FINAL UNIT 2

remodeling bone

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

zygomatic bone

the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek

squamous suture

between parietal and temporal bones

sagittal suture

between parietal bones

lambdoid suture

between parietal bones and occipital bone

body

middle of the sternum; largest portion

external acoustic meatus

canal leading to eardrum and middle ear

ischial tuberosity

"sit bones"; large projections of bones that bear weight when we are sitting; site of attachment of hamstring muscles

organic matrix of bone

-35% of bone weight -provides flexibility -can be removed with bleach -without this bones are brittle/easily shattered -components: proteins like collagen

inorganic matrix of bone

-65% of bone weight -supplies strength -can be removed with acid -without this bones are structurally weak and overly flexible -components: calcium and phosphate (form hydroxyapatite

trochanters of femur

-greater (shown in picture): a large bony projection lateral to the neck -lesser: located inferior and medial to the neck

fracture repair

1. reduction of fractures 2. hematoma 3. fibrocartilaginous/bony callus 4. remodeling

atlas

C1

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7; neck

axis

C2

ulna

Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5; lower back

transverse process

Lateral projections on both sides of the vertebral arch

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12

osteocytes

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted

periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

troponin

a globular protein complex involved in muscle contraction. it occurs with tropomyosin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue.

actin

a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells

motor neuron

a neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react

glenoid cavity of scapula

a shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus

epimysium

a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle

transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae

a vertebral artery and its accompanying vein and nerve fibers pass through here

supraspinatus

abducts arm; stabilizes the head of the humerus in glenoid cavity; one of the "rotator cuff" muscles

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

thin filaments

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

pectoralis major

adducts and flexes humerus; chest muscle

adductor magnus

adducts thigh

osteon

aka Haversian systems; consist of lamellae, which are the layers of compact matrix that surround a Haversian canal

t-tubules

also called transverse tubules, these are deep invaginations of the plasma membrane found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. these invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell.

scoliosis

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

talus bone

ankle bone; the bone with which the tibia and fibula connect to form the ankle joint

tarsals

ankle bones

body of vertebra

anterior portion of the vertebra is solid to provide strength; bears the weight of the vertebral column

greater wings of sphenoid

anterior portions in the middle cranial fossa

head of humerus

articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula

capitulum of humerus

articulates with head of radius

head of femur

articulates with the acetabulum

trochlea of humerus

articulates with ulna

sternoclavicular joint

articulation between the clavicle and the sternum

mandibular condyle

articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

tendon

attaches muscle to bone

pedicle

attaches the vertebral arch to the body of the vertebra

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

triceps

back of upper arm; has 3 origins

sacrum

bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

phalanges

bones of the fingers and toes

carpals

bones of the wrist

long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide

xiphoid process

bottom pointy portion of the sternum where abdominal muscles attach to the sternum

styloid process of radius

brachioradialis insertion

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

fibula

calf bone; smaller leg bone

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

frontal sinus

cavity within the frontal bone

vertebral foramen

circular opening between the body and the vertebral arch; forms vertebral canal when many stack on top of each other

pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula; connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

orbicularis oris

closes and protrudes lips; kissing muscle

orbicularis oculi

closes eyelids; used in blinking, winking, and squinting

clavicle

collar bone

range of motion

complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable

ligaments

connect bone to bone

perimysium

connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

endomysium

connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

spongey bone

contains spaces that are filled with blood forming tissue, called red marrow

posterior fossa

contains the cerebellum and brainstem

sarcomere

contractile unit of a muscle fiber

pelvic girdle

contributes to the support of the limbs, axial skeleton, and a variety of organs; a site of attachment for numerous skeletal muscles; ilium, ischium, and pubis

sutures of the skull

coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous

tropomyosin

covers myosin binding sites on the actin molecules

sarcoplasma

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

a band

dark area; extends length of the thick filaments

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

genioglossus

depresses and protracts tongue

sella turcica

depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

navicular bone

distal sesamoid bone

tibialis anterior

dorsiflexes and inverts foot

muscle fiber (cell)

each cell stretches the length of muscle, surrounded by a plasma membrane and a layer of connective tissue called endomysium; a bundle of myofibrils

temporalis

elevates and retracts mandible (closes jaw)

masseter

elevates mandible (closes jaw)

trapezius

elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm

plantar flexion

equivalent of extension; moves the plantar surface of the foot in an inferior direction as in standing on tip toes

kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back

extensor hallucis longus

extends big toe; dorsiflexes foot

extensor digitorum

extends fingers and wrist

vertebral column (spine)

extends from the skull, which it supports, to the pelvis, where it transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs; serves as the main axial support for the body

vastus intermedius

extends knee

rectus femoris

extends knee and flexes thigh at hip

vastus medialis

extends knee, stabilizes patella

vastus lateralis

extends leg at knee joint

biceps femoris

extends thigh and flexes leg

semitendinosus

extends thigh and flexes leg

gluteus maximus

extends thigh; butt

extensor pollicis longus

extends thumb

extensor digitorum longus

extends toes and dorsiflexes foot

erector spinae

extends vertebral column/back

latissimus dorsi

extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward

aponeurosis

fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves

myofilaments

filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, principally myosin or actin

rectus abdominis

flexes and rotates vertebral column; abs

flexor hallicus longus

flexes big toe

semimembranosus

flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group

sternocleidomastoid

flexes neck; rotates head laterally

flexor digitorum longus

flexes toes, plantar flexes and inverts foot

flexor carpi radialis

flexes wrist and abducts hand

flexor carpi ulnaris

flexes wrist and adducts hand

fibrocartilaginous/bony callus (fracture repair)

formed as the regenerated blood vessels move into the fracture hematoma

anterior fossa

formed by the frontal bone; supports the frontal lobes of the brain

hematoma (fracture repair)

forms after an injury; acts as a sort of natural soft splint to help stabilize the ends of the broken bone

perpendicular plate

forms superior part of nasal septum

nasal bone

forms the bridge of the nose

vomer bone

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

lateral malleolus of fibula

forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus

ischium

forms the lower, bony portion of the pelvis

medial malleolus of tibia

forms the medial bulge of the ankle

coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

biceps

front of upper arm; has two origins

cranial bones

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

sinuses of the skull

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

synovial fluid

functions as a biological lubricant by reducing friction in moving joints; also acts as shock absorber, provides nutrients and oxygen to the articular cartilage, and removes waste from them

metaphysis

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

canaliculi

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

calcaneous bone

heel bone; the largest tarsal bone

coxal bone

hip bone composed of 3 parts ilium, ischium, and pubis

iliopsoas

hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints

olecranon process of ulna

insertion of triceps brachii

patella

kneecap

facial bones

lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic

osteoclasts

large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

olecranon fossa of humerus

large distal posterior depression that accommodates the olecranon of the ulna

foramen magnum

large hole of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

maxillary sinus

largest paranasal sinus; pyramidal; on cheek bone lateral to nasal bone

ilium

largest part of hip bone; forms the superior portion

inferior notch

located between the body and the inferior articulating process

mandible

lower jaw bone

middle fossa

main compartment for the temporal lobe

sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process; chest bone

intervertebral disc

mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae

abduction

movement away from the midline

pronation

movement that turns the palm down

adduction

movement towards the midline

dorsiflexsion

moves the dorsum of the foot from anatomical position toward the leg

eversion

moves the plantar surface laterally (outwards)

inversion

moves the plantar surface medially (inwards)

thick filaments

myosin

ethmoid sinus

numerous cavities within the ethmoid bone

rotation

occurs around a longitudinal axis (in the transverse plane) of the moving segment; twisting movement

bifid spinous process

on cervical vertebrae C3-C5; forked

intervertebral foramen

opening located between adjacent vertebrae for exit of a spinal nerve; formed by the inferior and superior notches

opponens pollicis

opposition of thumb

sarcoplasmic reticulum

organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium; endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells

condyles of femur

origin of gastrocnemius

circumduction

outlining a cone-like shape; combines with joints that are capable of abduction and adduction

peroneus longus

plantar flexes and everts foot

gastrocnemius

plantar flexes foot; calf muscle

sarcolemma

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

epiphyseal plate/line

plate of hyaline cartilage in the epiphysis; site of bone elongation during childhood and adolescence; ossifies to a line of compact bone after puberty

motor end plate

pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma

neuromuscular junction

point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

vertebral arch

posterior portion of a vertebra; formed by the pedicles and laminae

spinous process

posterior projection caused by fused laminae

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; produces most bones of the skeleton, including long bones, vertebrae, and ribs

inferior articular process

project inferiorly from a superior vertebra and articulate with the superior articulating process of the adjacent vertebra just above it

superior articular process

project superiorly from an inferior vertebra and articulate with the inferior articulating process of the adjacent vertebra just above it

pronator teres

pronates forearm and flexes elbow

rib cage

protects the heart and lungs, supports the shoulders, and allows the lungs to expand and contract

myofibrils

protein structures that make up muscle fibers

z disc

provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments

supination

radius and ulna are uncrossed, with palm facing anteriorly

intramembranous ossification

refers to bone developing within a membrane; process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue; produces flat bones of skull and clavicle; there are multiple ossification centers for most bones

true ribs

ribs 1-7; attach directly to sternum

floating ribs

ribs 11 & 12; do not attach to sternum in any fashion

false ribs

ribs 8-12; do not attach directly to sternum but share costal cartilage that extends and attaches to the cartilage of the 7th rib

lamellae

rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae

medial rectus

rotates eye medially

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

occipital condyles

rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)

diaphysis

shaft of long bone, composed of compact bone

tibia

shin bone

scapula

shoulder blade

spine of scapula

shoulder blade

deltoid

shoulder; abducts arm

sphenoid sinus

sinus above and behind the nose

articular capsule

sleeve-like structure around a synovial joint composed of a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane; stabilizes joint by limiting movement

lacunae

small spaces between the lamellae which contain osteocytes

pubis

smallest bone of the pelvis

mandibular alveoli

sockets in body of mandible which hold teeth

maxillary alveoli

sockets of upper jaw which house teeth

yellow marrow

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

osteogenic cells

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

cartilaginous joints

structural joints that allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

synovial joints

structural joints that are freely moveable; characterized by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid; most common joints in the adult appendicular skeleton

fibrous joints

structural joints that consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

iliac crest

superior edge of ilium

supinator

supinates forearm and hand by lateral rotation of radius at radioulnar joints

annulus fibrosus

surrounds the nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

bone deposition

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

insertion

the attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin

manubrium

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

bone resorption

the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix by osteoclasts that is part of the normal development, maintenance, and repair of bone tissue

costal cartilage

the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs

central canal of osteon

the center of each osteon where neuronal processes and blood vessels innervate and supply the cells of the osteon

myosin

the contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

cuboid bone

the cube shaped bone on the outer side of the tarsus

mandibular fossa

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

epiphysis

the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft

cribriform plate

the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity

trabeculae

the irregular latticework of thin bony plates in spongy bone tissue

acromioclavicular joint

the joint formed by the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle

acromion of scapula

the lateral end of the spine of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle to form the AC joint

proximal phalanges

the phalanges closest to the wrist

nucleus pulposus

the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk

joint cavity

the space between two connecting bones connected by a synovial joint; filled with synovial fluid

lesser wings of sphenoid

the sphenoid has two "wings" that look like an insect with wings that are near the anterior cranial fossa; these are the smaller more upper wings

triad

the structure formed by a T tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) known as the terminal cisterna on either side

coronal suture

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

contraction

the tightening of a muscle

lamina

these fuse together to close off the posterior surface of the vertebral arch

h zone

thick filaments only (myosin)

red marrow

thick, blood-like material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

i band

thin filaments only (actin)

superior notch

two notches found on the lateral aspect of vertebrae, located between the body and the inferior articulating process

flexion

typically decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together; generally a forward movement (exception is the knee joint)

extension

typically increases the joint angle; generally a backward movement (exception is the knee joint)

maxilla

upper jaw bone

acetabulum of coxal bone

where the hip articulates with the head of the femur