Finale

Which cells serve as stem cells in the gustatory system that divide and differentiate into new supporting cells that then form new gustatory cells?

Basal cells

Explain the main steps in the process of hearing.

Hearing begins in the external ear when sound waves travel through the external auditory canal and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. The vibrations transmit to the bones of the middle ear, the malleus, the incus, and finally the stapes. The stapes will push against the fluid in the cochlear duct. The movement of the fluid moves stereocilia in the organ of Corti, which causes an action potential through the cochlear nerve. The impulse is sent to the auditory center in the temporal lobe to be processed as sound.

Match the following female reproductive organs to the correct description. Ovaries Oviducts Uterus Vulva Vaginal Canal

Ovaries - Almond shaped glands, main reproductive organ in females Oviducts - Also called the fallopian tubes Uterus - Hollow, thick walled muscular organ Vulva - External genitalia Vaginal Canal - Elastic muscular tube

Fill in the blank: The _____ circuit of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated, while the _____ circuit sends the oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body.

Pulmonary; systemic

Fill in the blank: Three mechanisms regulate renal flow and therefore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - the first _____ describes the kidney determining its own rate of flow based upon the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. In times of emergency the higher-level nervous system controls will take over and cause release of the hormone _____ by the _____ which serves to constrict the afferent arterioles thereby decreasing GFR. The last mechanism, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system is triggered when the body's blood pressure drops too low and results in more reabsorption of _____ and _____ from the filtrate which serves to raise the body's blood pressure.

Renal autoregulation; epinephrine; adrenal medulla; sodium; water

List the phases of an action potential in order.

Resting Potential Depolarization Repolarization Afterpolarization

Match the following lobes of the brain with the correct function. Temporal Frontal Parietal Occipital

Temporal - Contains sensory areas for hearing and smelling Frontal - Controls higher level Parietal - Receives sensory information from body receptors Occipital - Interprets visual input

Describe the function of the parasympathetic nervous system.

The parasympathetic system is also known as the "housekeeper" system. It functions to relax the body after the fight-or-flight response associated with the sympathetic response. The parasympathetic response decreases heart rate and promotes digestion. It also constricts the pupils and utilizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Fill in the blank: Pregnancy begins with the fertilization of an egg by a sperm forming a _____. It spends about 3-4 days undergoing mitosis in the oviducts forming the _____ and another 3-4 days undergoing mitosis while unattached in the uterus, forming the _____ as the endometrium prepares for implanation.

Zygote; morula; blastocyst

Short Answer: Why of the following statements is incorrect regarding the kidney? Explain why the statement is incorrect. a. The kidney is bean-shaped b. The kidney is roughly the size of a can of soup c. The kidneys lie between vertebral levels T12-L3 d. The left kidney lies slightly lower than the right kidney

a. Correct b. Correct c. Correct d. Incorrect, the right kidney lies slightly lower than the left kidney due to the location of the liver right above the right kidney.

Which of the following cardiovascular conditions is sometimes called a "silent killer"? a. Hypertension b. Edema c. Myocardial infarction d. Syncope

a. Hypertension

Your patient has the following blood serum values: pH = 7.2 PCO2 = 37 mm HCO3- = 21 mEq/L a. Is the patient in acidosis or alkalosis? b. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic? c. Is the condition being compensated? d. If the condition is being compensated, what action is the body taking?

a. The patient is is acidosis because their pH is less than the lower end of the normal blood pH range, which is 7.35. b. The cause is metabolic because their HCO3- is less than the lower end of the normal HCO3- range, which is 22 mEq/L. c. The condition is not being compensation because their PCO2 is not less than 35 mm. d. N/A

Which of the following structures of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of afferent neurons? a. Anterior horn b. Dorsal root ganglion c. Ventral root d. Gray commissure

b. Dorsal root ganglion

Which of the following is NOT a type of granulocyte? a. Eosinophils b. Basophils c. Neutrophils d. B-cells

d. B-cells

Which of the following visual conditions is caused by damage to the abducens nerve? a. Cataracts b. Macular degeneration c. Retinitis pigmentosa d. Diplopia

d. Diplopia

Label the parts of the male reproductive system below (Letters A-D) and describe the role of C

A: Vas deferens: B: Penis C: Epididymis. The epididymis is where sperm matures and is stored until it is ready to be ejaculated. D: Testes

Which vessels are constricted and dilated by muscles controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

Arterioles

Fill in the blank: The two upper receiving chambers of the heart are called the _____, while the two lower pumping chambers are called the _____.

Atria; ventricles

True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false: The testes are involved in the production of progesterone and estrogen.

False, progesterone and estrogen are the female sex hormones. Though they are present in males, the adrenal glands are what produce the opposite sex hormones. Since testes are a male reproductive organ, they produce the male hormone called testosterone.

True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false: The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes, tonsils, pancreas, spleen, and thymus.

False, the lymphatic system does include the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus, but the pancreas is not a part of this system.

An accumulation of too much fluid in tissues can cause localized swelling called edema. Lymphedema is a specific form of edema. Explain why occurs in lymphedema.

Lymphedema is a specific form of edema where the lymphatic system is not working correctly. Usually, the lymphatic system will drain excess fluid and return it back into circulation through the veins, but is a lymph vessel becomes blocked there can be difficulty with lymph drainage. This causes the fluid to accumulate in the limbs, causing the arm or leg to be extremely swollen and distended. If not treated properly, lymphedema can be a very serious condition as swollen tissue is vulnerable to infection and they can become permanently distended.

Define the process of micturition. Be sure to discuss the typical bladder capacity (mL), as well as at least 2 aspects of its design that allows for accommodation of larger volumes of liquid.

Micturition is the action of emptying the bladder, commonly known as urination. As the bladder fills with fluid, the urge to urinate usually begins when at least 200 mL of urine is present. The bladder is a very elastic organ so its muscular walls can stretch and thin to accommodate the increase in urine. The walls of the bladder also has folds called rugae that extend to increase the internal capacity of the bladder as it fills. A moderately full bladder can typically hold 500 mL of urine, but it can hold up to 1000 mL if necessary. To micturate, both the internal and external urethral sphincters must relax to allow the urine out of the bladder, through the urethra, and finally out of the body.

Fill in the blank: The innate immune system is a _____ defense system, while the adaptive immune system is a more _____ immune system response.

Nonspecific; specific

True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false: Bipolar neurons have a central cell body with two extensions.

True

True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false: Both the male and female urinary systems are comprised of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, and 1 urethra.

True

True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes are capable of phagocytosis.

True

True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false: There are three major chemical buffer systems in the body that are fast-acting, generally responding within seconds to help maintain pH homeostasis.

True

True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

True