FINALS Ch. 1-12, 14, 18
Which of the following would best describe an instance of role strain?
A student is expected to take exams in two different classes at the same time.
What is the relationship among race, class, and crime?
At all points in the criminal justice system, African Americans and Latinos are treated more harshly than whites, even when convicted of the same offense.
Which of these is a postmodern perspective on society?
Culture shapes our opinions about what is truth, which the powerful use to maintain their power
Which of the following is a qualitative variable?
NOT all of these It is something that consists of variation in kind rather than in number
All of the following are examples of folkways except
NOT shaking hands when introduced to someone.
Conflict theorists argue that culture, including definitions of deviance, supports the economic system and the interests of the elite. Which of these is not one of the ways that cultural definitions of deviance support the capitalist economic system?
Overconformers to capitalism, such as workaholics, are labeled deviant.
Which of these pairs of key concepts and theoretical perspectives are matched incorrectly?
P181
____ refers to the ability to control the behavior of others even against their will.
Power
____ refers to the duplication of the same study to ascertain its accuracy.
Replication
____ refers to the actual conduct involved in activating a role.
Role performance
____ are culturally defined rights and obligations attached to statuses that indicate the behavior expected of individuals holding them.
Roles
____ refers to a group of people living within defined territorial borders who share a common culture.
Society
What is the relationship between the individual and the social structure?
The individual and the social structure both have an effect on each other.
Unlike actors on a stage, in life we choose our own roles. Which of the following is false regarding our choices?
The range of acceptable behaviors and responses is limitless.
Which of the following best describes the Hawthorne effect?
The researchers' unintended behavior affects the responses of the respondents.
Global culture refers to
a homogenized way of life spread across the globe.
An identifiable economy, based on trade and a monetary system, began to emerge in ____ societies.
agricultural
In which type of society did distinct social classes first emerge?
agricultural society
A social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent is referred to as ____.
anomie
A status that is neither earned nor chosen is referred to as an ____.
ascribed status
With modernization, the family
becomes less essential and may be less intimate
With modernization, the family
becomes less essential and may be less intimate.
A type of formal organization which is based on rationality and efficiency is known as a(n) ____.
bureaucracy
A thorough investigation of a single small group, incident, or community would be an example of a(n) ____.
case study
The most important period of socialization takes place during
childhood
The ability to think, know, perceive, judge, and reason is referred to as ____.
cognitive ability
Gemeinschaft is the German word for ____.
community
What theoretical perspective assumes that competition and constraint result in continually social change?
conflict theory
Women's roles in society have been changing over the past fifty years or more. The reasons for these roles changes would be of most interest to which of the theoretical perspectives?
conflict theory
____ refers to social interaction in which an individual behaves in ways that meet the expectations of the group.
conformity
A form of social interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a common goal is called ____.
cooperation
In hunting and gathering societies, economic relationships are based on ____.
cooperation
What is the difference between cooperation and exchange?
cooperation is based on upon shared goals, exchange on individual goals.
Within the world system, countries like the U.S. and Germany are considered ____.
core nations
"Skinheads" and revolutionary political groups are examples of ____.
countercultures
From a functionalist perspective, socialization
creates continuity and stability within society
The psychological and social stress we may experience when confronted with a radically different cultural environment is called ____.
culture shock
Which of the following is not a way that group boundaries are maintained?
democratic votes
____ refers to behavior that violates significant social norms.
deviance
A sociologist who falsifies the results of his experiment would be violating ____.
ethical
The term for the tendency to judge others in terms of one's own cultural standards is ____.
ethnocentrism
The expectation that one wear clean clothes to work is an example of a ____.
folkway
Colleges, corporations, government agencies, and hospitals are all examples of ____.
formal organizations
A football team that receives a penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct is receiving a(n)
formal sanction
In postindustrial society, employment shifts
from blue collar to white collar
Roles and statuses keep social interaction somewhat stable and predictable. Viewing this as positive would be consistent with which theoretical perspective?
functionalism
What theoretical perspective emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society?
functionalism
One of your coworkers is more interested in impressing the boss, to earn a higher raise in salary, than in accomplishing the tasks at hand. This is an example of which of Nisbet's types of social interaction?
goal displacement
A teacher is more concerned with the classroom rules than whether or not students are learning new material. This would be an example of ____.
goal displacement or trained incapacity
Stanley Milgram's experiment with people administering electric shocks to others was designed to test ____.
group pressure and conformity
During the Kennedy administration, the decision to launch the Bay of Pigs invasion against Cuba was made after several top advisors to the President failed to reveal their reservations about the plan. This is an example of ____.
groupthink
According to the text, sociology first emerged as a distinct area of study
in Europe during the late nineteenth century.
According to strain theory, ____ occurs when society's goals are accepted but illegitimate means for achieving those goals are adopted.
innovation
Poor families receiving government assistance are no more likely to report hunger than working class families. A study of the relationship between poverty and hunger finds no correlation between the two among families receiving aid. In this example, government assistance is a(n)
intervening variable
What dimension of culture consists of the concrete, tangible objects within a culture?
material
Reference groups
may be points of reference for people who are not members of the group
Social structure might be imagined as a type of ____.
mental map
The gradual shift from hunting and gathering to horticultural societies led to
more permanent settlements.
Norms of great moral significance which are thought to be vital to the well-being of a society are called ____.
mores
You notice that your grades tend to get worse when you watch more television. This is an example of a(n) ____.
negative correlation
Within Freud's framework, what part of the personality is equivalent to the conscience?
not ego
Subcultures
often have unique ways of thinking, speaking, and behaving.
Organizations whose power is concentrated at the top of the hierarchy are called ____.
oligarchies
According to Durkheim, social unity that is achieved through a complex division of labor and highly specialized statuses that make members of a society dependent on one another is known as ____.
organic solidarity
Sociological analysis is based on the assumption that social behavior is ____.
patterned
Individuals who are roughly one's same age and have similar interests would be known as one's ____.
peer group
The universe of people who have the characteristics that a researcher wants to study is referred to as the ____.
population
Within symbolic interactionism, the efforts people make in order to have others think highly of them are termed ____.
presentation of self
Pastoral societies addressed the subsistence problem by ____.
raising domesticated animals
In Weber's view, bureaucracies were more appropriate for organizations in a capitalist market economy because they solve problems using ____, rather than using tradition or whim.
rationalism
The people we use as a standard for self-evaluation are referred to as a(n) ____.
reference group
Role performance
refers to the actual conduct involved in activating a role. NOT all of the above
In order to make the adjustment to college, after high school, you probably had to make changes in your values, norms, attitudes, and behaviors with respect to studying. This is an example of undergoing ____.
resocialization
____ exists when the performance of a role in one status clashes with the performance of a role in another status.
role conflict
Precollected data is associated with ____.
secondary analysis
The division of labor in hunting and gathering societies is typically limited to ____.
sex and age distinctions
A number of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time would be considered a
social aggregate.
We know what to expect from most social interactions because
social behavior is relatively predictable.
Suppose you help a friend with her literature paper while hoping that she in turn will help you with your math assignment. Nisbet would term this type of interaction ____.
social exchange
A ____ consists of people who are in contact with one another, share ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, take one another's behavior into account, and have one or more interests or goals in common.
social group
The creation of a food surplus in horticultural and pastoral societies led to the beginnings of ____ within a society.
social inequality
A web of social relationships that join a person directly to other people and groups, and through them indirectly to additional parties, would be called a ____.
social network
The early Chicago School of sociology was closely associated with the idea of ____.
social reform
Patterned, recurring social relationships are referred to as ____.
social structure
A ____ is composed of people living within defined territorial borders who share a common culture.
society
Lower church attendance and juvenile delinquency are strongly correlated. Their relationship is due to the fact that both are related to age. In this example, the relationship between church attendance and delinquency is a(n) ____.
spurious correlation
All of the statuses that an individual occupies at any given time are called a(n) ____.
status set
When people refer to themselves as students, doctors, welders, secretaries, mothers, or sons, each of these titles is what sociologists call a(n) ____.
statuses
The creation of a food surplus in horticultural and pastoral societies led to the beginnings of ____ within a society.
structural differentiation
Which of the following would best describe an instance of role conflict?
student has a test when they are at job
Which of the mass media is the most influential socializing agent in the United States?
television
Looking at crime globally,
the U.S. has the highest VIOLENT crime rate of any major industrialized nation.;
Charles Horton Cooley's "looking-glass self" pertains to
the development of the self-concept
The term that refers to the fact that relatively few women and minorities get promoted to the more powerful positions in organizations is ____.
the glass ceiling
Horticultural societies solve the subsistence problem
through the domestication of plants.
The major challenge of late adulthood is
to begin to withdraw from work life and some physical activities
The new manager of a small business has a degree in business management and experience supervising workers in a large corporation. Her employees in the small business express interest in working in teams, learning multiple tasks, and sharing responsibilities. The new manager refuses to try this approach because it is unfamiliar to her. This is an example of
trained incapacity
The idea that sociologists should keep their personal biases out of their sociological work is referred to as ____ and was developed by ____.
value-free sociology / Max Weber
Social structure and culture are linked
via statuses, roles, and role performance.
____ is related to an in-group while ____ is related to an out-group.
we/they
