 2. in an aqueous solution, is this oxygen atom able to form a hydrogen bond? 3.The functional group is ______.
1. partial negative charge 2. yes 3. a carbonyl group
Match the functional group to the description of its composition. 1. A sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. 2. A phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.
1. suffhydryl 2. phosphate
One difference in lipids is due to saturation in the acyl chains of fatty acids. Oleic acid is a fatty acid with one double bond. The lipid with a cis-arrangement around the double bond is a liquid at room temperature; whereas, the trans arrangement around the double bond is solid at room temperature. Complete the best match based on this information. 1. At room temperatue the acyl chains pack closely together. 2. When incorporated into phospholipids and cellular membranes, it increases the fluidity of the membrane. 3. Are geometric isomers.
1. trans-form of oleic acid 2. cis-form of oleic acid 3. cis and trans forms of oleic acid
Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Enter the percent of the remaining nucleotides in this sample. [Note: only enter the number, not the '%' sign.] % thymine (T), % adenine (A), and % guanine (G).
12% thymine 12% adenine 38% guanine
Choose the answer that has these events of protein synthesis in the proper sequence. 1. Codon/anticodon recognition results in a tRNA bound to one amino acid binding to A site.2. A small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and the initiator tRNA.3. The polypeptide is hydrolyzed from the P site and the ribosome dissasssembles.4. The polypeptide chain in the P site forms a peptide bond with the amino acid in the A site.5. The ribosome translocates the tRNA in the A site to the P site. 2, 4, 5, 3, 1 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 2, 1, 4, 5, 3 2, 4, 3, 5, 1 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
2, 1, 4, 5, 3
During oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, What is the yield of ATP from one molecule of NADH? What is the yield of ATP from one molecule of FADH2?
2.5 1.5
The double-stranded DNA content of a certain organism has guanine as 30% of its bases. What percentage of its bases would be adenine? 5% 10% 20% 30% 40%
20%
In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. Males are ZZ and females are ZW. A lethal recessive allele that causes death of the embryo occurs on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female? 1:1 male to female 2:1 male to female 3:1 male to female 1:2 male to female
2:1 male to female
Ignoring crossing over, how many kinds of gametes can be produced by an organism with a diploid number of 10? 10^5 2 x 5 5^10 5^2 2^5
2^5
During the elongation of the polypeptide at the ribosome, how much energy is needed for one round of elongation when an amino acid is added to the protein being synthesized? 2 ATP's 1 ATP 3 GTP's 3 ATP's 2 GTP's
3 GTP's
Below is a sequence of mRNA. For all requested sequences, indicate the complementary, base-paired sequences. A. Use this codon chart and type the three-letter code of the amino acid in the boxes below each mRNA triplet. The N- and C- terminus of the peptide need to be labeled appropriately corresponding to the 5' and 3' end of the mRNA. The codons need to be labeled with the three letter, amino acid (from the codon chart). 5'-AACUCAAGG-3' B. Indicate the complementary, base-paired anticodon sequence for the first codon above. Also label the 5' and 3' end of the anticodon. 5'-AAC-3'
3'-Asn-Ser-Arg-5' 3'-TTG-5'
Consider the following sequence on one strand of DNA. What is the sequence on the opposite strand of the double helix? 5'- CGTAAG -3' 3'- -5' Your answer should contain letters, no spaces.
3'-GCATTG-5'
If an mRNA has the sequence given below, what is the sequence on the template DNA strand? 5'-AUGUAGCGC-3' Label each end as either 5'- or -3'
3'-TACATCGCG-5'
How many electrons does carbon have in its valence shell? 2 3 4 5 6
4
RNA polymerase transcribes DNA in the ______________ direction. This polymerase adds nucleotides to the __________ end of the growing transcript.
5' and 3' 3'
Consider this figure that depicts tRNA. What is the triplet of bases on the mRNA strand that codes for the amino acid of this tRNA? (Your answer should be upper case letters only, no spaces, do not label ends: example, XYZ) 5'- -3'
5'-GCC-3'
Indicate below the input requirements needed to synthesize one molecule of glucose from the Calvin cycle. (for each question, one number response only) How many CO2? How many NADPH? How many ATP?
6 CO2 12 NADH 18 ATP
Why are phages potentially useful in treating bacterial infections in humans? Because of their host specificity, they only attack bacteria. They do not affect eukaryotic cells. Because of their specificity, a phage can be used that will only infect the pathogenic bacteria, leaving helpful bacteria alone. Because phages are free to evolve, bacteria are less likely to develop a lasting resistance to them. They are not useful, and the practice has been banned in all countries. A and B A, B, and C.
A, B, and C.
What are the products of the light reactions that are subsequently used by the Calvin cycle? electrons and photons oxygen and carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and RuBP water and carbon ATP and NADPH
ATP and NADPH
Plants synthesize large amounts of glucose and sucrose in green leaves. These sugars are immediately transported out of the chloroplasts into the phloem (the vasculer system in plants). What type of transport process would you expect if the sugars are transported out of the chloroplasts as soon as they are synthesized into the phloem? -Active transport because the sugars are transported from low to high concentration into the phloem. -Diffusion because the sugars are nonpolar and do not need a transport molecule. -Facilitated diffusion because the sugars are polar and need to be transported from low to high concentration into the phloem. -Active transport because the sugars are transported from high to low concentration into the phloem. -Facilitated diffusion because the sugars are polar molecules that need to be transported from high to low concentration into the phloem.
Active transport because the sugars are transported from low to high concentration into the phloem.
Which of the following has potential energy? a water droplet on top of a waterfall a glucose molecule a diver on a springboard a 9V battery all of the above
All of the above
The normal protein of a gene has exactly 100 amino acids. A mutated version of this gene produces a protein only 20 amino acids long. Furthermore the sequence of amino acids is the same for the first six amino acids, but completely different after that point. What kind(s) of mutation could cause this? The start codon is missing. A silent mutation in the seventh codon. A base substitution in the twenty-first codon changes it to a stop codon. An insertion in the 7th codon. This type of mutation is impossible.
An insertion in the 7th codon.
Which of the following correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways? Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways. Catabolic pathways produce usable cellular energy by synthesizing more complex organic molecules. Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive the breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways. The flow of energy between catabolic and anabolic pathways is reversible. Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.
Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.
The role of DNA polymerases in DNA replication is to _____. separate the two strands of DNA synthesize an RNA primer to initiate DNA strand synthesis bind to transcription factors attach free nucleotides to the new strand of DNA link together short strands of DNA
Attach free nucleotides to the new strand of DNA
Which of the following statements about cell division is true? -Bacteria, plant, and animal cells use mitosis. -Animal cells use mitosis, plants and bacteria use binary fission. -Bacteria and animal cells use mitosis, plants use binary fission. -Animal and plant cells use binary fission, bacteria use mitosis. -Bacteraia use binary fission, animal and plants use mitosis.
Bacteraia use binary fission, animal and plants use mitosis.
The equation relating the change in free energy to enthalpy is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. A) If there is no change in entropy, the change in free energy is the same as the change in enthalpy. B) Free energy is usually less than enthalpy for an exergonic reaction.
Correct Correct
A sexually reproducing animal has two autosomal, unlinked genes, one for body color (C) and one for wing shape (W). List all possible allele combinations in an individual who is Ccww. (An explanation is not needed.)
Cw and cw
Select the correct cellular locations for the following pathways. fermentation: glycolysis: oxidative phosphorylation: options: mitochondrial matrix cytosol cristae stroma thylakoids
Cytosol Cytosol Cristae
Identify the labels in this animal virus. Label A Label B Label C Label D
DNA or RNA capsid envelope glycoproteins
In a cell, the flow of information proceeds from __________. protein to RNA to DNA DNA to RNA to protein RNA to DNA to protein DNA to protein to RNA RNA to protein to DNA
DNA to RNA to protein
For the pathways below, indicate whether they are involved in degradation or synthesis of glucose. Kreb's cycle: the light reactions: Calvin cycle:
Degradation Synthesis Degradation
Consider this energy diagram. What vector indicates the delta G of the reaction? What curve indicates the reaction with the slowest rate (speed)? Which reaction is most likely represented by the orange line?
Delta H Orange line Activation energy without enzyme
Which parameter changes in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? ΔG G product Both EA and ΔG E activation energy G reactants
EA
After DNA replication is completed, ____________. each of the four DNA strands consists of some old strand parts and some new strand parts one DNA double helix consists of two old strands and one DNA double helix consists of two new strands there are four double helices each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
Each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand.
In chloroplasts, what process is necessary to generate a proton-motive force for the synthesis of ATP? Electron transfer powered by the absorption of light. Degradation of glucose to produce NADH. Oxidation of NADH and the active transport of H+ across a membrane. Oxidation of NADPH and the active transport of H+ across a membrane. None of the above, ATP synthesis does not require a proton-motive force in chloroplasts.
Electron transfer powered by the absorption of light
Consider this image of DNA. The 5' end of the DNA strands is(are) labeled _______. The 3' end has a free ________ group at the end of the polymer.
Ends B and D hydroxyl
In summary, the 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that ______; the 2nd Law states that ______. free energy always increases ........................ energy is neither created nor destroyed entropy of the universe always increases ..... free energy always decreases entropy of the universe always increases ..... energy is neither created nor destroyed energy is neither created nor destroyed ........ free energy always increases energy is neither created nor destroyed ........ entropy of the universe always increases
Energy is neither created nor destroyed.... entropy of the universe always increases
What are the segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are spliced together to form the final transcript? promoter regions anticodons introns exons
Exons
In almost all cells in mammals, as soon as glucose is transported into a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated and converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Therefore, when glucose typically enters the cell, which transport mechanism do you expect to be used? Active transport by a glucose transport protein. Facilitated diffusion through a carrier protein. Pintocytosis through a channel protein. Simple diffusion through the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion through a carrier protein.
Label this DNA replication fork. The DNA template for the leading strand. The DNA template for the lagging strand. Okazaki fragments. The leading strand. The letter A represents a _' end. The letter B represents a _' end. The letter C represents a _' end. The letter D represents a _' end. The letter E represents a _' end. The letter F represents a _' end.
G J I H 3' 5' 3' 5' 5' 3'
The metabolic pathway between glucose and pyruvate is ______, while the name of the pathway between pyruvate and lactic acid is ______.
Glycolysis Fermentation
Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is false? The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The electron transport chain is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae). Electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are transferred by NADH to the ETC. Glycolysis occurs only in the absence of oxygen.
Glycolysis occurs only in the absence of oxygen
Under most conditions, the supply of energy by catabolic pathways is regulated by the demand for energy by anabolic pathways. Considering the role of ATP formation and hydrolysis in energy coupling of anabolic and catabolic pathways, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? High levels of ADP act as an activator of catabolic pathways. High levels of ATP act as an activator of catabolic pathways. High levels of ADP act as an inhibitor of catabolic pathways. High levels of ATP act as an activator of anabolic pathways. High levels of ADP act as an inhibitor of anabolic pathways.
High levels of ADP act as an activator of catabolic
On Oct 5, 2009, E. Blackburn, C. Greider, and J. Szostak were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work on telomeres. What are telomeres? The leading strand of newly synthesized DNA. Highly repeated sequences at the end of chromosomes that protect genes from shortening during replication. The origin of replication in eukaryotic chromosomes. Short fragments of newly synthesized DNA that comprise the lagging strand. The primer needed for DNA synthesis.
Highly repeated sequences at the end of chromosomes that protect genes from shortening during replication.
If a plant is actively engaged in photosynthesis, how would a chloroplast most likely provide additional ATP if it had sufficient levels of NADPH? Increase the amount of cyclic electron flow in the light reactions. Increase the amount of linear (noncyclic) electron flow in the light reactions. Increase the amount of cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Increase the amount of glycolysis.
Increase the amount of cyclic electron flow in the light reactions.
Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is false? It requires ATP. It produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). It fixes carbon into organic molecules. It produces molecular oxygen, O2. It requires NADPH.
It produces molecular oxygen, O2.
What stage of cellular respiration uses Acetyl CoA as an initial substrate? Fermentation Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation ATP synthase Kreb's Cycle
Kreb's Cycle
Select the following reaction that could be coupled to the reaction: ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi (ΔG = -7.3 kcal/mol) K + Pi → KP (ΔG = +9 kcal/mol) GP→ G + Pi (ΔG = -6 kcal/mol) HP → H + Pi (ΔG = -11 kcal/mol) FP → F + Pi (ΔG = -4 kcal/mol) L + Pi → LP (ΔG = +6 kcal/mol)
L + Pi → LP (ΔG = +6 kcal/mol)
The -R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is -CH2-OH. The -R group or side chain of the amino acid valine is -CH3(CH3)2. Where would you expect to most likely find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? -Valine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. -Serine and valine would equally be found in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein. -Serine would be in the interior, and valine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. -Serine and valine would equally be found on the exterior of the globular protein. -Both serine and valine would be likely found in the interior of the globular protein.
Valine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
A hypertonic solution has ______________ concentration than a solution to which it is being compared. a greater solute equal solute and solvent a greater solvent
a greater solute
A hypotonic solution has ________________ concentration than a solution to which it is being compared. a greater solute a greater solvent equal solute and solvent
a greater solvent
A bond in which electrons are shared equally is ______ bond. a nonpolar covalent an ionic a polar covalent a hydrogen a hydrophobic
a nonpolar covalent
A protein loosely bound to the surface of a lipid bilayer is ______________. an integral membrane protein a peripheral membrane protein cholesterol glycoprotein
a peripheral membrane protein
A sample of cells was analyzed and found to contain a nucleus, a central vacuole, and a cell wall. These cells are most likely from _________. an animal a plant or an animal a prokaryote a plant a plant or a prokaryote
a plant
Which of the choices below is encoded by the shortest piece of DNA? a tRNA having 80 nucleotides a mRNA having 50 codons a protein having 40 amino acids a protein with two polypeptides, each having 35 amino acids a mRNA having 100 bases
a tRNA having 80 nucleotides
Transport processes that require energy are ________ processes. active osmotic passive
active
Which of the following organelles is found in plant cells, but not in animal cells? cell wall chloroplast central vacuole all of the above none of the above, they are found in both
all of the above
In meiosis, sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles during ______. (one to two words)
anaphase II
DNA and RNA have several different properties. For each property below, indicate whether it is a typical property of DNA, RNA, or both. Contains cytosine as one of the nitrogenous bases. The sugar present is deoxyribose. Forms polymers with a sugar-phosphate backbone.
both DNA both
In this tRNA figure, which letter labels the anticodon?
bottom 3
List one functional group that can lower the pH of a solution. (one to two words only)
carboxyl or phosphate
Prions are thought to propagate by __________. causing normal brain proteins to fold into an abnormal version using reverse transcriptase to synthesize prion DNA associating with capsid proteins to infect brain cells forming virus-like particles that enter cells by endocytosis
causing normal brain proteins to fold into an abnormal version
Contained within the DNA coding strand given below is a sequence that specifies the first few residues of the human hemoglobin ß-chain. After establishing the appropriate reading frame, choose the sequence from the options given below (A-E) that would correspond to the first five amino acids of the polypeptide. 5'....TATAAAAGCACTAATGGTTCATTTAACT...3' Met-Val-Leu-Ser-Pro Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Met Met-Val-His-Leu-Thr Lys-Asp-Ala-Ser-Met Met-Pro-Ser-Gly-Ala
Met-Val-His-Leu-Thr
What type of inheritance in eukaryotic cells has the following characteristics? It is maternally inherited. The DNA does not cross-over. The DNA has a higher mutation rate than nuclear DNA. Chloroplast DNA Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA Eukaryotic DNA Mitochondrial DNA None of the above, all DNA in eukaryotic cells is in the nucleus.
Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
Which of the following statements about NAD+ is false? NAD+ can receive electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis cannot function. NAD+ transfers electrons to the electron transport chain of cellular respiration. None of the above, all the statements are true.
NAD+ transfers electrons to the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.
For each question below, fill in the blank with the name of the molecule. Each answer should have one to three words only. Abbreviations are allowed. If there is more than one molecule, separate each molecule with the word 'and'. Example: sucrose and glucose. What is/are the molecule(s) that donates electrons at the beginning of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria? What is/are the molecule(s) that accepts the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?
NADH and FADH2 Oxygen
In the cross AAbb x aaBB, what proportion of the resulting offspring are expected to be homozygous dominant for both genes? The genes are both autosomal and are not linked. 1:16 None 3:16 9:16 all would be homozygous dominant
None
Table sugar is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose. The ΔG of sucrose is -369 kcal/mol. Why doesn't sucrose degrade readily in a sugar bowl? Normal temperatures are not sufficient to reach the activation energy for degradation. The free energy of the products (glucose and fructose) is greater then the free energy of sucrose. The ΔG of sucrose is negative, therefore the reaction is nonspontaneous. Sucrose does degrade easily, it is not readily apparent. All of the above.
Normal temperatures are not sufficient to reach the activation energy for degradation
Select the most likely outcome to the following scenarios. A C3 house plant is sealed in a glass container; water and air cannot move in and out. It is exposed to sunlight for 12 hours, and dark for 12 hours. A C3 plant in Arizona is exposed to sunlight for 10 hours in July. Average conditions in Arizona in July is 106 ºF and 37% humidity.
Photorespiration occurs and net sugar production decreases. The Calvin cycle can synthesize sugars.
Provide an example of an anabolic pathway
Photosynthesis
The phosphorus atoms in a molecule of ATP primarily possess what type of energy? (one to two words only)
Potential Energy
Compare protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. For each statement, indicate whether it occurs in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Translation can begin while transcription is still in progress. Extensive RNA processing is required before transcripts can be translated. Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes only Eukaryotes only Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells is regulated through ____________. checkpoint molecules microtubules centrosomes chemiosmosis spindle fibers
checkpoint molecules
Of the following, what do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? thylakoid membranes chemiosmosis ATP synthase chemiosmosis, thylakoid membranes, and ATP synthase chemiosmosis and ATP synthase
chemiosmosis and ATP synthase
The primary pigments in green leafs are ____________. Their primary role is the ____________.
chlorophylls absorption of light for photosynthesis
If mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will _____. -directly enter telophase -complete the cell cycle and divide -directly enter the G2 phase. -directly enter cytokinesis and form new cell walls -exit the cycle and switch to a nondividing state
complete the cell cycle and divide
In a pathway that synthesizes large molecules from small compounds, one would expect many of the enzymes in the pathway to use ________ reactions. In breaking 7 monomers of a large molecule, these reactions would _______ molecules of water.
condensation/dehydration use 5
If two genes are linked, how can recombinants occur? (This answer should be in one to two words)
crossing over
Below is a schematic of the three life cycles observed in sexually reproducing organisms, obtained from a different textbook. Which of the life cycles is shared by animals, organisms that have a diploid multicellular stage? -cycle A -cycle B -cycle C
cycle A
Consisting of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, the __________ provides mechanical and transport functions in the cell. cytoskeleton cytoplasm cytosol extracellular matrix cell wall
cytoskeleton
The function of tRNA is to _________. deliver amino acids to their proper site during protein synthesis attach mRNA to the small subunit of the ribosome transcribe mRNA terminate RNA transcription process mRNA
deliver amino acids to their proper site during protein synthesis
If a molecule diffuses through a membrane, it moves ___________ its concentration gradient. it ________ added energy.
down does not require
The potential energy of a molecule is _________. due to motion due to location or structure available for work lost as heat
due to location or structure
When two atoms interact, which atomic components are involved? electrons neutrons positrons protons and neutrons protons
electrons
Consider a reaction where the products have a higher free energy than the reactants. Is this reaction endergonic or exergonic? Is this reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous? Does this reaction have a positive or negative delta G?
endergonic nonspontaneous positive delta G
Consisting of proteins and polysaccharides, animal cells are embedded in an _____________. cytoskeleton cytoplasm cytosol extracellular matrix cell wall
extracellular matrix
Crossing a membrane by facilitated diffusion can be distinguished from active transport because: -facilitated diffusion can only move material against a concentration gradient; active transport can move materials down or against a concentration gradient. -facilitated diffusion requires transport proteins while active transport does not. -facilitated diffusion is found only in prokaryotes while active transport is found only in eukaryotes. -facilitated diffusion can only move material down a concentration gradient; active transport can move materials down or against a concentration gradient. -facilitated diffusion does not require energy, while active transport requires a source of energy.
facilitated diffusion does not require energy, while active transport requires a source of energy.
Which of the following mechanisms is not used to correct errors in DNA replication? mismatch repair gene duplication nucleotide excision repair proofreading by DNA polymerase None of the above, DNA replication does not produce errors.
gene duplication
Using radiolabeled phosphorous and sulfur molecules, Hershey and Chase were able to experimentally demonstrate that _____. the structure of DNA is in the form of an antiparallel double helix the four bases of DNA are found in characteristic ratios within species, with A%=T% and G%=C% DNA replicates in a semi-conservative manner genes are located on chromosomes genetic information is in DNA, not proteins
genetic information is in DNA, not proteins
What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle? -CO2 -NADPH -ATP -H2O -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P
Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether O2 is present or absent? chemiosmosis electron transport oxidative phosphorylation the Krebs cycle glycolysis
glycolysis
You are trying to characterize an unknown enzyme. When you add the enzyme to a test tube with 10 mg of glucose, you notice that the amount of glucose decreases over time, but the amount of starch polymers increase. You conclude that the enzyme likely forms __________. -glycosidic bonds by hydrolysis -ester linkages by -condensation/dehydration -peptide bonds by hydrolysis -glycosidic bonds by -condensation/dehydration -peptide bonds by condensation/dehydration
glycosidic bonds by -condensation/dehydration
The recombination frequency between two gene loci is _____. -dependent on whether dominant or recessive alleles are carried at the two loci -greater as the distance between the two loci increases -equal to the size of the chromosome -dependent on the sex of the parent -greater as the distance between the two loci decreases
greater as the distance between the two loci increases
In a DNA double helix a cytosine of one strand always pairs with a _____ in the complementary strand, and an adenine of one strand always pairs with a _____ in the complementary strand.
guanine thymine
A cell with only a single set of chromosomes is __________. haploid a sex chromosome homologous an autosome diploid
haploid
If you need a substance that absorbs a large amount of heat when converting from liquid to gas, you need a substance with high specific heat heat of vaporization surface tension cohesion
heat of vaporization
When sugars and fats are metabolized to release energy for an organism, approximately 38% of the energy is converted into usable energy, while 62% is lost as heat. What property of water acts to keep temperature levels in the cell from raising too dangerous levels? high cohesion high specific heat high heat of vaporization high surface tension the density of solid water is less then the density of liquid water
high specific heat
Which of the following could be explained by a codominant inheritance pattern? The cross of two ____________. -heterozygotes produces a 3:1 phenotypic ratio -homozygotes of different traits produces a phenotype intermediate between the two parental homozygotes -homozygotes of different traits produces a phenotype the same as one of the parental homozygotes -homozygotes of different traits produces a distinct phenotype with both traits expressed simultaneously
homozygotes of different traits produces a distinct phenotype with both traits expressed simultaneously
hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophilic. the OH makes it polar
hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
When a gene is sex-linked, that means that the gene __________. is located on a sex chromosome is only present in males determines the sex of the individual
is located on a sex chromosome
Which class(es) of macromolecules can be described by both of the following properties? -They are predominantly hydrophobic or amphiphilic compounds. -They often form vesicles or membranes when in aqueous solutions. Proteins Nucleic acids lipids Carbohydrates Both lipids and nucleic acids. Both nucleic acids and proteins.
lipids
At what stage of mitosis are sister chromatids aligned equidistant from the spindle poles?
metaphase
To isolate organelles involved in cellular respiration, you would isolate ________. fill in the blank
mitochondria
Which of the mechanisms below are not used by eukaryotic organisms to increase genetic variation in their offspring? -random fertilization -mitosis -independent assortment -crossing over -all of the above are used to increase genetic variation
mitosis
Which of the following levels of DNA packing represent the DNA in the least compacted form? nucleosome 30-nm chromatin fiber histones looped domain metaphase chromosome
nucleosome
DNA packing is ordered and structured. Which of the following is the next order of DNA packing after the double helix? 30 nm fiber 30 nm looped domain metaphase chromosome looped domain nucleosomes
nucleosomes
Under the electron microscope, unfolded chromatin resembles "beads on a string." What do the "beads" represent? beadosomes nucleosomes molecules of RNA polymerase ribosomes molecules of DNA polymerase
nucleosomes
To form bonds in DNA and RNA, monomers of _____________ are covalently linked by ____________ bonds.
nucleotides phosphodiester
This is the EM spectrum for anthocyanin, a pigment found in some fruits and vegetables. Based on the spectrum mainly absorbing green, which of the following foods would you expect to have high levels of anthocyanin? oranges green beans green honeydew melon purple potatoes
oranges purple potatoes
Organisms are described as thermodynamically open systems. This means that _____. -organisms can reverse the increase in entropy -organisms are able to acquire energy from their surroundings -organisms are capable of circumventing the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics -the metabolism of an organism is isolated from its surroundings -because energy is conserved, organisms do not require energy input from their surroundings
organisms are able to acquire energy from their surroundings
It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial components. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane? glycolysis and fermentation the citric acid cycle reduction of NAD+ both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
One gene that affects more than one phenotype is _____. polygenic epistatic aneuploid codominant pleiotropic
pleiotropic
A mutation in which only one nucleotide in the DNA sequence is changed is referred to as a ____________ mutation.
point
A bond in which electrons are not shared equally is a _____ bond. hydrophobic polar ionic nonpolar covalent polar covalent nonpolar ionic
polar covalent
When observing cells of unknown origin, if organelles are not present one can conclude the cells are likely _______. eukaryotic animal or bacterial cells plant or bacterial cells prokaryotic
prokaryotic
You notice the following conditions when a cell undergoing mitosis is observed in a microscope. The nuclear envelope is no longer present, the chromosomes are condensed and randomly dispersed, and nucleoli are not present. You conclude the cell is in _________. -metaphase -prophase -prometaphase -anaphase -telophase
prometaphase
Bacteriophage DNAs that have been integrated into the host cell chromosome are called ____________. prophages intemperate phages virulent phages plasmids
prophages
According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, the mosaic part of the membrane is mostly _________. cholesterol nucleic acids carbohydrates phospholipids proteins
proteins
In the general redox reaction, when a molecule gains an electron, this molecule becomes _____________ (Your answer should be one word.)
reduced
In the synthesis of the lagging strand, the role of DNA polymerase I is to add nucleotides to the 5'-end of the RNA primer add nucleotides to the 3'-end of the RNA primer replace the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides ligate two Okazaki fragments together prevent the lagging and leading strands from reforming the double helix
replace the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides
The pH scale shown indicates pH values of several common solutions. Which substance is ~100 times more basic than urine at pH 6? baking soda seawater bleach tomato juice
seawater
The idea that for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele from each parent passes to an offspring is Mendel's Law of -Independent Assortment -Semi-Conservative Replication -Segregation -Probability
segregation
It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in its _____. complementary pairing of bases different five-carbon sugars side groups of nitrogenous bases phosphate-sugar backbones sequence of bases
sequence of bases
Put the following molecules (that are in alphabetical order) in order from smallest to largest. a eukarytoic cell DNA from E. coli a phospholipid a prokaryotic cell
smallest- phospholipid next smallest- DNA from E. coli almost largest- prokaryotic cell largest- Eukaryotic cell
A Barr body is normally found in the nucleus of which kind of human cell? -somatic cells of a female only -somatic cells of a male only -unfertilized egg cells only -sperm cells only -both male and female somatic cells
somatic cells of a female only
As you are sitting taking this test, you are exhaling carbon dioxide through your lungs. Most of the carbon dioxide arises from ______. the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis the breakdown of glucose by fermentation oxidative phosphorylation the oxidation of NADH in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria the oxidation of Acetyl CoA by the Krebs's cycle
the oxidation of Acetyl CoA by the Kreb's cycle
In a cross of two plants, the offspring exhibit a 3:1 phenotype ratio for a particular trait that is known to be controlled by one gene with two alleles. This results indicates ______. -that each offspring has the same alleles -the parents were both heterozygous and the trait exhibits complete dominance -the parents were both heterozygous and the trait exhibits incomplete dominance -the parents were both heterozygous and the trait exhibits codominance -the parents were homozygous for contrasting (different) traits
the parents were both heterozygous and the trait exhibits complete dominance
In a panda breeding program, a scientist notices that one of the baby pandas has three copies of chromosome number 7 and two copies of all other chromosomes. One explanation could be ___________. -there was a duplication event during mitosis -there was a nondisjunction event during meiosis in one of the parents -there was a nondisjunction event during mitosis after fertilization -the scientist is in error, sexually reproducing organisms always have chromosomes in sets of two -there was a duplication event during meiosis in one of the parents
there was a nondisjunction event during meiosis in one of the parents
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast? (one to two words only)
thylakoids or photosystem
What is the term used to describe copying a gene from a DNA template to mRNA? (one to two words only)
transcription
The following questions are true /false: 1. Messenger RNA is single stranded 2. A codon of mRNA consists of 3 bases that will always encode an amino acid 3. tRNA is necessary for transcription to occur
true false false
In the late 1950s Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results shown in the diagram to the right would be expected if DNA was replicated in a semi-conservative manner after one DNA replication in the presence of 14N? tube A tube B tube C tube D tube E
tube D
A bacteriophage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle is called a _______. virulent phage temperate phage prophage enveloped phage
virulent phage
This graph represents growth of bacteriophages in a culture of host bacteria cells. The number of virus particles per milliliter were determined over a four hour time period. What type of virus does this data indicate? How many lytic cycles were observed?
virulent phage 3
Which of the following would not pass readily through a lipid bilayer? vitamin E, a lipid-soluble vitamin sodium ions glucose water water, glucose, and sodium ions
water, glucose, and sodium ions
In a redox reaction, oxidation occurs ______. -only in the absence of oxygen -only in the presence of oxygen -when a molecule gains electron(s) -when a molecule losses electron(s) -there is not enough information to determine
when a molecule losses electron(s)
Consider this image of the Phage T4. Does this virus contain a capsid? Does this virus contain an envelope?
yes no
The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction is the substrate active site product inhibitor activation energy
substrate
Select the best match. Where is an anticodon found? Where is a codon found?
tRNA mRNA
Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because _____. -the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds -the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a partial positive charge -each of the hydrogen atoms in a -water molecule is partially negative in charge -the water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron -oxygen has a valence of 2
the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds
