FLORAL LICENSURE EXAM

90-95%

% Humidity that must be maintained in cooler

Corn Plant* (Dracaena massangeana fragrans)

*

Dumb Cane* (Dieffenbachia picta)

*

English Ivy* (hedera helix)

*

Fiddle-leaf Fig (Ficus lyrata*)

*

Mother-in-Law's Tongue (toughest house plant)* (sansveria trifaciata)

*

Spathiphyllum (peace lily)* (Spathiphyllum clevelandi)

*

Spider plant* (Chlorolphytum comosum)

*

cactus*

*

rubber plant* (ficus elastica decora*)

*

weeping fig (ficus benjamina*)*

*

Plants in certain seasons

-Christmas time: azaleas, poinsettias, & norfolk island pine -Mother's Day: azaleas, hydrangeas, tree roses, gloxinias -Thanksgiving: mum plants of all kinds are available, & azaleas and cacti -mum plants are available all year

foliage classifications according to shape

-linear foliage -mass foliage -form foliage -filler foliage

12 in. length x 4 in. width x 2 in. thick

A standard styrofoam bar used in the construction of the easel spray measures:

Galax leaves

Accent foliage; used in sympathy work; also very versatile in wedding work

Coffee table arrangement

Although the table is considerably lower than the dining table, height of the arrangement must still be considered, as people will be seated. A safe height would be no taller than 20" with the length to be determined by the individual table. Normally, a coffee table is between 32" and 48", but there are exceptions. Avoid obstructing the view of people sitting near the table.

- Three-sided arrangements for hospital - Face arrangements for hospital - Water nosegay for hospital - Seated dining table arrangement - Arrangement for front of a mirror - Centerpiece for standing buffet in center of room - Lectern or speaker podium arrangement - Coffee table arrangement

An occasional arrangement may be any of the following styles:

NO

Are black and white considered colors?

seated dining table arrangement

Arrangement where height is the critical factor. Once can measure this easily as follows: Put your elbow on the table beside the arrangement, and make a fist. Now bend your fist down toward the table without moving your arm. This measurement from bent fist to table should be approx. 15"-16" in height and the MAX height is 22".

Pierce method twist-wrap method hook wire method

Basic wiring methods

at the top of the arrangement

Buds and small flowers should be placed where in the arrangement to give it balance?

-improper light -transplanting shock -sudden temperature or light changes -over fertilization -drafty locations -gas fumes -improper watering- too much, too little -insect pests- mealy bugs, scale, spider mites, aphids (plant lice), and caterpillars -diseases- root rot, viruses, leaf spots

Causes of leaf drop* (Be able to list)*

- Light fixtures will determine design height, but usually you can show your talent, as height will be no problem. - This style will be viewed from all sides, so it is necessary to finish it from all angles - Length of the table determines length of arrangement

Centerpiece for standing buffet in center of the room

needs to be submerged under water for conditioning

Conditioning (care) for foliage from ginger, canna, and caladium

they should be seared and then submerged under water for several hours

Conditioning (care) for foliage with milky stems

they need to be crushed

Conditioning (care) for foliage with wood stems

1)Begin by constructing your basic pieces in bunches or packages. This will speed you up in assembly. If using leatherleaf fern, then wire & tape several pieces. Do the same for the flowers to be used in the bouquet. 2) Lay 2 pieces of greenery, spaced appropriately, then tape together. Leave enough room between each piece so that you can move the foliage as you desire. Overlap the greenery slightly. 3) As you make the tail, make sure to add flowers and filler flowers (appropriately wired) in correct proportions. 4) As you begin to gain length, you may have a lot of thickness in your stem. As you cut out wire, be sure NOT to cut too many as you do not want the stem to be too flimsy. 5) You may halo correctly wired flowers with filler flowers for use in tail & bouquet construction. 6) Be aware that all flowers added to the tail should look as though they are coming from the focal point. The tail must have a minimum length of 9 inches from center of piece.

Construction of cascade tail

are arranged best with ferns

Delicate forms (such as sweet peas) are arranged best with what foliage?

-Easel spray is a more costly design because it contains more flowers and will be placed in a more prominent location -The tribute is the same as a wall spray except that it is done upside-down. This way the focal area is easily seen from a distance. -Construction of the easel spray is done on the stand itself after the styrofoam foundation is secured with a fastener such as a Dixon Pin. -A standard styrofoam bar used in easel spray measures 12 inches in length by 4 inches wide and 2 inches thick.

Easel Spray for funeral designs

1) Lay carnation on the table. 2) Take a sharp knife and cut the flower into 2 pieces, leaving the sheath in tact. Make sure each cut leaves a small part of the sheath then pull apart gently and remove the seed pod before cutting the carnation completely into the 2 pieces. 3) Beginners should now tape each little bundle together with a small piece of floral tape (Makes the feathers more manageable). 4) Now that you have neat bundles that are "feathers", you take a fine wire (about 24 gauge) and wire the piece as you would a normal small carnation for hand work. 5) To finish, tape neatly.

Feathered Carnation Method

-light -temperature -humidity -moisture -soil mixture

Five factors essential for good plant growth*

form flowers

Flower type that has distinctive shapes. Space must be maintained between them so that they remain individuals This flower type is used at the focal point. They are generally more beautiful when used alone examples: orchid, easter lily, ginger, anthurium, bird of paradise, calla lily, protea

line flowers

Flower type that has erect, tall spikes of blooms with florets. They give a feeling of length and may be placed next to each other, either back-to-back or end-to-end, continuing a long line. This establishes a pattern, sets proportion, and provides framework onto which to build the design examples: gladiolus, stock, delphinium, snap dragon, cattail, larkspur

mass flowers

Flower type that has single stems with one solid head and are used toward the focal point. When used alone in an arrangement, the buds or smaller blooms are placed to the outer edges and farther apart. The larger of this flower type are placed closer together to add weight for stability examples: gerber daisy, mum, sunflower, dahlia, rose*, carnation, aster, anemone

filler flowers

Flower type used to fill in arrangements. They are used in the background and low to the arrangement examples: spray aster, pompom mums, celosia Feathery flowers give a misty, delicate effect to an arrangement and are not considered in good taste to use in masculine designs examples: gypsophila, statice, cassia, and daisy poms

-Solid leaves should be wired in the lower half of the leaf. Wires are brought straight down, & if necessary, twisted, then taped neatly. -To wire open foliage such as fern, you first create a stem by removing the lower foliage. Loop the wire & then insert it HALF the length of the foliage down snug with the stem. If necessary, twist around the created stem and then tape neatly. -Large foliage, such as commodore, should be loop wired wherever the strength is needed to support the stem and to make it pliable or workable. --Tip: Fold your wire before inserting as this cuts down on time as well as breakage.

Foliage wiring methods (for hand work)

blanket spray pall wreath

Funeral pieces

1) Remove florets from the stem (Separate sizes of Florets). 2) Remove green covering. 3) Using a fine wire (such as #24 or #26), hair pin floret twice (make an "x" with wires). 4) Snug wire to form a stem. Do not twist wire as this will cut the stem. 5) Snip other florets to form tubes. Remove the stamen and pistols. 6) Insert flowers into one another to form a stack, using the bud first. 7) Carefully insert the stack. Secure the pieces with hair pin technique wires. Snug wire. 8) Make extra buds for accent. Compose into corsage.

Glamelia Construction Method

1) Unpack carefully. Remove any foliage that is damaged or high along the stem so that no foliage will be below the water line. 2) Clean all containers before adding water, washing and rinsing with warm water and bleach. Plastic containers are preferred over metal containers. 3) Cut flower stems one to two inches from the bottom with a clean, sharp knife or scissors. Cut at an angle and under water if possible. 4) Remove any plastic or paper wraps, strings, rubber bands, and/or twist ties from bunches of flowers before placing in water. 5) Place all flowers except roses and tulips in a 100-110 degrees F solution of water and preservatives. Wait 1-2 hours before placing in cooler. 6) Place roses and tulips in cooler as soon as they are placed in tepid (room temp) water and preservatives. Do NOT use warm water. 7) Maintain 90-95% humidity in cooler* 8) Keep the cooler at 34-40 degrees F if you have only one. Tropical flowers should be kept at 50 degrees F or above. 9) If flowers have been in the cooler 3-4 days, give them a fresh cut and place in water and preservatives in clean container. 10) Clean cooler daily. 11) Do not place fruit in cooler with your flowers. Fruit emits ethylene gas which is very harmful to the flowers. 12) "Pickled" flowers are those in the cooler which have outlived their salability and should be removed from the cooler at once.* 13) The "Chain of Life" concept refers to the way flowers are handled by everyone from grower to wholesaler to retail outlet. All should do their utmost to care for the plants by adding preservatives and accomplishing each step as quickly and efficiently as possible, so that the consumer receives flowers with the longest life span possible.

Handling fresh flowers

toward the base of the arrangement

Heavier flowers should be placed where in the arrangement to give it balance?

This method can be used with any flower type that has a hard disk-like center (daisies, mums, asters, etc.) 1) Push the wire along the stem until the wire has protruded through the center of the flower about 1.5 inches. 2) Form a very short "hook" & pull the wire gently back down into the petals, making sure that the "hook" is snug in the blossom head and CONCEALED. -DO NOT pull the wire back through the head as this destroys the flower and it will begin to break up!!! 3) Now, you may finish by wrapping the wire loosely around the stem and taping.

Hookwire wiring method

-Arrangements for hospitals can be of any size, shape, and type and should be made in proportion to the container. -Some hospitals do have size requirements due to the re-delivery personnel and the stands in the room.

Hospital arrangements

Care is similar for foliage and flowers, but foliage can stand more abuse

How does the care for foliage compare to the care necessary for flowers?

-Most meeting rooms have a table mount speaker podium with or without a microphone. This is a lectern. Flowers should be no taller than the podium or lectern and extend in a fan shape. - Some businesses to not permit this type of arrangement due to the logo on the face of their lectern. To solve this, you simply make two half arrangements to set on either side. In this instance, you will have to finish off the back carefully, as it will be seen from people sitting behind. - Lecterns vary in height. Most are approx. 15-20" tall. Height of arrangements should not interfere with the view of the speaker. - Arrangements should stay in the above-mentioned range. Width will be determined by the table the podium rests on.

Lectern or speaker podium arrangement

-used for manufacturing food within the plant. -Southeastern exposure is best for most plants. - the intensity of the light will produce pale coloration, weak and spindly growth and small foliage, along with leaf drop -if light is poor, reduce the amount of water, reduce the frequency of fertilization, and keep the plants in a cool temperature range -rotate plants a quarter turn once a week so they will have an even growth pattern

Light (factor for good plant growth)*

Centerpiece for standing buffet in center of room

Light fixtures will determine the height of this arrangement, but usually you can "show your stuff" as height will be no problem. This style will be viewed from all sides, so it is necessary to finish it from all angles. The length of the table will determine the length of the arrangement.

1) WIRE should be used to support flowers only when needed. 2) FLORAL PICKS (small wooden picks) are used to provide a point so that flowers may be inserted into base medium. Flowers should be "tied" to picks w/ wire extending down from flower (flowers are properly "picked" when the flower & pick do not separate when pulled). 3) MACHINE PICKS are fast and helpful, but must be used only on materials small enough to be fastened to the machine pick (Machine picks are sharp and care should be taken so that they do not protrude from rear of spray).

Mechanical Aids for funeral sprays

-Over watering is the most common cause of death of house plants. Use judgement when watering. If the soil feels moist to the touch, then it is good enough for the plant. -Watering frequency will depend on the particular genus of the plant. The type and size of the container, the soil mixture, the plant and its growth habit will also affect the amount and frequency of watering. Over watering will not allow enough oxygen to be present in the soil. -Water all plants with a gentle spray of water, soak the soil mass very thoroughly and let it drain

Moisture (factor for good plant growth)*

nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) -Nitrogen: necessary for good vegetative growth -Phosphorus: encourages root formation and development & flower production -Potassium: promotes disease resistance and cold hardiness All three elements are essential for good plant growth.

Most common elements in the general fertilizer mixtures & why they are essential for good plant growth*

terra cotta clay (very porous & allow for good drainage) plastic wooden containers metal buckets glazed ceramic pots

Most commonly used growing containers for house plants

Guard petals

Name for the outer petals of flowers such as roses and peonies that can be removed if necessary

1) Using a "soft" wire, pierce through neck, missing the Calyx, if possible. -Piercing the calyx will shorten the life of the carnation. 2) Wrap the wire 2 or 3 times to secure 3) Tape as tight as possible -For every 3 wires you tape, cut out one or two. This keeps your stem small and neat.

Pierce wiring method (carnations, alstroemeria)

-balance -scale -harmony -focal point -accent -rhythm -repetition -unity

Principles of design

-Container size should be directly proportionate to plant size -Frequency of repotting will be determined by the growth rate of each plant -On average, slow-growing plants should be transplanted every 2-3 years and fast-growing plants should be transplanted every year. -If roots are heavily matted or woven in a circular pattern, slice the soil mass vertically to induce new root growth in various directions -Place a few broken pottery pieces over the drainage holes of the new container, transplant the plant at the same depth as it was previously grown, and water thoroughly.

Repotting of house plants

- Funeral arrangements differ accor. to local customs, religious and burial practices in different sections of the country. The florist must familiarize himself with practices of local areas and attempt to aid customers in making floral selections. - Baskets or funeral stands must be made to stand securely and not damage carpets or scratch floors.

Responsibilities of the florist regarding funeral designs

- Shape of the table dictates the shape of the arrangement - Height of design should range 12"-14" and should be carefully considered to avoid obstructing the view of people sitting near the table

Seated dining table arrangement

A good soil mixture should consist of sharp builders sand, organic matter (peat moss or compost) and good garden loam. This combination helps prevent compaction and provides adequate organic matter and coarse particles to allow for good drainage and air, permitting good root formation and growth.

Soil mixture (factor for good plant growth)*

1) Must be a fan shape- elongated 2) Wire all principal flowers 3) Back flowers w/ greenery to block the light; greenery does not have to be wired 4) Join all stems to form a central "handle" 5) Make sure wires are hidden and are removed below the bow 6) Remove all secondary stems to allow only principal flower stems to show 7) Wire should terminate above bow

Specifications of an Arm Presentation Bridal Bouquet

stand sprays

Spray that is constructed and mounted on a type of easel. If ribbon bows are used, the bow must not be made the focal point. The principal flower must be the focal point. If a bow is used, then it must enhance the focal point

flat sprays

Spray that is constructed on a green background with most flowers placed to the top of the arrangement and the bow placed to the bottom of the spray

require foliage of similar character

Strong flower forms (such as callas, anthurium, or bird of paradise) require what type of foliage?

1) The first 3 or 4 flowers placed in a spray should form the "skeleton" line of the spray. 2) Smaller flowers should be placed at the outer edges, with heavy flowers at the center of the spray. 3) create a "mound" effect in designing a spray. Outer flowers should lie flat to a table while inner flower are gradually lifted. The center of the spray should "rise" from the spray to form a mound. Due to the new compact hearses, the height is very critical. Normally, only a height of 8" from the casket lid is acceptable, to allow sufficient clearance for movement in and out of the hearse during the services. 4) Greens should be used in proportion to the number of flowers and not dominate the spray 5) Ribbon bows should compliment flowers and not "overshadow" them.

Technicalities of funeral spray designs

-The choice of container will depend on the size of the plant & its particular use and location -Container size should be in direct proportion to plant size -It is essential for the container to have some drainage holes in the bottom -The container should always allow enough room for a year's growth

Things to remember when choosing containers for house plants

three-sided arrangements for hospital

This arrangement is viewed from 3 sides. As you enter the room you see this arrangement, as you pass in front of it you see the face, and as you pass away from it you see the other side. In essence, three quarters of the circumference of this style of arrangement must be finished. Flowers should curve slightly to cover the back; symmetrical design.

teagirl corsage

This corsage is designed for serving "girls" at parties, weddings, etc. Normally the volume dictates the size, and as an inexpensive pin-on, only a minimum of flowers are used. Usually, only 2 or 3 flowers, a bit of greenery, and a bit of filler of some type.

Arm Presentation bridal bouquet

This is an "elongated spray" or grouping of flowers that form a central handle for presentation with certain specifications

Water nosegay for hospital

This nosegay is a more long-lasting adaptation of the popular hand-held type which was not very durable. This round "mound" is sold in every shop today, and is normally one and one-half times the height of its container; very close and cushiony in form; round mound; centerpiece design.

Face arrangements for hospital

This style is most common for hospital work. It incorporates fewer materials and is more economical to make; asymmetrical (one-sided) design.

foliar forms

Throughout the ages, these have had much to do with architecture and motifs examples: -acanthus leaves carved onto tops of columns -garlands were woven for festive occasions -The English have used ivy for generations -The shamrock is associated with Ireland -In America, the four-leaf clover signifies good luck

1) Wire is inserted into the flower at the base of its head. 2) The wire is then wrapped snugly to the side of the stem and with as few wraps as needed to complete the job.

Twist-wrap wiring method (carnations, roses)

-CASCADE BRIDAL BOUQUET: minimum width or diameter of 7 inches and minimum tail length of 9 inches -CRESCENT BRIDAL BOUQUET: minimum width or diameter of 6 in. at handle & minimum length (tail to tail) of 15 in., must form a crescent shape -NOSEGAY BRIDAL BOUQUET: minimum width or diameter of 7 in. -ARM PRESENTATION BOUQUET

Types of Wedding Bouquets

-Triangle corsage -Double corsage -Crescent corsage -Teagirl corsage

Types of corsages

flat sprays and stand sprays

Types of funeral sprays

Sexual & Asexual

Types of plant propagation

1) To curve a stem into the position or line desired 2) To straighten a crooked stem 3) To strengthen a weak stem & prevent drooping 4) To group small stemmed flowers into mass effects 5) To stabilize the arrangement- some flowers tend to vary their position (tulips, snapdragons, etc) 6) To construct a composite flower (glamelia, victorian rose) 7) To reduce weight in corsages & wedding bouquets by replacing stems 8) To prevent flowers from showing wilt in arrangements made without water 9) to add strength & rigidity to stems 10) To anchor flowers to wooden picks for funeral work

Uses of wire

Arrangement for front of mirror

Usually your customers will decide the height in this style. Since the mirror will show most of the back, make sure to fill it in a little and conceal the mechanics from view. Remember, everything shows in a mirror.

1) Begin by constructing your basic "pieces" in bunches or stacks. This will speed up assembly. -If you choose to use leatherleaf fern, then make several pieces, or wire & tape several pieces. Do the same for the flowers you are using. -Begin by laying 2 pieces of the greenery, spaced somewhat, and taping together. 2) As you progress, you begin a layering process that will become the tail. You ''branch'' out, so to say. 3) As you begin to gain length, you may have a lot of "bulk" or thickness in your stem. Now may be a good time to cut out some of the wire. Be careful not to over-do this--keep a good support in the stem. -As you continue lengthening the garland, you may begin to add the flower to the greenery and maybe a filler flower, such as gypsophila, to help in saving time.

Wedding Bouquet Garland (Tail) Construction

round, asymmetrical, or symmetrical

What design shape can hospital arrangements be?

Apply fertilizer once a month or according to the manufacturer's directions during the active growing months, usually early spring to early fall Water plants thoroughly the day before fertilizing to avoid burning the plant's root system

When/how to fertilize plants*

22 to 26 gauge

Wire size for wedding bouquets

1) Feel of the neck of the flower for the knot or calyx. When you push the wire through, miss the calyx (bc it causes dehydration & fast wilt). 2) Secure flower by wrapping the wire around the stem

Wiring for carnations

1) Make a loop with a whole wire. 2) Hook wire between 2nd and 3rd floret. Do not pierce the stem and conceal as well as possible. 3) Secure bottom of wire below last floret by wrapping and adding a wood pick against stem. -Be sure to wrap the last 2 wraps around wood pick to keep pick in place as flower dehydrates and shrinks.

Wiring instructions for gladiolus

#40 ribbon (stops breakage)

Wreaths must be wrapped in what size ribbon?

bouquet

a floral arrangement following the principles of design but is carried

Compote

a footed container used to "lift" the arrangement off the table

split complementary harmony

a harmony made up of three colors and includes one color plus the two colors on each side (adjacent) of its direct compliment; example: red with yellow-green and blue-green

Urn

a large container, normally used to hold arrangements for large areas such as churches, auditoriums, etc.

shade

add black

tone

add gray

tint

add white

Lemon Leaf

aka salad; foliage with long-lasting quality

color harmony

an eye-pleasing combination of colors

Utility container

any inexpensive container used to hold the foam or arranging material, normally hidden by the greenery

accent

areas in an arrangement that can be achieved through color, size, form or textures of materials. The focal point is the greatest accent point, but there can also be others

smilax

closely spaced greens grown curled on a string

purple and brown

colors that will mix with anything

tertiary colors

combination of primary and secondary colors on either side of that primary color

saturating

completely filling

direct complementary harmony

consists of colors which are directly opposite each other on the color wheel; example: red and green- to give balance of attraction, a small amount of red would be used with a larger amount of green

repetition

creates interest and provides contrast by repeated use of elements in your design

Asymmetrical

designs made of unequal lines

Symmetrical

designs of equal parts

shape=the outline form= the shape in 3 dimensions

difference between shape and form

-line -texture -form -pattern -color

elements of design

color

extremely important; defined as that aspect of things caused by differing qualities of the light reflected or emitted by them

-line flowers -mass flowers -form flowers -filler flowers

flower types

form flowers

flowers at focal point

line flowers

flowers establishing pattern

Chain of Life

flowers from grower to customer in best holding time

pickled

flowers in cooler too long- no longer able to sell

linear foliage

foliage shape that adds strength and enhances line in the design. It imparts dignity. Some types are sword-like examples: gladiolus, ti, dracaena

mass foliage

foliage shape that gives weight to a composition examples: magnolia, broad-leaf philodendron, ficus, pathos, diffenbachia, caladium Excellent color may be attained from this group- croton, caladium

filler foliage

foliage shape used mainly for background and to "tie in" the arrangement. It doesn't have enough character or importance to establish the pattern, but it is useful in blending units together examples: huckleberry, plumosus, ligustrum, boxwood, leatherleaf fern, arborvitae, and cherry laurel

form foliage*

foliage shape where value lies in its distinctive shape or brilliant coloring examples: anthurium, croton, ti, eucalyptus

it is best to use the same foliage that comes with the flowers

foliage to use if trying to accomplish a natural look

leather leaf fern

foliage; aka baker fern; used as a filler; has a woody stem; once cut, it does not drink

lycopodium

foliage; can be used to establish line; beautiful green color

tree fern

foliage; fine, green fronds grown in upright position; needs to be dipped and kept in water

camellia

foliage; glossy, green leaves; great for single leaves in corsages

Holly

foliage; grows well in louisiana; used at christmas time; shiny green leaves, red berries

aspidistra

foliage; heavy, glossy green leaves; can be used in large arrangements with tropical flowers

bear grass

foliage; light, feathery; a good foliage filler

salal

foliage; longest holding quality; aka lemon leaf

emerald

foliage; palm-like narrow leaves; used in funeral work

eucalyptus

foliage; round leaves growing along stem; used as line design; smaller shoots used as filler

Ti leaves

foliage; similar to aspidistra, however, some of the leaf edges are lined in light pink or red and are not as heavy and the aspidistra

jade

foliage; similar to palm, but wider leaves; hides mechanics easily

oregon fern

foliage; used in funeral work; covers and hides the mechanics used; inexpensive

symmetrical balance

formal balance where each side of the center line is the same and equal in visual weight

pall

funeral piece that is a draped strip of fabric or "scarf". Flowers are designed so that they are attached to the center of or to all of the "scarf"

wreath

funeral piece that is circular in design and can be completely or partially covered with flowers

blanket

funeral piece that is constructed of fresh flowers sewn onto a soft frame, such as sack material or heavy cotton, and is draped over a portion or all of the casket

spray

funeral piece that is constructed to partly, not completely, cover the casket. It is generally constructed on a casket saddle and allows a great deal of freedom in design technique.

-good taste -proper flower selection -color principles

guiding features of funeral work

-A relative humidity of 40% - 60% is best. This is often hard to achieve within the home -Humidity can be partially controlled by spraying the foliage with a mist sprayer and grouping the plants together -The most humid rooms in the home are the kitchen and bathroom -Never place plants next to a source of heat or under the air conditioner/heater vents. In homes without central heat/air, use a vented heater rather than open space heaters.

humidity (factor for good plant growth)*

asymmetrical balance

informal balance in which the two sides of the center axis are entirely different, but equal in visual weight so that they will appear stable

cattleya

large orchid grown on a single stem

salal

longest holding quality of foliage

Gladiola

mainstay of the floral industry

Cymbidium Orchids

many grown on one stem

pattern

may be linear or mass or a combination of both; voids and spaces add to the beauty of any design

-spray dye -stem dye -dip dye

methods for changing the color in fresh flowers

22 gauge

most common wire size

harmony

occurs when all components are in agreement with eachother; textures of material, containers, foliage and flowers should all blend together

secondary colors

orange, green, violet

Design

overall shape of composition

triad harmony

produced by choosing any three colors on the wheel which are equidistant; example: red with yellow and blue OR blue or green with violet and orange

hue

pure color

primary colors

red, blue, yellow

form

refers to geometric form or outline of the arrangement

unity

refers to the fact that the arrangement must be a complete unit. All parts must be related so that the whole composition will be of good design

monochromatic harmony

results from using tint, tone and shade of the same hue

#1 1/2

ribbon width for baby novelties

#3

ribbon width for corsages

#40

ribbon width for large plants and funeral work

#9

ribbon width for small plants

laurel leaf

signifies peace and authority

balance

stability

balance

stability; the equal distribution of weight on both sides, so that the arrangement does not look as though it will topple over also refers to the look of large, bright flowers as "heavy"; these should not be used toward the outer edges but toward the focal point

mother in law's tongue

strongest plant*

-The best average temperature is 65-75 degrees F during the day and about 10 degrees less for night time -It is best not to have sudden temperature changes; change should be made gradually -Wilting and possible leaf drop may occur after a sudden change

temperature (factor for good plant growth)*

focal point

the center of interest; the area just above the rim of the container. This is where the largest flowers are placed and the boldest colors are used. PRINCIPLE FLOWERS are used as the focal point

rhythm

the feeling of movement in an arrangement; if this movement is organized and easy, as your eyes move along lines produced by the design

line

the frame of the design; determines the shape of arrangements

focal point

the greatest accent point in an arrangement, but there can also be others

design

the overall shape or form of an arrangement; it is the planned relationship between flowers, containers, accessories, and placement of the arrangement

color

the powerful element in any composition

sexual propagation

the propagation method by which the pollen of the male plant is united with the egg of the female plant, thus producing a seed or seeds

Asexual propagation

the propagation method whereby a part of a particular plant is made to develop into a new plant. This can be achieved by: -leaf cuttings -stem cuttings -plant division -grafting -air layering -tissue culture

scale

the relationship of the design to the space and surface where it is used; flowers should be in proportion to each other, although they need not be the same size

texture

the surface quality of any object- the "feel" of the materials used; may be smooth or rough

arrange

to put in proper, correct, or suitable order

principle flowers

used as the focal point flowers in an arrangement

Filler flowers

used to fill in arrangement

analogous arrangement

uses colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel

24 to 30 gauge

wire size for corsages

18 to 22 gauge

wire size for funeral work

20 to 26 gauge

wire size for general arrangements